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Xu Z, Yu K, Zhang M, Ju Y, He J, Jiang Y, Li Y, Jiang J. Accurate Clinical Detection of Vitamin D by Mass Spectrometry: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-25. [PMID: 38376891 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2024.2316237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is thought to be associated with a wide range of diseases, including diabetes, cancer, depression, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. This vitamin D deficiency is a global epidemic affecting both developing and developed countries and therefore qualitative and quantitative analysis of vitamin D in a clinical context is essential. Mass spectrometry has played an increasingly important role in the clinical analysis of vitamin D because of its accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and the ability to detect multiple substances at the same time. Despite their many advantages, mass spectrometry-based methods are not without analytical challenges. Front-end and back-end challenges such as protein precipitation, analyte extraction, derivatization, mass spectrometer functionality, must be carefully considered to provide accurate and robust analysis of vitamin D through a well-designed approach with continuous control by internal and external quality control. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the development of mass spectrometry methods for vitamin D accurate analysis, including emphasis on status markers, deleterious effects of biological matrices, derivatization reactions, effects of ionization sources, contribution of epimers, standardization of assays between laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilong Xu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Kai Yu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yun Ju
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Jing He
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai, China
| | - Yanxiao Jiang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai, China
| | - Yunuo Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
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2
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Foest D, Knodel A, Ahrends R, Coman C, Franzke J, Brandt S. Flexible Microtube Plasma for the Consecutive-Ionization of Cholesterol in Nano-Electrospray Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37220280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is an established method for the identification of biomarkers. By nano-ESI (nESI), the polar molecular fraction of complex biological samples can be successfully ionized. In contrast, the less-polar free cholesterol, which serves as an important biomarker for several human diseases, is barely accessible by nESI. Although, complex scan functions of modern high-resolution MS devices are able to increase the signal-to-noise ratio, they are limited by the ionization efficiency of the nESI. One possible method to increase the ionization efficiency is the derivatization with acetyl chloride, however interferences with cholesteryl esters must be considered, so chromatographic separation or complex scan functions may be required. A novel approach to increase the yield of cholesterol ions of the nESI could be the application of a second consecutive-ionization process. This publication presents the flexible microtube plasma (FμTP) as a consecutive-ionization source, which allows the determination of cholesterol in nESI-MS analysis. Focusing on the analytical performance, the nESI-FμTP approach increases the cholesterol signal yield in a complex liver extract by a factor of 49. The repeatability and long-term stability could be successfully evaluated. A linear dynamic range of 1.7 orders of magnitude, a minimum detectability of 5.46 mg/L, and a high accuracy (deviation, -8.1%) demonstrates the nESI-FμTP-MS as an excellent approach for a derivatization-free determination of cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Foest
- Miniaturisation, Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften─ISAS─e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alexander Knodel
- Miniaturisation, Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften─ISAS─e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Robert Ahrends
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingstr. 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Cristina Coman
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingstr. 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Joachim Franzke
- Miniaturisation, Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften─ISAS─e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brandt
- Miniaturisation, Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften─ISAS─e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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3
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Ayala-Cabrera JF, Turkowski J, Uteschil F, Schmitz OJ. Development of a Tube Plasma Ion Source for Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis and Comparison with Other Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Techniques. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9595-9602. [PMID: 35758294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A tube plasma ionization (TPI) open-air source for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed. This source is based on an inverse low temperature plasma configuration where the pin inner electrode is applying the high voltage and the grounded electrode is the housing itself. The ionization possibilities were tested by using an EPA mix of priority contaminants, showing that 68% of the analytes could undergo both proton-transfer and charge-exchange reactions. The potential of using different discharge gases (He and Ar) to ionize the analytes and auxiliary gases (He, N2, O2, and synthetic air) to transport the ions toward the MS was carefully investigated. Additionally, the addition of water was also tested to show the different ionization trends in the TPI source. Finally, the ionization by TPI under both dry and wet conditions was compared with other gas-phase atmospheric pressure ionization sources showing TPI could ionize a wider range of compounds (97%) than atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI, 95%) and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI, 87%). Besides, the detection capability of TPI was better than APCI and APPI, achieving instrumental limits of detection down to 3 fg on column, which demonstrates the great potential of this ionization source for GC-MS determinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Ayala-Cabrera
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany.,Teaching and Research Center for Separation, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Jasmin Turkowski
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany.,Teaching and Research Center for Separation, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Florian Uteschil
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany.,Teaching and Research Center for Separation, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Oliver J Schmitz
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany.,Teaching and Research Center for Separation, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
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4
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Liu Q, Ge W, Wang T, Lan J, Martínez‐Jarquín S, Wolfrum C, Stoffel M, Zenobi R. High‐Throughput Single‐Cell Mass Spectrometry Reveals Abnormal Lipid Metabolism in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinlei Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Wenjie Ge
- Department of Biology ETH Zurich Otto-Stern-Weg 7 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Tongtong Wang
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology ETH Zurich Schorenstrasse 16 8603 Schwerzenbach Switzerland
| | - Jiayi Lan
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Sandra Martínez‐Jarquín
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Christian Wolfrum
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology ETH Zurich Schorenstrasse 16 8603 Schwerzenbach Switzerland
| | - Markus Stoffel
- Department of Biology ETH Zurich Otto-Stern-Weg 7 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zurich Switzerland
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5
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Liu Q, Ge W, Wang T, Lan J, Martínez‐Jarquín S, Wolfrum C, Stoffel M, Zenobi R. High-Throughput Single-Cell Mass Spectrometry Reveals Abnormal Lipid Metabolism in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:24534-24542. [PMID: 34505339 PMCID: PMC8597026 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Even populations of clonal cells are heterogeneous, which requires high-throughput analysis methods with single-cell sensitivity. Here, we propose a rapid, label-free single-cell analytical method based on active capillary dielectric barrier discharge ionization mass spectrometry, which can analyze multiple metabolites in single cells at a rate of 38 cells/minute. Multiple cell types (HEK-293T, PANC-1, CFPAC-1, H6c7, HeLa and iBAs) were discriminated successfully. We found evidence for abnormal lipid metabolism in pancreatic cancer cells. We also analyzed gene expression in a cancer genome atlas dataset and found that the mRNA level of a critical enzyme of lipid synthesis (ATP citrate lyase, ACLY) was upregulated in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Moreover, both an ACLY chemical inhibitor and a siRNA approach targeting ACLY could suppress the viability of PDAC cells. A significant reduction in lipid content in treated cells indicates that ACLY could be a potential target for treating pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinlei Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH ZurichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 38093ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Wenjie Ge
- Department of BiologyETH ZurichOtto-Stern-Weg 78093ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Tongtong Wang
- Department of Health Sciences and TechnologyETH ZurichSchorenstrasse 168603SchwerzenbachSwitzerland
| | - Jiayi Lan
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH ZurichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 38093ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Sandra Martínez‐Jarquín
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH ZurichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 38093ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Christian Wolfrum
- Department of Health Sciences and TechnologyETH ZurichSchorenstrasse 168603SchwerzenbachSwitzerland
| | - Markus Stoffel
- Department of BiologyETH ZurichOtto-Stern-Weg 78093ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH ZurichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 38093ZurichSwitzerland
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6
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Liu Q, Zenobi R. Rapid analysis of fragrance allergens by dielectric barrier discharge ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9021. [PMID: 33300175 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Fragrances are organic compounds with pleasant odors that are widely used in every aspect of our daily life; some fragrance ingredients can cause allergic reactions. Hence, the qualitative and quantitative analysis of fragrance allergens can prevent consumers coming into contact with these compounds. In this study, we evaluated the ability of a dielectric barrier discharge ionization (DBDI) source for analyzing allergens that occur in fragrances. METHODS A home-built liquid-infusion device was used to evaporate the liquid samples. An active capillary plasma ionization source, which is based on a dielectric barrier discharge, was used to ionize the analytes. Mass spectra were acquired in positive ion mode with an LTQ Orbitrap mass spectrometer. RESULTS Seven typical fragrance allergens were analyzed in this study. The limits of detections (LODs) were as low as 0.0001 ppm and a linear dynamic range of 2-3 orders of magnitude was achieved. Allergens in five different perfume products were successfully analyzed and quantified by this method, with analysis times of less than 1 min per sample. CONCLUSIONS This work introduces a DBDI-MS-based analytical method for detecting and quantifying fragrance allergens. Since DBDI has the advantages of high sensitivity, simple operation and fast analysis time, it is very suitable for the rapid analysis of trace allergens in fragrances, and could easily be used for quality control of consumer products in the cosmetics market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinlei Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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Laaniste A, Leito I, Kruve A. ESI outcompetes other ion sources in LC/MS trace analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:3533-3542. [PMID: 31025182 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01832-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Choosing an appropriate ion source is a crucial step in liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS) method development. In this paper, we compare four ion sources for LC/MS analysis of 40 pesticides in tomato and garlic matrices. We compare electrospray ionisation (ESI) source, thermally focused/heated electrospray (HESI), atmospheric pressure photoionisation (APPI) source with and without dopant, and multimode source in ESI mode, atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI) mode, and combined mode using both ESI and APCI, i.e. altogether seven different ionisation modes. The lowest limits of detection (LoDs) were obtained by ESI and HESI. Widest linear ranges were observed with the conventional ESI source without heated nebuliser gas. In comparison to HESI, ESI source was significantly less affected by matrix effect. APPI ranked second (after ESI) by not being influenced by matrix effect; therefore, it would be a good alternative to ESI if low LoDs are not required. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asko Laaniste
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Ivo Leito
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anneli Kruve
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
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8
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Vogel P, Marggraf U, Brandt S, García-Reyes JF, Franzke J. Analyte-Tailored Controlled Atmosphere Improves Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ionization Mass Spectrometry Performance. Anal Chem 2019; 91:3733-3739. [PMID: 30672695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Plasma sources in atmospheric pressure soft-ionization mass spectrometry have gained significant interest in recent years. As many of these sources are used under ambient air conditions, their interaction with the surrounding atmosphere plays an important role in the ionization pathway. This study focuses on the interaction between the plasma source and the surrounding atmosphere by connecting the plasma source to the mass spectrometer using a 2 mm ID closed reactant capillary supplied by a reactant gas up to 500 mL per minute to gain a controlled atmosphere. Different reactant gases (Ar, He, O2, and N2) and reactant gas mixtures are tested with regard to the DBDI performance and then used to improve the ionization efficiency. Tailoring the controlled atmosphere for a certain analyte, for example, perfluorinated compounds, leads to significantly improved limits of detection up to 2 ppb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Vogel
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Ulrich Marggraf
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Sebastian Brandt
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Juan F García-Reyes
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group , University of Jaén , Campus Las Lagunillas , 23071 Jaén , Spain
| | - Joachim Franzke
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
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9
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Mirabelli MF, Gionfriddo E, Pawliszyn J, Zenobi R. Fast screening of illicit drugs in beverages and biological fluids by direct coupling of thin film microextraction to dielectric barrier discharge ionization-mass spectrometry. Analyst 2019; 144:2788-2796. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an02448k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A direct and fast method for quantification of illicit drugs in beverages and biological fluids was developed, using dielectric barrier discharge ionization in combination with high-resolution MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario F. Mirabelli
- ETH Zurich
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- 8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | | | | | - Renato Zenobi
- ETH Zurich
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- 8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
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10
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Lu H, Zhang H, Chingin K, Xiong J, Fang X, Chen H. Ambient mass spectrometry for food science and industry. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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11
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Lara-Ortega FJ, Robles-Molina J, Brandt S, Schütz A, Gilbert-López B, Molina-Díaz A, García-Reyes JF, Franzke J. Use of dielectric barrier discharge ionization to minimize matrix effects and expand coverage in pesticide residue analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1020:76-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.02.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Xu S, Zhang Y, Xu L, Bai Y, Liu H. Online coupling techniques in ambient mass spectrometry. Analyst 2018; 141:5913-5921. [PMID: 27704091 DOI: 10.1039/c6an01705c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Since ambient mass spectrometry (AMS) has been proven to have low matrix effects and high salt tolerance, great efforts have been made for online coupling of several analytical techniques with AMS. These analytical techniques include gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and electrochemistry flow cells. Various ambient ionization sources, represented by desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) and direct analysis in real time (DART), have been utilized as interfaces for the online coupling techniques. Herein, we summarized the advances in these online coupling methods. Close attention has been paid to different interface setups for coupling, as well as limits of detection, tolerance to different matrices, and applications of these new coupling techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. Chain.
| | - Yiding Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. Chain.
| | - Linnan Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. Chain.
| | - Yu Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. Chain.
| | - Huwei Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. Chain.
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Chai Y, Chen H, Liu X, Lu C. Degradation of the Neonicotinoid Pesticides in the Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Source. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:373-381. [PMID: 29260456 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1832-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
During the analysis of neonicotinoid pesticide standards (thiamethoxam, clothianidin, imidacloprid, acetamiprid, and thiacloprid) by mass spectrometry, the degradation of these pesticides (M-C=N-R is degraded into M-C=O, M is the skeleton moiety, and R is NO2 or CN) was observed in the atmospheric pressure ionization interfaces (ESI and APCI). In APCI, the degradation of all the five neonicotinoid pesticides studied took place, and the primary mechanism was in-source ion/molecule reaction, in which a molecule of water (confirmed by use of H218O) attacked the carbon of the imine group accompanying with loss of NH2R (R=NO2, CN). For the nitroguanidine neonicotinoid pesticides (R=NO2, including thiamethoxam, clothianidin, and imidacloprid), higher auxiliary gas heater temperature also contributed to their degradation in APCI due to in-source pyrolysis. The degradation of the five neonicotinoid pesticides studied in ESI was not significant. In ESI, only the nitroguanidine neonicotinoid pesticides could generate the degradation products through in-source fragmentation mechanism. The degradation of cyanoamidine neonicotinoid pesticides (R=CN, including acetamiprid and thiacloprid) in ESI was not observed. The degradation of neonicotinoid pesticides in the ion source of mass spectrometer renders some adverse consequences, such as difficulty interpreting the full-scan mass spectrum, reducing the sensitivity and accuracy of quantitative analysis, and misleading whether these pesticides have degraded in the real samples. Therefore, a clear understanding of these unusual degradation reactions should facilitate the analysis of neonicotinoid pesticides by atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Chai
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Tea (Hangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongping Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Tea (Hangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Liu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China.
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Tea (Hangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chengyin Lu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China.
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Tea (Hangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Yin J, Zhao Z, Zhan X, Duan Y. Exploration and performance evaluation of microwave-induced plasma with different discharge gases for ambient desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:919-927. [PMID: 28401996 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Microwave-induced plasma (MIP) with different discharge gases of argon or helium provides significant plasma-based ambient desorption/ionization sources, which have potential applicability in direct analysis of complex samples without any sample pre-treatment. In this study, experiments were conducted to better understand microwave-induced plasma desorption/ionization (MIPDI) sources and the corresponding ionization mechanisms. METHODS Emission spectra of microwave-induced argon (MIP-Ar) and helium (MIP-He) plasmas were obtained from the plasma tail flame of a MIP source. Compounds including L-phenylalanine, L-serine, L-valine, urea, 4-acetaminophen, gallic acid and L-ascorbic acid were analyzed using both sources. Polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG400) oligomers were detected by MIP-Ar and MIP-He mass spectrometry at different microwave powers. Mass spectra of higher molecular weight PEGs (including PEG800, PEG1000 and PEG2000) were also acquired using both sources. RESULTS In the emission spectra, N2 , H-I and O-I species were observed by MIP-Ar/He. In addition, SiO2 , Na-I, Si-I and Si-II species were generated by MIP-He. In the mass spectra of compounds, [M+H]+ , [2M+H]+ , [M+O+H]+ , [M+2O-H]+ and fragment ions were observed. In the mass spectra of PEG400 obtained by MIP-Ar/He at different microwave powers, higher molecular weight oligomers could only be observed with higher microwave power. PEGs with molecular weights as high as 1000 Da were also successfully analyzed by MIPDI. CONCLUSIONS According to the different natures of the samples, either MIP-Ar or MIP-He can be chosen as a working ion source for mass spectrometry. The MIPDI source is potentially applicable to the analysis of compounds with high molecular weights, especially polymers with high degree of polymerization (such as PEG2000), which is a challenging issue for the traditional ambient ionization sources. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Yin
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P.R. China
| | - Zhongjun Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P.R. China
| | - Xuefang Zhan
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P.R. China
| | - Yixiang Duan
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P.R. China
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15
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Guo T, Yong W, Jin Y, Zhang L, Liu J, Wang S, Chen Q, Dong Y, Su H, Tan T. Applications of DART-MS for food quality and safety assurance in food supply chain. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:161-187. [PMID: 25975720 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Direct analysis in real time (DART) represents a new generation of ion source which is used for rapid ionization of small molecules under ambient conditions. The combination of DART and various mass spectrometers allows analyzing multiple food samples with simple or no sample treatment, or in conjunction with prevailing protocolized sample preparation methods. Abundant applications by DART-MS have been reviewed in this paper. The DART-MS strategy applied to food supply chain (FSC), including production, processing, and storage and transportation, provides a comprehensive solution to various food components, contaminants, authenticity, and traceability. Additionally, typical applications available in food analysis by other ambient ionization mass spectrometers were summarized, and fundamentals mainly including mechanisms, devices, and parameters were discussed as well. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev. 36:161-187, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyang Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yong
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100123, P.R. China
| | - Yong Jin
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100123, P.R. China
| | - Liya Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Jiahui Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Sai Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Qilong Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yiyang Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Haijia Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Tianwei Tan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
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16
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Brandt S, Klute FD, Schütz A, Franzke J. Dielectric barrier discharges applied for soft ionization and their mechanism. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 951:16-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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17
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Zhang Y, Ai W, Bai Y, Zhou Y, Wen L, Zhang X, Liu H. An interface for online coupling capillary electrophoresis to dielectric barrier discharge ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:8655-8661. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9822-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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Keelor JD, Farnsworth PB, L Weber A, Abbott-Lyon H, Fernández FM. Multimodal Vacuum-Assisted Plasma Ion (VaPI) Source with Transmission Mode and Laser Ablation Sampling Capabilities. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:897-907. [PMID: 26883531 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1354-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a multimodal ion source design that can be configured on the fly for various analysis modes, designed for more efficient and reproducible sampling at the mass spectrometer atmospheric pressure (AP) interface in a number of different applications. This vacuum-assisted plasma ionization (VaPI) source features interchangeable transmission mode and laser ablation sampling geometries. Operating in both AC and DC power regimes with similar results, the ion source was optimized for parameters including helium flow rate and gas temperature using transmission mode to analyze volatile standards and drug tablets. Using laser ablation, matrix effects were studied, and the source was used to monitor the products of model prebiotic synthetic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Keelor
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Paul B Farnsworth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | | | - Heather Abbott-Lyon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, 30144, USA
| | - Facundo M Fernández
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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19
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Klute FD, Michels A, Schütz A, Vadla C, Horvatic V, Franzke J. Capillary Dielectric Barrier Discharge: Transition from Soft Ionization to Dissociative Plasma. Anal Chem 2016; 88:4701-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix David Klute
- ISAS—Leibniz Institut für analytische Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Antje Michels
- ISAS—Leibniz Institut für analytische Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alexander Schütz
- ISAS—Leibniz Institut für analytische Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Cedomil Vadla
- Institute of Physics, Bijenicka
46, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Joachim Franzke
- ISAS—Leibniz Institut für analytische Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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20
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Mirabelli MF, Wolf JC, Zenobi R. Pesticide analysis at ppt concentration levels: coupling nano-liquid chromatography with dielectric barrier discharge ionization-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:3425-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9419-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Zhang Y, Xu S, Wen L, Bai Y, Niu L, Song D, Liu H. A dielectric barrier discharge ionization based interface for online coupling surface plasmon resonance with mass spectrometry. Analyst 2016; 141:3343-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an00561f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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22
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Smoluch M, Mielczarek P, Silberring J. Plasma-based ambient ionization mass spectrometry in bioanalytical sciences. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2016; 35:22-34. [PMID: 25988731 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plasma-based ambient ionization mass spectrometry techniques are gaining growing interest due to their specific features, such as the need for little or no sample preparation, its high analysis speed, and the ambient experimental conditions. Samples can be analyzed in gas, liquid, or solid forms. These techniques allow for a wide range of applications, like warfare agent detection, chemical reaction control, mass spectrometry imaging, polymer identification, and food safety monitoring, as well as applications in biomedical science, e.g., drug and pharmaceutical analysis, medical diagnostics, biochemical analysis, etc. Until now, the main drawback of plasma-based techniques is their quantitative aspect, but a lot of efforts have been done to improve this obstacle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Smoluch
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Mielczarek
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy Silberring
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, Curie-Sklodowskiej St. 34, 41-819, Zabrze, Poland
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23
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Electrochemical generation of selegiline metabolites coupled to mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1389:96-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Curtis M, Keelor JD, Jones CM, Pittman JJ, Jones PR, Sparkman OD, Fernández FM. Schlieren visualization of fluid dynamics effects in direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:431-439. [PMID: 26349465 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The success of ambient analysis using plasma-based ion sources depends heavily on fluid dynamics and mass transport efficiency in the sample region. To help characterize the influence of these determining factors, visualization of the gas flow profile for a Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART) ion source at the mass spectrometer atmospheric pressure (AP) interface was performed using the Schlieren technique. METHODS The DART helium flow pattern was imaged in model systems incorporating different interface designs, i.e. skimmer or capillary inlet, and for sampling strategies using several types of traditional DART sample probes including a glass capillary, swab, and drug tablet. Notably, Schlieren experiments were conducted on instruments equipped with the gas-ion separator tube (GIST) adapter and Vapur® pump, and on setups featuring the transmission mode (TM) DART module used in standard practice. RESULTS DART sources were seen to expel a collimated, highly laminar helium stream across interface distances up to ~8 cm. The helium stream was robust to the influence of gas temperature (50-500 °C) and flow rate (≤3.5 L min(-1) ), but considerable DART gas deflection or full disruption was observed in each sampling scenario. The severity of the flow disturbance depended on probe size and placement, the GIST/Vapur® settings, or counter-current gas movements present at the interface. CONCLUSIONS The real-time Schlieren visualizations introduced in this work provide new insight on the fluid dynamics within the DART-MS sample gap while also helping to identify those experimental parameters requiring optimization for improved transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Curtis
- Department of Chemistry, Pacific Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, USA
| | - Joel D Keelor
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Christina M Jones
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Jennifer J Pittman
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Patrick R Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Pacific Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, USA
| | - O David Sparkman
- Department of Chemistry, Pacific Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, USA
| | - Facundo M Fernández
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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25
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Vaikkinen A, Schmidt HS, Kiiski I, Rämö S, Hakala K, Haapala M, Kostiainen R, Kauppila TJ. Analysis of neonicotinoids from plant material by desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:424-430. [PMID: 26349464 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Neonicotinoids are widely used insecticides which have been shown to affect the memory and learning abilities of honey bees, and are suspected to play a part in the unexplainable, large-scale loss of honey bee colonies. Fast methods, such as ambient mass spectrometry (MS), for their analysis from a variety of matrices are necessary to control the use of forbidden products and study the spreading of insecticides in nature. METHODS The feasibilities of two ambient MS methods, desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) and desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization (DAPPI), for the analysis of five most used neonicotinoid compounds, thiacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, were tested. In addition, DAPPI was used to analyze fresh rose leaves treated with commercially available thiacloprid insecticide and dried and powdered turnip rape flowers, which had been collected from a field treated with thiacloprid-containing insecticide. RESULTS DAPPI was found to be more sensitive than DESI, with 2-11 times better signal-to-noise ratios, and limits of detection at 0.4-5.0 fmol for the standard compounds. DAPPI was able to detect thiacloprid from the rose leaves even 2.5 months after the treatment and from the turnip rape flower samples collected from a field. The analysis of plant material by DAPPI did not require extraction or other sample preparation. CONCLUSIONS DAPPI was found to be suitable for the fast and direct qualitative analysis of thiacloprid neonicotinoid from plant samples. It shows promise as a fast tool for screening of forbidden insecticides, or studying the distribution of insecticides in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Vaikkinen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Finland
| | - Henning S Schmidt
- Department of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Iiro Kiiski
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Finland
| | - Sari Rämö
- Plant Production Research, MTT Agrifood Research Finland, 31600, Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Kati Hakala
- Chemistry and Toxicology Research Unit, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Haapala
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Finland
| | - Risto Kostiainen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Finland
| | - Tiina J Kauppila
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Finland
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26
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Targeted metabolomics of the arachidonic acid cascade: current state and challenges of LC–MS analysis of oxylipins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:2675-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8369-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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27
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Guo C, Tang F, Chen J, Wang X, Zhang S, Zhang X. Development of dielectric-barrier-discharge ionization. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:2345-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8281-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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