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Tanaka M, Hoshino Y, Nakamoto D. Preliminary investigation of aluminium fluoride complexes in aqueous solutions with capillary electrophoresis coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:1527-1536. [PMID: 31148308 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE It is crucial to identify and confirm the original species of aluminium ions (Al3+ ) dissolved in water, since they behave differently. Depending on their species, the toxicity differs. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and CE coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (CE/ICP-MS) were explored to identify and determine simple systems of Al species solutions at pH 3.0. METHODS The new combinations of techniques, namely, ESI-MS coupled with CE for identification of species and ICP-MS coupled with CE for confirmation, were applied to for the analyses of Al and fluoride (F) solutions. RESULTS Al monomers, some Al dimers and trimers were detected by CE/ESI-MS. CE/ICP-MS experiments were conducted with the assembled interface. As a result, the calibration line showed R2 = 0.9856, and the detection limits were 35 nL and 0.037 μM. The results were compared with data obtained using MINEQL+. CONCLUSIONS Most of the Al species detected were monomers; some dimers and trimers were detected by CE/ESI-MS, but they were not detected by CE-ICP-MS, probably owing to extremely low concentrations. The Al speciation technique was improved by CE/ESI-MS, and the Al species present at extremely low concentrations were ascertained by CE/ICP-MS. The use of coupled instruments will be one of the most powerful tools for identifying dissolved metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Tanaka
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Yoko Hoshino
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nakamoto
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
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Brophy P, Broeckling CD, Murphy J, Prenni JE. Ion-neutral Clustering of Bile Acids in Electrospray Ionization Across UPLC Flow Regimes. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:651-662. [PMID: 29427066 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1878-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bile acid authentic standards were used as model compounds to quantitatively evaluate complex in-source phenomenon on a UPLC-ESI-TOF-MS operated in the negative mode. Three different diameter columns and a ceramic-based microfluidic separation device were utilized, allowing for detailed descriptions of bile acid behavior across a wide range of flow regimes and instantaneous concentrations. A custom processing algorithm based on correlation analysis was developed to group together all ion signals arising from a single compound; these grouped signals produce verified compound spectra for each bile acid at each on-column mass loading. Significant adduction was observed for all bile acids investigated under all flow regimes and across a wide range of bile acid concentrations. The distribution of bile acid containing clusters was found to depend on the specific bile acid species, solvent flow rate, and bile acid concentration. Relative abundancies of each cluster changed non-linearly with concentration. It was found that summing all MS level (low collisional energy) ions and ion-neutral adducts arising from a single compound improves linearity across the concentration range (0.125-5 ng on column) and increases the sensitivity of MS level quantification. The behavior of each cluster roughly follows simple equilibrium processes consistent with our understanding of electrospray ionization mechanisms and ion transport processes occurring in atmospheric pressure interfaces. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Brophy
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Corey D Broeckling
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| | | | - Jessica E Prenni
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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Kauppila TJ, Syage JA, Benter T. Recent developments in atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:423-449. [PMID: 25988849 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI), which is one of the three most important ionization techniques in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, are reviewed. The emphasis is on the practical aspects of APPI analysis, its combination with different separation techniques, novel instrumental developments - especially in gas chromatography and ambient mass spectrometry - and the applications that have appeared in 2009-2014. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:423-449, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina J Kauppila
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Finland
| | - Jack A Syage
- Morpho Detection, 1251 E. Dyer Rd., Santa Ana, CA 92705, USA
| | - Thorsten Benter
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
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Ambient Desorption/Ionization. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54398-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Chemical Ionization. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54398-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Dousty F, O'Brien R. The use of isoprene as a novel dopant in negative ion atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:1031-1038. [PMID: 26044270 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE As in the case with positive ion atmospheric pressure photoionization (PI-APPI), the addition of dopants significantly improves the sensitivity of negative ion APPI (NI-APPI). However, the research on dopant-assisted-NI-APPI has been quite limited compared to the studies on dopant-assisted PI-APPI. This work presents the potential of isoprene as a novel dopant for NI-APPI. METHODS Thirteen compounds, possessing suitable gas-phase ion energetic properties in order to make stable negative ions, were selected. Dopants were continuously introduced into a tee junction prior to the ion source through a fused-silica capillary, while analytes were directly injected into the same tee. Then both were mixed with the continuous solvent from high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), nebulized, and entered the source. The nebulized stream was analyzed by APPI tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry in the negative ion mode. RESULTS The results obtained using isoprene were compared with those obtained by using toluene as a dopant and dopant-free NI-APPI. Isoprene enhanced the ionization intensities of the studied compounds, which were found to be comparable and, in some cases, more effective than toluene. The mechanisms leading to the observed set of negative analyte ions were also discussed. Because in NI-APPI, thermal electrons, which are produced during the photoionization of a dopant, are considered the main reagent ions, both isoprene and toluene promoted the ionization of analytes through the same mechanisms, as expected. CONCLUSIONS Isoprene was shown to perform well as a novel dopant for NI-APPI. Isoprene has a high photoabsorption cross section in the VUV region; therefore, its photoionization leads to a highly effective production of thermal electrons, which further promotes the ionization of analytes. In addition, isoprene is environmentally benign and less toxic compared to currently used dopants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Dousty
- Department of Chemistry, I.K. Barber School of Arts & Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada, V1V 1 V7
| | - Rob O'Brien
- Supra Res & Dev, Kelowna, BC, Canada, V1W 4C2
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Peng L, Hua L, Li E, Wang W, Zhou Q, Wang X, Wang C, Li J, Li H. Dopant titrating ion mobility spectrometry for trace exhaled nitric oxide detection. J Breath Res 2015; 9:016003. [PMID: 25557839 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/9/1/016003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is a promising non-invasive tool for the analysis of exhaled gas and exhaled nitric oxide (NO), a biomarker for diagnosis of respiratory diseases. However, the high moisture in exhaled gas always brings about extra overlapping ion peaks and results in poor identification ability. In this paper, p-benzoquinone (PBQ) was introduced into IMS to eliminate the interference of overlapping ion peaks and realize the selective identification of NO. The overlapping ions caused by moisture were titrated by PBQ and then converted to hydrated PBQ anions (C6H4[Formula: see text](H2O)n). The NO concentration could be determined by quantifying gas phase hydrated nitrite anions (N[Formula: see text](H2O)n), product ions of NO. Under optimized conditions, a limit of detection (LOD) of about 1.4 ppbv and a linear range of 10-200 ppbv were obtained for NO even in 100% relative humidity (RH) purified air. Furthermore, this established method was applied to measure hourly the exhaled NO of eight healthy volunteers, and real-time monitoring the exhaled NO of an esophageal carcinoma patient during radical surgery. These results revealed the potential of the current dopant titrating IMS method in the measurement of exhaled NO for medical disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Peng
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
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Derpmann V, Mueller D, Bejan I, Sonderfeld H, Wilberscheid S, Koppmann R, Brockmann KJ, Benter T. Capillary atmospheric pressure electron capture ionization (cAPECI): a highly efficient ionization method for nitroaromatic compounds. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:329-342. [PMID: 24399666 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0761-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report on a novel method for atmospheric pressure ionization of compounds with elevated electron affinity (e.g., nitroaromatic compounds) or gas phase acidity (e.g., phenols), respectively. The method is based on the generation of thermal electrons by the photo-electric effect, followed by electron capture of oxygen when air is the gas matrix yielding O2(-) or of the analyte directly with nitrogen as matrix. Charge transfer or proton abstraction by O2(-) leads to the ionization of the analytes. The interaction of UV-light with metals is a clean method for the generation of thermal electrons at atmospheric pressure. Furthermore, only negative ions are generated and neutral radical formation is minimized, in contrast to discharge- or dopant assisted methods. Ionization takes place inside the transfer capillary of the mass spectrometer leading to comparably short transfer times of ions to the high vacuum region of the mass spectrometer. This strongly reduces ion transformation processes, resulting in mass spectra that more closely relate to the neutral analyte distribution. cAPECI is thus a soft and selective ionization method with detection limits in the pptV range. In comparison to standard ionization methods (e.g., PTR), cAPECI is superior with respect to both selectivity and achievable detection limits. cAPECI demonstrates to be a promising ionization method for applications in relevant fields as, for example, explosives detection and atmospheric chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Derpmann
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany,
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Albrecht S, Klopotowski S, Derpmann V, Klee S, Brockmann KJ, Stroh F, Benter T. Studies of the mechanism of the cluster formation in a thermally sampling atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometer. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:014102. [PMID: 24517784 DOI: 10.1063/1.4854855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study a thermally sampling atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometer is described and characterized. The ion transfer stage offers the capability to sample cluster ions at thermal equilibrium and during this transfer fundamental processes possibly affecting the cluster distribution are also readily identified. Additionally, the transfer stage combines optional collision-induced dissociation (CID) analysis of the cluster composition with thermal equilibrium sampling of clusters. The performance of the setup is demonstrated with regard to the proton-bound water cluster system. The benefit of the studied processes is that they can help to improve future transfer stages and to understand cluster ion reactions in ion mobility tubes and high-pressure ion sources. In addition, the instrument allows for the identification of fragmentation and protonation reactions caused by CID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Albrecht
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Stratosphere (IEK-7), 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Klopotowski
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Pure and Applied Mass Spectrometry, University of Wuppertal, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Valerie Derpmann
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Pure and Applied Mass Spectrometry, University of Wuppertal, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Sonja Klee
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Pure and Applied Mass Spectrometry, University of Wuppertal, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Klaus J Brockmann
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Pure and Applied Mass Spectrometry, University of Wuppertal, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Fred Stroh
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Stratosphere (IEK-7), 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Thorsten Benter
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Pure and Applied Mass Spectrometry, University of Wuppertal, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
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Gilbert-López B, García-Reyes JF, Meyer C, Michels A, Franzke J, Molina-Díaz A, Hayen H. Simultaneous testing of multiclass organic contaminants in food and environment by liquid chromatography/dielectric barrier discharge ionization-mass spectrometry. Analyst 2012; 137:5403-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35705d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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