1
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Malaker SA. Glycoproteomics: Charting new territory in mass spectrometry and glycobiology. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2024; 59:e5034. [PMID: 38726698 DOI: 10.1002/jms.5034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Glycosylation is an incredibly common and diverse post-translational modification that contributes widely to cellular health and disease. Mass spectrometry is the premier technique to study glycoproteins; however, glycoproteomics has lagged behind traditional proteomics due to the challenges associated with studying glycosylation. For instance, glycans dissociate by collision-based fragmentation, thus necessitating electron-based fragmentation for site-localization. The vast glycan heterogeneity leads to lower overall abundance of each glycopeptide, and often, ion suppression is observed. One of the biggest issues facing glycoproteomics is the lack of reliable software for analysis, which necessitates manual validation and serves as a massive bottleneck in data processing. Here, I will discuss each of these challenges and some ways in which the field is attempting to address them, along with perspectives on how I believe we should move forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy A Malaker
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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2
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Richardson K, Brown J. In Silico Reagent Design for Electron-Transfer Dissociation on a Q-TOF. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:2092-2098. [PMID: 33750126 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Electron-transfer dissociation is an important technique capable of probing the primary and higher order structure of a wide variety of biomolecules and yielding information that is often inaccessible using other common MS methods. The source of the electron used to initiate the fragmentation event is a radical anion, and the fragmentation process therefore depends intimately on the electronic properties of both the reagent and analyte ions. A good reagent must ionize easily and be sufficiently robust to survive transport to the reaction location, but must also be capable of donating an electron to analyte cations efficiently enough to overcome competition with other ion-ion reaction channels. Inspired by the work of Gunawardena et al. ( J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 12627), an in silico workflow to allow prescreening of potential electron-transfer reagents for use in glow-discharge sources is described. Approximately 150 candidate molecules have been characterized using this workflow. We discuss in detail the properties of a selected subset of singly and doubly substituted benzenes and introduce five effective new reagents that have been identified as a result of this work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffery Brown
- Waters Corporation, Altrincham Road, Wilmslow SK9 4AX, U.K
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3
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Morris CB, Poland JC, May JC, McLean JA. Fundamentals of Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Biomolecules. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2084:1-31. [PMID: 31729651 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0030-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) combines complementary size- and mass-selective separations into a single analytical platform. This chapter provides context for both the instrumental arrangements and key application areas that are commonly encountered in bioanalytical settings. New advances in these high-throughput strategies are described with description of complementary informatics tools to effectively utilize these data-intensive measurements. Rapid separations such as these are especially important in systems, synthetic, and chemical biology in which many small molecules are transient and correspond to various biological classes for integrated omics measurements. This chapter highlights the fundamentals of IM-MS and its applications toward biomolecular separations and discusses methods currently being used in the fields of proteomics, lipidomics, and metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb B Morris
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Innovative Technology, Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James C Poland
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Innovative Technology, Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jody C May
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Innovative Technology, Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - John A McLean
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Innovative Technology, Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA. .,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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4
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Kolli V, Schumacher KN, Dodds ED. Ion mobility-resolved collision-induced dissociation and electron transfer dissociation of N-glycopeptides: gathering orthogonal connectivity information from a single mass-selected precursor ion population. Analyst 2018; 142:4691-4702. [PMID: 29119999 DOI: 10.1039/c7an01196b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glycopeptide-level mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analyses are commonly performed to establish site-specific protein glycosylation profiles that are of central importance to gaining structure-function insights on glycoproteins. Confoundingly, the complete characterization of glycopeptide connectivity usually requires the acquisition of multiple MS/MS fragmentation spectra. Complementary ion fragmentation techniques such as collision-induced dissociation (CID) and electron transfer dissociation (ETD) are often applied in concert to address this need. While structurally informative, the requirement for acquisition of two MS/MS spectra per analyte places considerable limitations upon the breadth and depth of large-scale glycoproteomic inquiry. Here, a previously developed method of multiplexing CID and ETD is applied to the study of glycopeptides for the first time. Integration of the two dissociation methods was accomplished through addition of an ion mobility (IM) dimension that disperses the two stages of MS/MS in time. This allows the two MS/MS spectra to be acquired within a few milliseconds of one another, and to be deconvoluted in post-processing. Furthermore, the method allows both fragmentation readouts to be obtained from the same precursor ion packet, thus reducing the inefficiencies imposed by separate CID and ETD acquisitions and the relatively poor precursor ion to fragment ion conversion typical of ETD. N-Linked glycopeptide ions ranging in molecular weight from 1.8 to 6.5 kDa were generated from four model glycoproteins that collectively encompassed paucimannosidic, high mannose, and complex types of N-glycosylation. In each case, IM-resolved CID and ETD events provided complete coverage of the glycan topology and peptide sequence coverages ranging from 48.4% (over 32 amino acid residues) to 85.7% (over eight amino acid residues). The potential of this method for large-scale glycoproteomic analysis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Kolli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA.
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5
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Ruhaak LR, Xu G, Li Q, Goonatilleke E, Lebrilla CB. Mass Spectrometry Approaches to Glycomic and Glycoproteomic Analyses. Chem Rev 2018; 118:7886-7930. [PMID: 29553244 PMCID: PMC7757723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycomic and glycoproteomic analyses involve the characterization of oligosaccharides (glycans) conjugated to proteins. Glycans are produced through a complicated nontemplate driven process involving the competition of enzymes that extend the nascent chain. The large diversity of structures, the variations in polarity of the individual saccharide residues, and the poor ionization efficiencies of glycans all conspire to make the analysis arguably much more difficult than any other biopolymer. Furthermore, the large number of glycoforms associated with a specific protein site makes it more difficult to characterize than any post-translational modification. Nonetheless, there have been significant progress, and advanced separation and mass spectrometry methods have been at its center and the main reason for the progress. While glycomic and glycoproteomic analyses are still typically available only through highly specialized laboratories, new software and workflow is making it more accessible. This review focuses on the role of mass spectrometry and separation methods in advancing glycomic and glycoproteomic analyses. It describes the current state of the field and progress toward making it more available to the larger scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Renee Ruhaak
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gege Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Qiongyu Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Elisha Goonatilleke
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Carlito B. Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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6
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Aboufazeli F, Dodds ED. Precursor ion survival energies of protonated N-glycopeptides and their weak dependencies on high mannose N-glycan composition in collision-induced dissociation. Analyst 2018; 143:4459-4468. [PMID: 30151520 PMCID: PMC6131044 DOI: 10.1039/c8an00830b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fully realizing the capabilities of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for analysis of glycosylated peptides will require further understanding of the unimolecular dissociation chemistry that dictates their fragmentation pathways. In this context, the overall composition of a given glycopeptide ion is a key characteristic; however, the extent to which the carbohydrate moiety influences the preferred dissociation channels has received relatively little study. Here, the effect of glycan composition on energy-resolved collision-induced dissociation (CID) behavior was studied for a select menu of 30 protonated high mannose type N-linked glycopeptide ions. Groups of analytes which shared a common charge state, polypeptide sequence, and glycosylation site exhibited 50% precursor ion survival energies that varied only slightly as the size and composition of the oligosaccharide was varied. This was found to be true regardless of whether the precursor ion survival energies were normalized for the number of available vibrational degrees of freedom. The practical consequence of this was that a given collision energy brought about highly similar levels of precursor ion depletion and structural information despite systematic variation of the glycan identity. This lack of sensitivity to oligosaccharide composition stands in contrast to other physicochemical properties of glycopeptide ions (e.g., polypeptide composition, charge state, charge carrier) which sharply influence their energy-resolved CID characteristics. On the whole, these findings imply that the deliberate selection of CID energies to bring about a desired range of fragmentation pathways does not necessarily hinge on the nature of the glycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forouzan Aboufazeli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA.
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas
M. Riley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Genome
Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Joshua J. Coon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Genome
Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department
of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of
Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Morgridge
Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, United States
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8
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Lermyte F, Łącki MK, Valkenborg D, Gambin A, Sobott F. Conformational Space and Stability of ETD Charge Reduction Products of Ubiquitin. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:69-76. [PMID: 27495285 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1444-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Owing to its versatility, electron transfer dissociation (ETD) has become one of the most commonly utilized fragmentation techniques in both native and non-native top-down mass spectrometry. However, several competing reactions-primarily different forms of charge reduction-occur under ETD conditions, as evidenced by the distorted isotope patterns usually observed. In this work, we analyze these isotope patterns to compare the stability of nondissociative electron transfer (ETnoD) products, specifically noncovalent c/z fragment complexes, across a range of ubiquitin conformational states. Using ion mobility, we find that more extended states are more prone to fragment release. We obtain evidence that for a given charge state, populations of ubiquitin ions formed either directly by electrospray ionization or through collapse of more extended states upon charge reduction, span a similar range of collision cross-sections. Products of gas-phase collapse are, however, less stabilized towards unfolding than the native conformation, indicating that the ions retain a memory of previous conformational states. Furthermore, this collapse of charge-reduced ions is promoted if the ions are 'preheated' using collisional activation, with possible implications for the kinetics of gas-phase compaction. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Lermyte
- Biomolecular and Analytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Center for Proteomics, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | | | - Dirk Valkenborg
- Center for Proteomics, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- Applied Bio and Molecular Systems, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anna Gambin
- Institute of Informatics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Frank Sobott
- Biomolecular and Analytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium.
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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9
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Marshall DD, Inutan ED, Wang B, Liu CW, Thawoos S, Wager-Miller J, Mackie K, Trimpin S. A broad-based study on hyphenating new ionization technologies with MS/MS for PTMs and tissue characterization. Proteomics 2016; 16:1695-706. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ellen D. Inutan
- Department of Chemistry; Wayne State University; Detroit MI USA
| | - Beixi Wang
- Department of Chemistry; Wayne State University; Detroit MI USA
| | - Chih-Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry; Wayne State University; Detroit MI USA
| | | | - James Wager-Miller
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences; Indiana University; Bloomington IN USA
| | - Ken Mackie
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences; Indiana University; Bloomington IN USA
| | - Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry; Wayne State University; Detroit MI USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute; Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit MI USA
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10
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Rathore D, Aboufazeli F, Dodds ED. Obtaining complementary polypeptide sequence information from a single precursor ion packet via sequential ion mobility-resolved electron transfer and vibrational activation. Analyst 2016; 140:7175-83. [PMID: 26357706 DOI: 10.1039/c5an01225b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is now well-known as a powerful tool for characterizing the primary structures of peptides and proteins; however, in many cases the use of but a single dissociation method provides only a partial view of the amino acid sequences and post-translational modification patterns of polypeptides. While the application of multiple fragmentation methods can be more informative, this introduces the burden of acquiring multiple MS/MS spectra per analyte, thus reducing the effective duty cycle of such methods. In this work, initial proof-of-concept is provided for a method designed to overcome these barriers. This method relies on the complementary fragmentation information that can be provided by performing collision-induced dissociation (CID) and electron transfer dissociation (ETD) in concert, while also taking advantage of an ion mobility (IM) dimension to temporally resolve the occurrence of CID and ETD when applied to a single accumulated packet of precursor ions. In this way, the significant proportion of the precursor ion population that remains unreacted in ETD experiments is subjected to CID rather than being fruitlessly discarded. In addition, the two distinct fragmentation spectra can be extracted from their corresponding IM domains to render readily interpretable individual fragmentation spectra. This scheme was demonstrated for several polypeptides ranging from 1.3 to 8.6 kDa in molecular weight. In each case, IM-resolved CID and ETD events resulted in b/y and c/z ions, respectively, which each covered both unique and overlapping sequence information. These findings demonstrate that the combination of CID and ETD can be achieved with greater utilization of the available ion population and little or no loss of duty cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Rathore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA.
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11
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Planinc A, Bones J, Dejaegher B, Van Antwerpen P, Delporte C. Glycan characterization of biopharmaceuticals: Updates and perspectives. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 921:13-27. [PMID: 27126786 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins are rapidly becoming the most promising class of pharmaceuticals on the market due to their successful treatment of a vast array of serious diseases, such as cancers and immune disorders. Therapeutic proteins are produced using recombinant DNA technology. More than 60% of therapeutic proteins are posttranslationally modified following biosynthesis by the addition of N- or O-linked glycans. Glycosylation is the most common posttranslational modifications of proteins. However, it is also the most demanding and complex posttranslational modification from the analytical point of view. Moreover, research has shown that glycosylation significantly impacts stability, half-life, mechanism of action and safety of a therapeutic protein. Considering the exponential growth of biotherapeutics, this present review of the literature (2009-2015) focuses on the characterization of protein glycosylation, which has witnessed an improvement in methodology. Furthermore, it discusses current issues in the fields of production and characterization of therapeutic proteins. This review also highlights the problem of non-standard requirements for the approval of biosimilars with regard to their glycosylation and discusses recent developments and perspectives for improved glycan characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Planinc
- Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy and Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universite Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Bones
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT - The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bieke Dejaegher
- Laboratory of Instrumental Analysis and Bioelectrochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology (FABI), Center for Pharmaceutical Research (CePhaR), Faculty of Medicines and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Van Antwerpen
- Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy and Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universite Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cédric Delporte
- Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy and Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universite Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
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12
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Huang Y, Dodds ED. Ion-neutral collisional cross sections of carbohydrate isomers as divalent cation adducts and their electron transfer products. Analyst 2016. [PMID: 26225371 DOI: 10.1039/c5an01093d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
As the gravity of glycoscience continues to amass, a commensurate demand for rapid, sensitive, and structurally comprehensive glycoanalytical tools has arisen. Among the most elusive but desirable analytical capabilities is the ability to expeditiously and unambiguously detect, distinguish, and resolve carbohydrates that differ only in their constitutional isomerism and/or stereoisomerism. While ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) has proven a highly promising tool for such analyses, the facility of this method to discriminate larger oligosaccharides is still somewhat limited. In an effort to expand the capabilities of IMS to discriminate among carbohydrate isomers, the present investigation was focused on IMS studies of four trisaccharide isomers, four pentasaccharide isomers, and two hexasaccharide isomers, each as group II metal ion adducts and their corresponding gas-phase electron transfer (ET) products. These studies were also evaluated in the context of previously investigated group I metal ion adducts of the same saccharides. The orientationally averaged ion-neutral collisional cross sections (CCSs) of the various carbohydrate/metal ion adducts were found to be dependent on the structures of specific carbohydrate isomers, sensitive to the electronic characteristics of the bound cation, and responsive to the attachment of an additional electron (in the case of divalent metal ion adducts). Overall, these results underscore the utility of metal ions for probing carbohydrate structure in concert with IMS, and the capacity of gas-phase ion chemistry to expand the menu of such probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA.
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13
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Characterization of top-down ETD in a travelling-wave ion guide. Methods 2015; 89:22-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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14
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Zhu Z, Desaire H. Carbohydrates on Proteins: Site-Specific Glycosylation Analysis by Mass Spectrometry. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2015; 8:463-483. [PMID: 26070719 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071114-040240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation on proteins adds complexity and versatility to these biologically vital macromolecules. To unveil the structure-function relationship of glycoproteins, glycopeptide-centric analysis using mass spectrometry (MS) has become a method of choice because the glycan is preserved on the glycosylation site and site-specific glycosylation profiles of proteins can be readily determined. However, glycopeptide analysis is still challenging given that glycopeptides are usually low in abundance and relatively difficult to detect and the resulting data require expertise to analyze. Viewing the urgent need to address these challenges, emerging methods and techniques are being developed with the goal of analyzing glycopeptides in a sensitive, comprehensive, and high-throughput manner. In this review, we discuss recent advances in glycoprotein and glycopeptide analysis, with topics covering sample preparation, analytical separation, MS and tandem MS techniques, as well as data interpretation and automation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikai Zhu
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047;
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15
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Houel S, Hilliard M, Yu YQ, McLoughlin N, Martin SM, Rudd PM, Williams JP, Chen W. N- and O-Glycosylation Analysis of Etanercept Using Liquid Chromatography and Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Equipped with Electron-Transfer Dissociation Functionality. Anal Chem 2013; 86:576-84. [DOI: 10.1021/ac402726h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Houel
- Late Stage Development,
Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Waters Corporation, Milford, Massachusetts 01757, United States
| | - Mark Hilliard
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion,
Blackrock, County Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ying Qing Yu
- Late Stage Development,
Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Waters Corporation, Milford, Massachusetts 01757, United States
| | - Niaobh McLoughlin
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion,
Blackrock, County Dublin, Ireland
| | - Silvia Millan Martin
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion,
Blackrock, County Dublin, Ireland
| | - Pauline M. Rudd
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion,
Blackrock, County Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Weibin Chen
- Late Stage Development,
Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Waters Corporation, Milford, Massachusetts 01757, United States
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