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Feijao C, Morreel K, Anders N, Tryfona T, Busse-Wicher M, Kotake T, Boerjan W, Dupree P. Hydroxycinnamic acid-modified xylan side chains and their cross-linking products in rice cell walls are reduced in the Xylosyl arabinosyl substitution of xylan 1 mutant. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:1152-1167. [PMID: 34862679 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The intricate architecture of cell walls and the complex cross-linking of their components hinders some industrial and agricultural applications of plant biomass. Xylan is a key structural element of grass cell walls, closely interacting with other cell wall components such as cellulose and lignin. The main branching points of grass xylan, 3-linked l-arabinosyl substitutions, can be modified by ferulic acid (a hydroxycinnamic acid), which cross-links xylan to other xylan chains and lignin. XAX1 (Xylosyl arabinosyl substitution of xylan 1), a rice (Oryza sativa) member of the glycosyltransferase family GT61, has been described to add xylosyl residues to arabinosyl substitutions modified by ferulic acid. In this study, we characterize hydroxycinnamic acid-decorated arabinosyl substitutions present on rice xylan and their cross-linking, in order to decipher the role of XAX1 in xylan synthesis. Our results show a general reduction of hydroxycinnamic acid-modified 3-linked arabinosyl substitutions in xax1 mutant rice regardless of their modification with a xylosyl residue. Moreover, structures resembling the direct cross-link between xylan and lignin (ferulated arabinosyl substitutions bound to lignin monomers and dimers), together with diferulates known to cross-link xylan, are strongly reduced in xax1. Interestingly, apart from feruloyl and p-coumaroyl modifications on arabinose, putative caffeoyl and oxalyl modifications were characterized, which were also reduced in xax1. Our results suggest an alternative function of XAX1 in the transfer of hydroxycinnamic acid-modified arabinosyl substitutions to xylan, rather than xylosyl transfer to arabinosyl substitutions. Ultimately, XAX1 plays a fundamental role in cross-linking, providing a potential target for the improvement of use of grass biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Feijao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Kris Morreel
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Nadine Anders
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Theodora Tryfona
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Marta Busse-Wicher
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Toshihisa Kotake
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
- Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
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2
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Zaikin VG, Borisov RS. Options of the Main Derivatization Approaches for Analytical ESI and MALDI Mass Spectrometry. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1287-1342. [PMID: 33557614 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1873100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The inclusion of preliminary chemical labeling (derivatization) in the analysis process by such powerful and widespread methods as electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) is a popular and widely used methodological approach. This is due to the need to remove some fundamental limitations inherent in these powerful analytic methods. Although a number of special reviews has been published discussing the utilization of derivatization approaches, the purpose of the present critical review is to comprehensively summarize, characterize and evaluate most of the previously developed and practically applied, as well as recently proposed representative derivatization reagents for ESI-MS and MALDI-MS platforms in their mostly sensitive positive ion mode and frequently hyphenated with separation techniques. The review is focused on the use of preliminary chemical labeling to facilitate the detection, identification, structure elucidation, quantification, profiling or MS imaging of compounds within complex matrices. Two main derivatization approaches, namely the introduction of permanent charge-fixed or highly proton affinitive residues into analytes are critically evaluated. In situ charge-generation, charge-switch and charge-transfer derivatizations are considered separately. The potential of using reactive matrices in MALDI-MS and chemical labeling in MS-based omics sciences is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir G Zaikin
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Roman S Borisov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Zhao X, Huang Y, Ma G, Liu Y, Guo C, He Q, Wang H, Liao J, Pan Y. Parallel On-Target Derivatization for Mass Calibration and Rapid Profiling of N-Glycans by MALDI-TOF MS. Anal Chem 2019; 92:991-998. [PMID: 31829556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is an important post-translational modification of proteins, and abnormal glycosylation is involved in a variety of diseases. Accurate and rapid profiling of N-glycans by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is still technically challenging and hampered mainly by mass drift of instrument, manual identification of spectrum peaks, and poor cocrystallization with traditional matrices besides low ionization efficiency of analytes. In the present study, a parallel on-target derivatization strategy (POTDS), on the basis of two rationally combined matrices, i.e., 3-hydrazinobenzoic acid plus DHB (DHB/3HBA) and quinoline-3-carbohydrazide plus DHB (DHB/Q3CH), was proposed for mass calibration and rapid detection of reducing N-glycans. Both DHB/3HBA and DHB/Q3CH show high derivatization efficiency and can improve the ionization efficiency of reducing N-glycans significantly. For mass calibration, in combination with dextrans, DHB/3HBA and DHB/Q3CH prove to be highly sensitive matrices facilitating both MS and MS2 calibration for N-glycans in dual polarities. For rapid identification, the regular mass difference observed for each N-glycan labeled with Q3CH and 3HBA respectively can eliminate the occurrence of false positives and promote automated identification of N-glycans in complex samples. For relative quantitation, the acid-base pair of DHB/Q3CH generates a concentrated cocrystallization of glycan-matrix mixtures at the edge of the droplet uniformly, exhibiting good linearity (R2 > 0.998) and accuracy (RSD ≤ 10%). Furthermore, the established POTDS was successfully utilized to assess N-glycans of serum from HCC patients, revealing potential for biomarker discovery in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Zhao
- Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Ge Ma
- Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Yaqin Liu
- Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Cheng Guo
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310009 , China
| | - Quan He
- Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Huiwen Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Jiancong Liao
- Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Yuanjiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
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Nguyen PC, Nguyen MTT, Lee CK, Oh IN, Kim JH, Hong ST, Park JT. Enzymatic synthesis and characterization of maltoheptaose-based sugar esters. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 218:126-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Zhao X, Guo C, Huang Y, Huang L, Ma G, Liu Y, He Q, Wang H, Chen K, Pan Y. Combination Strategy of Reactive and Catalytic Matrices for Qualitative and Quantitative Profiling of N-Glycans in MALDI-MS. Anal Chem 2019; 91:9251-9258. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Guo
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lili Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ge Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaqin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Quan He
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiwen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kunsong Chen
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanjiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
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Antia IU, Mathew K, Yagnik DR, Hills FA, Shah AJ. Analysis of procainamide-derivatised heparan sulphate disaccharides in biological samples using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:131-143. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0703-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2011-2012. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:255-422. [PMID: 26270629 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This review is the seventh update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2012. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural types constitute the remainder. The main groups of compound are oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:255-422, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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Organic matrices, ionic liquids, and organic matrices@nanoparticles assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Yuan H, Liu L, Gu J, Liu Y, Fang M, Zhao Y. Distinguishing isomeric aldohexose-ketohexose disaccharides by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in positive mode. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:2167-2174. [PMID: 26467229 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The identification of the structure of carbohydrates is challenging because of their complex composition of monosaccharide units, linkage position and anomeric configuration. We used a combination of principle component analysis (PCA) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), including collision-induced dissociation (CID) and higher energy collision dissociation (HCD), to distinguish four aldohexose-ketohexose isomers, sucrose, turanose, maltulose, and palatinose, which are composed of glucose and fructose. METHODS The electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS/MS spectra of the lithium and sodium adducts of the glucopyranosyl fructose (Glc-Fru) isomers were recorded on two independent mass spectrometers using CID (MicroTOF QII) and HCD (Q-Exactive Orbitrap). The differences between the fragment ions were evaluated by the PCA models. The glycosidic bond cleavage mechanism of lithiated sucrose was verified by a deuterium-labeling experiment combined with density functional theory calculations (Gaussian 09). RESULTS The main fragment ions in the MS/MS spectra from the glycosidic bond decomposition, cross-ring cleavage (-90 Da), and dehydration of the precursor ions of m/z 349 ([M+Li](+)) and m/z 365 ([M+Na](+)) were observed. Surprisingly, cross-ring cleavage and dehydration of the precursor ions were rarely observed in both lithiated and sodiated sucrose. There were significant differences in the fragmentation patterns and relative abundances of fragment ions in second-order mass spectrometry, which allowed discriminant models to be constructed for the alkali adducts and collision modes. CONCLUSIONS Glc-Fru isomers were discriminated in the PCA score plots for their lithium and sodium adducts by using different collision modes. The results showed that HCD-MS/MS is an ideal tool for differentiating lithium adducts, whereas, CID-MS/MS is better for discriminating sodium adducts. The hydrogen migration of the hydroxyl group at C3 of the fructose unit caused the glycosidic bond decomposition of lithiated sucrose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Liu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Jinping Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Meijuan Fang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Wang H, Dai B, Liu B, Lu H. Coumarins as new matrices for matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometric analysis of hydrophobic compounds. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 882:49-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Jiao J, Yang L, Zhang Y, Lu H. Hydrazinonicotinic acid derivatization for selective ionization and improved glycan structure characterization by MALDI-MS. Analyst 2015; 140:5475-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00572h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Selective ionization and improved glycan structure characterization by MALDI-MS were achieved through derivatization of glycans by hydrazinonicotinic acid under different acid catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jiao
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research Ministry of Public Health
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200032
- P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Lijun Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research Ministry of Public Health
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200032
- P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Haojie Lu
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research Ministry of Public Health
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200032
- P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences
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Jiao J, Zhang Y, Yang P, Lu H. Hydrazinonicotinic acid as a novel matrix for highly sensitive and selective MALDI-MS analysis of oligosaccharides. Analyst 2015; 140:156-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an01659a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A new matrix that enables highly sensitive and selective as well as straightforward glycan analysis is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jiao
- Shanghai Cancer Center
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research Ministry of Public Health
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200032
- P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Shanghai Cancer Center
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research Ministry of Public Health
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200032
- P. R. China
| | - Pengyuan Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Haojie Lu
- Shanghai Cancer Center
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research Ministry of Public Health
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200032
- P. R. China
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Cai Y, Zhang Y, Yang P, Lu H. Improved analysis of oligosaccharides for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry using aminopyrazine as a derivatization reagent and a co-matrix. Analyst 2014; 138:6270-6. [PMID: 24010128 DOI: 10.1039/c3an01228j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of oligosaccharides by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is often limited by their low ionization efficiency and inadequate fragmentation information. Derivatizations of oligosaccharides to enhance their ionization in MS are widely used, but most of these methods require tedious cleanup steps that may cause sample losses. Here, aminopyrazine is developed as the derivatization reagent as well as the co-matrix to improve the detection of oligosaccharides by MALDI-TOF MS. The purification step is eliminated because aminopyrazine acts as the co-matrix after nonreductive amination derivatization of oligosaccharides. Under optimal conditions, nearly complete derivatization (>95%) is obtained and S/N ratios of oligosaccharide are increased by about 2-6 fold with good signal reproducibility (RSD = 7%). Improved analysis of glycans is also achieved without any prior separation from the mixture of glycans and deglycosylated tryptic digest of glycoproteins. In addition, enhancement of MS/MS fragmentation of derivatized oligosaccharides facilitates their structural elucidation. The proposed derivatization technique is successfully applied to the profiling of N-linked glycans derived from chicken ovalbumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cai
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China.
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Qiao X, Qin X, She D, Wang R, Zhang X, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Mass spectrometry-based tag and its application to high efficient peptide analysis – A review. Talanta 2014; 126:91-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Alley WR, Mann BF, Novotny MV. High-sensitivity analytical approaches for the structural characterization of glycoproteins. Chem Rev 2013; 113:2668-732. [PMID: 23531120 PMCID: PMC3992972 DOI: 10.1021/cr3003714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William R. Alley
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
- National Center for Glycomics and Glycoproteomics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Benjamin F. Mann
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
- National Center for Glycomics and Glycoproteomics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Milos V. Novotny
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
- National Center for Glycomics and Glycoproteomics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
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