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Liang W, Chen T, Zhang Y, Lu X, Liu X, Zhao C, Xu G. Fragmentation characteristics-based nontargeted screening method of exogenous chemical residues in animal-derived foods using reversed-phase and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Talanta 2024; 275:126116. [PMID: 38640518 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Fragmentation characteristics are crucial for nontargeted screening to discover and identify unknown exogenous chemical residues in animal-derived foods. In this study, first, fragmentation characteristics of 51 classes of exogenous chemical residues were summarized based on experimental mass spectra of standards in reversed-phase and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) and mass spectra from the MassBank of North America (MoNA) library. According to the proportion of fragmentation characteristics to the total number of chemical residues in each class, four screening levels were defined to classify 51 classes of chemical residues. Then, a nontargeted screening method was developed based on the fragmentation characteristics. The evaluation results of 82 standards indicated that more than 90 % of the chemical residues with MS/MS spectra can be identified at concentrations of 100 and 500 μg/kg, and about 80 % can be identified at 10 μg/kg. Finally, the nontargeted screening method was applied to 16 meat samples and 21 egg samples as examples. As a result, eight chemical residues and transformation products (TPs) of 5 classes in the exemplary samples were found and identified, in which 3 TPs of azithromycin were identified by fragmentation characteristics-assisted structure interpretation. The results demonstrated the practicability of the nontargeted screening method for routine risk screening of food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Tiantian Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Yujie Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Xin Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Xinyu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Guowang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian, 116023, China.
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2
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Faulkner DV, Cantley ML, Kennedy DG, Elliott CT, Crooks SRH. MRM 3-based UHPLC-MS/MS method for quantitation of total florfenicol residue content in milk and withdrawal study profile of milk from treated cows. Food Chem 2022; 379:132070. [PMID: 35114519 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Florfenicol is a broad spectrum antibacterial, licensed globally for treatment of animal and aquaculture diseases. In the EU, Canada and US it is not permitted for use in animals producing milk or eggs. There are no published methods for analysis of total florfenicol content in milk/milk products as these lack a hydrolysis step, failing to meet the marker residue definition. A method for determining total florfenicol content in milk that meets this definition is reported for the first time. Use of a UHPLC-MS/MS multiple reaction monitoring-cubed method improved the selective detection and quantitation of lower levels of florfenicol amine in milk compared to MRM only. Single laboratory validation data and withdrawal profile in bovine milk are presented. A withdrawal period of over 50 days is indicated in case of off-label use. Requirement for hydrolysis is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dermot V Faulkner
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Belfast, BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Margaret L Cantley
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Belfast, BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - David G Kennedy
- Queens University Belfast, Institute for Global Food Security, Belfast, BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- Queens University Belfast, Institute for Global Food Security, Belfast, BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Steven R H Crooks
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Belfast, BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland, UK
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3
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Liang W, Zheng F, Chen T, Zhang X, Xia Y, Li Z, Lu X, Zhao C, Xu G. Nontargeted screening method for veterinary drugs and their metabolites based on fragmentation characteristics from ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2022; 369:130928. [PMID: 34469842 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nontargeted screening of both veterinary drugs and their metabolites is important for comprehensive safety evaluation of animal-derived foods. In this study, a novel nontargeted screening strategy was developed for veterinary drugs and their metabolites based on fragmentation characteristics from ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. First, an in-house database of mass spectra including 3,710 veterinary drugs and their metabolites was constructed. Second, fragmentation characteristics of parent drugs and their metabolites in mass spectrometry were investigated and summarized. Then, a nontargeted screening procedure was established based on fragmentation characteristics to screen unknown parent drugs and their metabolites. Finally, the strategy was applied to 33 egg samples, and four veterinary drugs and three drug metabolites were determined and identified. These results showed that the developed strategy can realize suspect and nontargeted screening of veterinary drugs and their metabolites, and can also be applied to other animal-derived foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fujian Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tiantian Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiuqiong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yueyi Xia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zaifang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Guowang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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4
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Di Rocco M, Moloney M, Haren D, Gutierrez M, Earley S, Berendsen B, Furey A, Danaher M. Improving the chromatographic selectivity of β-lactam residue analysis in milk using phenyl-column chemistry prior to detection by tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:4461-4475. [PMID: 32447520 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02688-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Analyte isobaric interferences can limit the development of a comprehensive analytical method for the quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry profiling of an important cohort of veterinary drugs. In this work, a selective chromatographic separation was developed for the analysis of 32 β-lactam antibiotic residues (12 penicillins, 14 cephalosporins, five carbapenems and faropenem) in milk samples. A range of analytical columns with different stationary phases and mobile phases were evaluated for retention and separation of the β-lactam compounds. Results showed that, among the columns tested, only phenyl-hexyl could adequately separate ampicillin from cephalexin and amoxicillin from cefadroxil, which had shown isobaric interferences on a number of stationary phases. Chromatography was performed using a water/acetonitrile binary gradient with formic acid and ammonium acetate. The β-lactam residues were extracted from the milk samples using a water:acetonitrile solution and purified by C18 dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) clean-up, followed by concentration under nitrogen and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) determination. Analytes were monitored in positive electrospray ionisation mode (ESI(+)). Possible interfering matrix effects were overcome by using 13 internal standards. The method was fully validated according to 2002/657/EC guidelines, showing satisfactory performance characteristics. Under within-laboratory reproducibility conditions, trueness and precision ranged from 91 to 130% and from 1.4 to 38.6%, respectively. Decision limits (CCα) were in the range 2.1-133 μg kg-1. Limits of detection (LODs) and quantitation (LOQs) ranged between 0.0090 and 1.5 μg kg-1 and from 0.030 to 5.0 μg kg-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Di Rocco
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland.
- Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Department of Physical Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, T12 P928, Ireland.
| | - Mary Moloney
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Deirdre Haren
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Montserrat Gutierrez
- Veterinary Public Health Regulatory Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston, Celbridge, W23 X3PH, Ireland
| | - Seán Earley
- Veterinary Public Health Regulatory Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston, Celbridge, W23 X3PH, Ireland
| | - Bjorn Berendsen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Department of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wageningen University & Research, 6708, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ambrose Furey
- Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Department of Physical Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, T12 P928, Ireland
| | - Martin Danaher
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
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5
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Giusepponi D, Paoletti F, Barola C, Moretti S, Saluti G, Ianni F, Sardella R, Galarini R. Transfer of a Multiclass Method for over 60 Antibiotics in Food from High Resolution to Low Resolution Mass Spectrometry. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 24:molecules24162935. [PMID: 31412663 PMCID: PMC6720601 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24162935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A multiclass method has been developed to screen and confirm a wide range of anti-microbial residues in muscle and milk, and validated using liquid-chromatography coupled to (low-resolution, LR) tandem mass spectrometry (LC-QqQ). Over sixty antibiotics, belonging to ten distinct families, were included in the method scope. The development process was rapidly concluded as a result of two previously implemented methods. This consisted of identical sample treatments, followed by liquid chromatography, and coupled with high-resolution (HR) mass spectrometry (LC-Q-Orbitrap). The validation study was performed in the range between 10-1500 μg·kg-1 for muscles and 2-333 μg·kg-1 for milk. The main performance characteristics were estimated and, then, compared to those previously obtained with HR technique. The validity of the method transfer was ascertained also through inter-laboratory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Giusepponi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Fabiola Paoletti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Carolina Barola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Simone Moretti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Saluti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Federica Ianni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Roccaldo Sardella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberta Galarini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 Perugia, Italy.
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6
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Xue Y, Jin W, Xu XS, Yong L, Hu B, Xiong J, Hu XM, Qing LS, Xie J. Quality Evaluation of Tricholoma matsutake Based on the Nucleic Acid Compounds by UPLC-TOF/MS and UPLC-QqQ/MS. Molecules 2018; 24:E34. [PMID: 30583462 PMCID: PMC6337655 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
So far, there has been no quality evaluation of Tricholoma matsutake. Nucleic acid compounds are a kind of functional ingredient in T. matsutake that is beneficial to human health. In this study, a UPLC-TOF/MS method was first used to scan and identify the potential nucleic acid compounds in T. matsutake. Based on the calculation of the molecular formula and subsequent confirmation by authentic standards, 15 nucleic acid compounds were unambiguously identified: adenosine, cytidine, guanosine, inosine, thymidine, uridine, xanthosine dehydrate, 2'-deoxyadenosine, 2'-deoxycytidine, 2'-deoxyguanosine, 2'-deoxyuridine, adenosine 5'-monophosphate, cytidine 5'-monophosphate, guanosine 5'-monophosphate, and uridine 5'-monophosphate. Then, a UPLC-QqQ/MS method was developed for the subsequent quantitative analysis. After validating the limits of quantification, detection, precision, repeatability, and recovery through a calibration curve, the content of 15 nucleic acid compounds was determined by the proposed UPLC-QqQ/MS method in 80 T. matsutake samples collected from different regions in Sichuan province, Southwest China. After the statistical analysis, we suggest that the total content of nucleic acid compounds in the qualified T. matsutake should be higher than 24.49 mg/100 g. The results indicated that the combined use of UPLC-TOF/MS and UPLC-QqQ/MS is efficient for fast identification and determination of nucleic acid compounds to comprehensively evaluate the quality of T. matsutake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xue
- School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Sichuan for Elderly Care and Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China.
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Wei Jin
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Xian-Shun Xu
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Li Yong
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Bin Hu
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Jing Xiong
- School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Sichuan for Elderly Care and Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China.
| | - Xue-Mei Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Sichuan for Elderly Care and Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China.
| | - Lin-Sen Qing
- School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Sichuan for Elderly Care and Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China.
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Jing Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Sichuan for Elderly Care and Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China.
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7
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Tejada-Casado C, Hernández-Mesa M, Monteau F, Lara FJ, Olmo-Iruela MD, García-Campaña AM, Le Bizec B, Dervilly-Pinel G. Collision cross section (CCS) as a complementary parameter to characterize human and veterinary drugs. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1043:52-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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8
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Characterization of MS/MS Product Ions for the Differentiation of Structurally Isomeric Pesticides by High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. TOXICS 2018; 6:toxics6040059. [PMID: 30279398 PMCID: PMC6316818 DOI: 10.3390/toxics6040059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Structural isomeric pesticides are used in agriculture and may be challenging to differentiate for accurate identification in pesticide monitoring programs. Due to structural similarity, isomeric pesticides are difficult to separate chromatographically, and thus, their accurate identification may rely solely on mass spectrometric analysis (MS). In this study, we challenged the ability of high-resolution quadrupole-orbitrap (Q-Orbitrap) mass spectrometry to produce and evaluate the tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) product ions for the selected five pairs of isomeric pesticides from different classes: Pebulate and vernolate, methiocarb and ethiofencarb, uniconazole and cyproconazole, sebuthylazine and terbuthylazine, and orbencarb and thiobencarb. The use of Q-Orbitrap instrument with a mass error <3 ppm allowed proposed elucidation of the product ion structures with consideration of the ion formulae, data interpretation, and literature searches. Product ions unique to pebulate, vernolate, methiocarb, ethiofencarb, and uniconazole were observed. Elucidation of the observed MS/MS product ion structures was conducted, and the fragmentation pathways were proposed. This information is valuable to increase selectivity in MS/MS analysis and differentiate isomeric pesticides, and thereby reduce the rates of false positives in pesticide monitoring programs.
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Zhao Y, Tang M, Liao Q, Li Z, Li H, Xi K, Tan L, Zhang M, Xu D, Chen HY. Disposable MoS 2-Arrayed MALDI MS Chip for High-Throughput and Rapid Quantification of Sulfonamides in Multiple Real Samples. ACS Sens 2018; 3:806-814. [PMID: 29578331 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate, for the first time, the development of a disposable MoS2-arrayed matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI MS) chip combined with an immunoaffinity enrichment method for high-throughput, rapid, and simultaneous quantitation of multiple sulfonamides (SAs). The disposable MALDI MS chip was designed and fabricated by MoS2 array formation on a commercial indium tin oxide (ITO) glass slide. A series of SAs were analyzed, and clear deprotonated signals were obtained in negative-ion mode. Compared with MoS2-arrayed commercial steel plate, the prepared MALDI MS chip exhibited comparable LDI efficiency, providing a good alternative and disposable substrate for MALDI MS analysis. Furthermore, internal standard (IS) was previously deposited onto the MoS2 array to simplify the experimental process for MALDI MS quantitation. 96 sample spots could be analyzed within 10 min in one single chip to perform quantitative analysis, recovery studies, and real foodstuff detection. Upon targeted extraction and enrichment by antibody conjugated magnetic beads, five SAs were quantitatively determined by the IS-first method with the linear range of 0.5-10 ng/mL ( R2 > 0.990). Good recoveries and repeatability were obtained for spiked pork, egg, and milk samples. SAs in several real foodstuffs were successfully identified and quantified. The developed method may provide a promising tool for the routine analysis of antibiotic residues in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaju Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Minmin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Qiaobo Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Zhoumin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Kai Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Li Tan
- Jiangsu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing 210008, P.R. China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Jiangsu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing 210008, P.R. China
| | - Danke Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
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10
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Chen C, Xue Y, Li QM, Wu Y, Liang J, Qing LS. Neutral Loss Scan - Based Strategy for Integrated Identification of Amorfrutin Derivatives, New Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Agonists, from Amorpha Fruticosa by UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS and UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:685-693. [PMID: 29404969 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-1891-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Amorfrutins with a 2-hydroxybenzoic acid core structure are promising natural PPARγ agonists with potent antidiabetic activity. Owing to the complex matrix and low concentration in botanical material, the identification of unknown amorfrutins remains a challenge. In the present study, a combined application of UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and UPLC-QqQ-MS was developed to discover unknown amorfrutins from fruits of Amorpha fruticosa. First, reference compounds of amorfrutin A (AA), amorfrutin B (AB), and 2-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxy-4-geranylbibenzyl (AC) were analyzed using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS to reveal the characteristic fragment ions and the possible neutral loss. Second, the extract of A. fruticosa was separated and screened by UPLC-QqQ-MS using neutral loss scan to find out suspect compounds associated with the specified neutral fragment Δm/z 44. Third, the extract was re-analyzed by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS to obtain the exact mass of quasi-molecular ion and fragment ions of each suspect compound, and to subsequently calculate their corresponding molecular formulas. Finally, according to the molecular formula of suspect compound and its fragment ions and comparing with literature data, structure elucidation of four unidentified amorfrutins was achieved. The results indicated that the combination of QqQ-MS neutral loss scan and Q-TOF-MS molecular formula calculation was proven to be a powerful tool for unknown natural product identification, and this strategy provides an effective solution to discover natural products or metabolites of trace content. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization and Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ying Xue
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qing-Miao Li
- Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jian Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization and Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Natural Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lin-Sen Qing
- Natural Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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11
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Turnipseed SB, Storey JM, Lohne JJ, Andersen WC, Burger R, Johnson AS, Madson MR. Wide-Scope Screening Method for Multiclass Veterinary Drug Residues in Fish, Shrimp, and Eel Using Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:7252-7267. [PMID: 28030951 PMCID: PMC5901739 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A screening method for veterinary drug residues in fish, shrimp, and eel using LC with a high-resolution MS instrument has been developed and validated. The method was optimized for over 70 test compounds representing a variety of veterinary drug classes. Tissues were extracted by vortex mixing with acetonitrile acidified with 2% acetic acid and 0.2% p-toluenesulfonic acid. A centrifuged portion of the extract was passed through a novel solid phase extraction cartridge designed to remove interfering matrix components from tissue extracts. The eluent was then evaporated and reconstituted for analysis. Data were collected with a quadrupole-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometer using both nontargeted and targeted acquisition methods. Residues were detected on the basis of the exact mass of the precursor and a product ion along with isotope pattern and retention time matching. Semiquantitative data analysis compared MS1 signal to a one-point extracted matrix standard at a target testing level. The test compounds were detected and identified in salmon, tilapia, catfish, shrimp, and eel extracts fortified at the target testing levels. Fish dosed with selected analytes and aquaculture samples previously found to contain residues were also analyzed. The screening method can be expanded to monitor for an additional >260 veterinary drugs on the basis of exact mass measurements and retention times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri B. Turnipseed
- Animal Drugs Research Center, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Denver, Colorado 80225, United States
- Corresponding Author: (S.B.T.) . Phone: (303) 236-3072
| | - Joseph M. Storey
- Animal Drugs Research Center, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Denver, Colorado 80225, United States
| | - Jack J. Lohne
- Animal Drugs Research Center, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Denver, Colorado 80225, United States
| | - Wendy C. Andersen
- Animal Drugs Research Center, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Denver, Colorado 80225, United States
| | - Robert Burger
- Denver Laboratory, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Denver, Colorado 80225, United States
| | - Aaron S. Johnson
- Denver Laboratory, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Denver, Colorado 80225, United States
| | - Mark R. Madson
- Animal Drugs Research Center, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Denver, Colorado 80225, United States
- Denver Laboratory, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Denver, Colorado 80225, United States
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Anumol T, Lehotay SJ, Stevens J, Zweigenbaum J. Comparison of veterinary drug residue results in animal tissues by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole or quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry after different sample preparation methods, including use of a commercial lipid removal product. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:2639-2653. [PMID: 28224246 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0208-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Veterinary drug residues in animal-derived foods must be monitored to ensure food safety, verify proper veterinary practices, enforce legal limits in domestic and imported foods, and for other purposes. A common goal in drug residue analysis in foods is to achieve acceptable monitoring results for as many analytes as possible, with higher priority given to the drugs of most concern, in an efficient and robust manner. The U.S. Department of Agriculture has implemented a multiclass, multi-residue method based on sample preparation using dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE) for cleanup and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QQQ) for analysis of >120 drugs at regulatory levels of concern in animal tissues. Recently, a new cleanup product called "enhanced matrix removal for lipids" (EMR-L) was commercially introduced that used a unique chemical mechanism to remove lipids from extracts. Furthermore, high-resolution quadrupole-time-of-flight (Q/TOF) for (U)HPLC detection often yields higher selectivity than targeted QQQ analyzers while allowing retroactive processing of samples for other contaminants. In this study, the use of both d-SPE and EMR-L sample preparation and UHPLC-QQQ and UHPLC-Q/TOF analysis methods for shared spiked samples of bovine muscle, kidney, and liver was compared. The results showed that the EMR-L method provided cleaner extracts overall and improved results for several anthelmintics and tranquilizers compared to the d-SPE method, but the EMR-L method gave lower recoveries for certain β-lactam antibiotics. QQQ vs. Q/TOF detection showed similar mixed performance advantages depending on analytes and matrix interferences, with an advantage to Q/TOF for greater possible analytical scope and non-targeted data collection. Either combination of approaches may be used to meet monitoring purposes, with an edge in efficiency to d-SPE, but greater instrument robustness and less matrix effects when analyzing EMR-L extracts. Graphical abstract Comparison of cleanup methods in the analysis of veterinary drug residues in bovine tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Anumol
- Agilent Technologies Inc., 2850 Centerville Road, Wilmington, DE, 19808, USA
| | - Steven J Lehotay
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA.
| | - Joan Stevens
- Agilent Technologies Inc., 2850 Centerville Road, Wilmington, DE, 19808, USA
| | - Jerry Zweigenbaum
- Agilent Technologies Inc., 2850 Centerville Road, Wilmington, DE, 19808, USA
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Nuñez A, Lehotay SJ, Lightfield AR. Structural characterization of product ions of regulated veterinary drugs by electrospray ionization and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Part 3: Anthelmintics and thyreostats. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:813-822. [PMID: 26969922 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Previously, we have reported a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for the identification and quantification of regulated veterinary drugs in food animals. The method uses three selected transition ions per analyte but structural characterization is also needed. This work is a continuation of two previous publications in which we propose structures of the selected transition ions of 130 veterinary drugs altogether. METHODS In this work, 24 additional veterinary drugs were analyzed by infusion into a high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometer using electrospray ionization (ESI) in positive or negative mode. The TOF analyzer was calibrated to achieve low error mass accuracy in the MS and MS/MS modes. Also, the MS(2) and MS(3) spectra were obtained by using a Q-Trap mass spectrometer to further determine the possible pathways of ion formation. RESULTS The low error mass spectrometry analysis allowed the elucidation of the ion formulae of selected transition ions for qualitative identification. The rational interpretation of data including a review of the published literature led to the proposed structures of the MS/MS product ions of 24 compounds covering two classes of regulated veterinary drugs (anthelmintics and thyreostats). In addition, the use of MS(2) and MS(3) experiments led to the establishment of fragmentation patterns. CONCLUSIONS The identification and quantification of veterinary drug residues is helpful information for regulatory monitoring programs in defense of regulatory enforcement actions. Published in 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Nuñez
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA
| | - Steven J Lehotay
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA
| | - Alan R Lightfield
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA
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Desorption electrospray ionization-high resolution mass spectrometry for the screening of veterinary drugs in cross-contaminated feedstuffs. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:7369-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8899-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Mass Spectral Profile for Rapid Differentiating Beta-Lactams from Their Ring-Opened Impurities. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:697958. [PMID: 26090434 PMCID: PMC4450268 DOI: 10.1155/2015/697958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
High performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC MS) has been widely used for β-lactam antibiotics determination. However, its application to identify impurities of these frequently used drugs is not sufficient at present. In this job, characteristic profiles of the collision induced dissociation (CID) spectra of both β-lactams and ring-opened β-lactams were extracted from the MS data of six β-lactam antibiotics and their forty-five impurities, and were confirmed by the MS data reported in the literature. These characteristics have been successfully applied to rapid differentiation of β-lactam and ring-opened β-lactam impurities in cefixime, cefdinir, and cefaclor. However, these characteristic profiles can only be obtained under low activating voltage. They did not display in the high energy activated CID spectra. Diagnostic fragmentations for determining the localization of double bond and substituents on the thiazine ring and the side chain were also observed. In addition, several characteristic fragmentations are hopeful to be used to differentiate the configurations of C-2 on the thiazine ring of ring-opened impurities, which is generally disadvantageous of mass spectrometry. Taken together, forty-five impurities were identified from the capsules of cefixime, cefdinir, and cefaclor.
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Dasenaki ME, Bletsou AA, Koulis GA, Thomaidis NS. Qualitative Multiresidue Screening Method for 143 Veterinary Drugs and Pharmaceuticals in Milk and Fish Tissue Using Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:4493-4508. [PMID: 25826150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A wide-scope screening methodology has been developed for the identification of veterinary drugs and pharmaceuticals in fish tissue and milk using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF MS). The method was validated using a qualitative approach at two concentration levels. The detection of the residues was accomplished by retention time, accurate mass, and the isotopic fit using an in-house database. Product-ion spectra were used for unequivocal identification of the compounds. Generic sample treatment was applied. The majority of the compounds were successfully detected and identified at concentration levels of 150 ng mL(-1) in milk and 200 μg kg(-1) in fish (>80% of the compounds in both matrices), whereas satisfactory results were also obtained at concentration levels of 15 ng mL(-1) in milk and 20 μg kg(-1) in fish (>60% of the compounds detected and identified).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena E Dasenaki
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Anna A Bletsou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - George A Koulis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece
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Nuñez A, Lehotay SJ, Geis-Asteggiante L. Structural characterization of product ions by electrospray ionization and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry to support regulatory analysis of veterinary drug residues in foods. Part 2: Benzimidazoles, nitromidazoles, phenothiazines, and mectins. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:719-729. [PMID: 26406486 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Analysis for identification and quantification of regulated veterinary drug residues in foods is usually achieved by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The instrumental method requires the selection of characteristic ions, but structural elucidation is seldom performed to help ensure accuracy. This study is a continuation of previous work to characterize selected product ions in support of regulatory monitoring programs. METHODS The tandem mass spectra of 28 veterinary drugs from a previously published LC/MS/MS method were acquired with a high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometer using electrospray ionization (ESI) in positive mode. The TOF analyzer was calibrated to achieve a mass accuracy error <5 ppm for the MS and MS/MS modes, and samples were infused for data acquisition. RESULTS The high mass accuracy achieved in Q-TOF allowed elucidation of the formulae of the product ions previously selected for qualitative identification. Rational interpretation of results was made and compared with the published literature, and the structure for the MS/MS product ions of four classes of regulated drugs (mectins, benzimidazoles, nitroimidazoles, and phenothiazines), totaling 28 compounds, were examined leading to the report of new structures or confirmation of published structures using low-resolution MS. CONCLUSIONS Structural characterization of the product ions selected for identification and quantification of veterinary drug residues is important information for regulatory monitoring programs in defense of regulatory enforcement actions. This study has allowed structural elucidation of 84 MS/MS product ions previously selected for the LC/MS/MS analysis of 28 drug analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Nuñez
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
| | - Steven J Lehotay
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
| | - Lucía Geis-Asteggiante
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
- Cátedra de Farmacognosia y Productos Naturales, DQO, Facultad de Química, UdelaR, 2124 General Flores, Montevideo12800, Uruguay
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Gómez-Pérez ML, Romero-González R, Martínez Vidal JL, Garrido Frenich A. Analysis of veterinary drug and pesticide residues in animal feed by high-resolution mass spectrometry: comparison between time-of-flight and Orbitrap. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:1637-46. [PMID: 25785350 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1023742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The use of medium-high-resolution mass spectrometers (M-HRMS) provides many advantages in multi-residue analysis. A comparison between two mass spectrometers, medium-resolution (MRMS) time-of-flight (TOF) and high-resolution (HRMS) Orbitrap, has been carried out for the analysis of toxic compounds in animal feed. More than 300 compounds belonging to several classes of veterinary drugs (VDs) and pesticides have been determined in different animal feed samples using a generic extraction method. The use of a clean-up procedure has been evaluated in both instruments, and several validation parameters have been established, such as the matrix effect, linearity, recovery and sensitivity. Finally, both instruments have been used during the analysis of 18 different feed samples (including chicken, hen, rabbit and horse). Some VDs (sulfadiazine, trimethoprim, robenidine and monensin sodium) and one pesticide (chlorpyrifos) have been identified. In general, better results were obtained using the Orbitrap, such as sensitivity (1-12.5 µg kg(-1)) and recovery values (60-125%). Moreover, this analyser had several software tools, which reduced the time for data processing and were easy to use, performing quick screening for more than 450 compounds in less than 5 min. However, some disadvantages such as the high cost and a decrease in the number of detected compounds at low concentrations must be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Luz Gómez-Pérez
- a Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Agricultural and Food Biotechnology (BITAL) , University of Almería, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence , Almería , Spain
| | - Roberto Romero-González
- a Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Agricultural and Food Biotechnology (BITAL) , University of Almería, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence , Almería , Spain
| | - José Luis Martínez Vidal
- a Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Agricultural and Food Biotechnology (BITAL) , University of Almería, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence , Almería , Spain
| | - Antonia Garrido Frenich
- a Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Agricultural and Food Biotechnology (BITAL) , University of Almería, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence , Almería , Spain
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Emerging Contaminants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63340-8.00010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Validation of a streamlined multiclass, multiresidue method for determination of veterinary drug residues in bovine muscle by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:4423-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8386-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Dickson LC. Performance characterization of a quantitative liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric method for 12 macrolide and lincosamide antibiotics in salmon, shrimp and tilapia. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 967:203-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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