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Brogna C, Bisaccia DR, Costanzo V, Lettieri G, Montano L, Viduto V, Fabrowski M, Cristoni S, Prisco M, Piscopo M. Who Is the Intermediate Host of RNA Viruses? A Study Focusing on SARS-CoV-2 and Poliovirus. Microorganisms 2024; 12:643. [PMID: 38674588 PMCID: PMC11051822 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has sparked a surge in research on microbiology and virology, shedding light on overlooked aspects such as the infection of bacteria by RNA virions in the animal microbiome. Studies reveal a decrease in beneficial gut bacteria during COVID-19, indicating a significant interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and the human microbiome. However, determining the origins of the virus remains complex, with observed phenomena such as species jumps adding layers to the narrative. Prokaryotic cells play a crucial role in the disease's pathogenesis and transmission. Analyzing previous studies highlights intricate interactions from clinical manifestations to the use of the nitrogen isotope test. Drawing parallels with the history of the Poliovirus underscores the need to prioritize investigations into prokaryotic cells hosting RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Brogna
- Department of Research, Craniomed Group Facility Srl., 20091 Bresso, Italy;
| | | | - Vincenzo Costanzo
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), National Research Council, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Gennaro Lettieri
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (G.L.); (M.P.)
| | - Luigi Montano
- Andrology Unit and Service of LifeStyle Medicine in Uro-Andrology, Local Health Authority (ASL), 84124 Salerno, Italy;
| | - Valentina Viduto
- Long COVID-19 Foundation, Brookfield Court, Leeds LS25 1NB, UK; (V.V.)
| | - Mark Fabrowski
- Long COVID-19 Foundation, Brookfield Court, Leeds LS25 1NB, UK; (V.V.)
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Royal Sussex County Hospital, University Hospitals Sussex, Eastern Road, Brighton BN2 5BE, UK
- British Polio Fellowship, Watford WD25 8HR, UK
| | | | - Marina Prisco
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (G.L.); (M.P.)
| | - Marina Piscopo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (G.L.); (M.P.)
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Brogna C, Cristoni S. A new absolute quantitative method for peptide and metabolite detection. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2024; 59:e4991. [PMID: 38108532 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is widely employed in various analytical fields for both compound identification and quantification. While in the case of compound identification, the high-resolution instrument has increased selectivity and characterization efficiency; in the case of quantitative analysis, some critical tasks actually remain. In particular, different compounds exhibit different ionization efficiency, and this introduces the need to have a calibration standard for each analyte. In this paper, we present a new elaborative data technology, which makes it possible to standardize calibration between different instruments and molecules, making it absolute. The method was applied to data acquired by means of liquid chromatography mass spectrometry by means of an ion trap analyzer. The approach is based on the correlation of the ion trap space charge effect and the analyte concentration. The method was validated in the analysis of compounds having different polarity: hydrossitirosol, arginine, thyodiglicolic acid, and a peptide mixture of bacteria cultures derived the human gut microbiome where was found poliovirus. Moreover, it was used to obtain the absolute quantitation of peptides originating from the tryptic digestion of bacterial proteins in the fecal samples. It was therefore possible to identify and quantify different derived bacterial proteins of the poliomyelitis virus coded in bacteria derived from the gastrointestinal tract.
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Brogna C, Costanzo V, Brogna B, Bisaccia DR, Brogna G, Giuliano M, Montano L, Viduto V, Cristoni S, Fabrowski M, Piscopo M. Analysis of Bacteriophage Behavior of a Human RNA Virus, SARS-CoV-2, through the Integrated Approach of Immunofluorescence Microscopy, Proteomics and D-Amino Acid Quantification. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3929. [PMID: 36835341 PMCID: PMC9965620 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, one of the human RNA viruses, is widely studied around the world. Significant efforts have been made to understand its molecular mechanisms of action and how it interacts with epithelial cells and the human microbiome since it has also been observed in gut microbiome bacteria. Many studies emphasize the importance of surface immunity and also that the mucosal system is critical in the interaction of the pathogen with the cells of the oral, nasal, pharyngeal, and intestinal epithelium. Recent studies have shown how bacteria in the human gut microbiome produce toxins capable of altering the classical mechanisms of interaction of viruses with surface cells. This paper presents a simple approach to highlight the initial behavior of a novel pathogen, SARS-CoV-2, on the human microbiome. The immunofluorescence microscopy technique can be combined with spectral counting performed at mass spectrometry of viral peptides in bacterial cultures, along with identification of the presence of D-amino acids within viral peptides in bacterial cultures and in patients' blood. This approach makes it possible to establish the possible expression or increase of viral RNA viruses in general and SARS-CoV-2, as discussed in this study, and to determine whether or not the microbiome is involved in the pathogenetic mechanisms of the viruses. This novel combined approach can provide information more rapidly, avoiding the biases of virological diagnosis and identifying whether a virus can interact with, bind to, and infect bacteria and epithelial cells. Understanding whether some viruses have bacteriophagic behavior allows vaccine therapies to be focused either toward certain toxins produced by bacteria in the microbiome or toward finding inert or symbiotic viral mutations with the human microbiome. This new knowledge opens a scenario on a possible future vaccine: the probiotics vaccine, engineered with the right resistance to viruses that attach to both the epithelium human surface and gut microbiome bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Brogna
- Department of Research, Craniomed Group Facility Srl., 20091 Bresso, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Costanzo
- Biogem, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Barbara Brogna
- Department of Radiology, Moscati Hospital, Contrada Amoretta, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | | | - Giancarlo Brogna
- Department of Research, Craniomed Group Facility Srl., 20091 Bresso, Italy
| | - Marino Giuliano
- Marsanconsulting Srl. Public Health Company, Via dei Fiorentini, 80133 Napoli, Italy
| | - Luigi Montano
- Andrology Unit and Service of LifeStyle Medicine in Uro-Andrology, Local Health Authority (ASL), 84124 Salerno, Italy
| | - Valentina Viduto
- Long COVID-19 Foundation, Brookfield Court, Garforth, Leeds LS25 1NB, UK
| | | | - Mark Fabrowski
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Royal Sussex County Hospital, University Hospitals Sussex, Eastern Road, Brighton BN2 5BE, UK
| | - Marina Piscopo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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