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Bing Y, Sun Z, Wu S, Zheng Y, Xi Y, Li W, Zou X, Qu Z. Discovery and verification of Q-markers for promoting blood circulation and removing stasis of raw and wine-steamed Vaccaria segetalis based on pharmacological evaluation combined with chemometrics. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117120. [PMID: 37666377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Dried and mature seeds of Vaccaria segetalis (Neck.) Garcke ex Asch. (VS) are known for their therapeutic effects, as they stimulate blood circulation, promote menstruation and diuresis and eliminate gonorrhoea. However, due to its hard shell, the dissolution of its active ingredients is often improved by steaming and frying in clinical applications. Among the processed products, wine-steamed Vaccaria segetalis (WVS) is one of the commonly used ones. Numerous historical records have shown that wine steaming can enhance the efficacy of drugs to promote blood circulation and remove blood stasis. However, the differences in the efficacy of VS and WVS in promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis have not been thoroughly studied, and the possible reasons for these differences have not been reported. AIM OF THE STUDY The objective of this study was to identify quality markers (Q-markers) that could differentiate the efficacy of promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis of VS and WVS, which could serve as a basis for the rational application of VS and WVS in clinical settings. MATERIALS AND METHODS A pharmacodynamic comparison between the water extracts of VS and WVS was carried out based on a mouse acute blood stasis model (ABS) and thrombus zebrafish model. The potential bioactive substances of WVS were screened by investigating the correlation between common peaks identified for 10 batches of WVS by ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) and their rate of thrombosis inhibition in zebrafish. Furthermore, multivariate statistical analysis of chemical components between VS and WVS was conducted to speculate the Q-markers combined with the results of the bioactive components. Based on the efficacy verification of Q-markers, the content of Q-markers in 10 batches of WVS was evaluated. RESULTS The results of efficacy comparison assays demonstrated that the efficacy of WVS was more prominent than VS at the same dose. Five components were screened as effective components of WVS for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis by correlation analysis. Furthermore, a total of 24 common ingredients were identified in VS and WVS extracts, and 9 of them showed increased dissolution rate after wine steaming, including 4 active ingredients, Hypaphorine, Vaccarin, Saponarin, and Isovitexin-2″-O-arabinoside, which were screened out by correlation analysis. The monomer test suggested that these 4 components could activate blood circulation and remove blood stasis in a dose-dependent manner. Consequently, Hypaphorine, Vaccarin, Saponarin, and Isovitexin-2″-O-arabinoside were selected as Q-markers to distinguish between VS and WVS. The content determination showed that the total contents of 4 Q-markers of WVS from 10 batches with different origins ranged from 0.478% to 0.716%. CONCLUSIONS This study compared the efficacy of VS and WVS in promoting blood circulation and resolving stasis and revealed Q-markers that reflected the difference in efficacy between them for the first time, which laid the foundation for establishing quality standards for WVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Bing
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, China.
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, China.
| | - Shuang Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, China.
| | - Yan Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, China.
| | - Yingbo Xi
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, China.
| | - Wenlan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, China; Engineering Research Center on Natural Antineoplastic Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, China.
| | - Xiang Zou
- Engineering Research Center on Natural Antineoplastic Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, China.
| | - Zhongyuan Qu
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, China.
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Chen X, Hudson GA, Mineo C, Amer B, Baidoo EEK, Crowe SA, Liu Y, Keasling JD, Scheller HV. Deciphering triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis by leveraging transcriptome response to methyl jasmonate elicitation in Saponaria vaccaria. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7101. [PMID: 37925486 PMCID: PMC10625584 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42877-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is a known elicitor of plant specialized metabolism, including triterpenoid saponins. Saponaria vaccaria is an annual herb used in traditional Chinese medicine, containing large quantities of oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins with anticancer properties and structural similarities to the vaccine adjuvant QS-21. Leveraging the MeJA-elicited saponin biosynthesis, we identify multiple enzymes catalyzing the oxidation and glycosylation of triterpenoids in S. vaccaria. This exploration is aided by Pacbio full-length transcriptome sequencing and gene expression analysis. A cellulose synthase-like enzyme can not only glucuronidate triterpenoid aglycones but also alter the product profile of a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase via preference for the aldehyde intermediate. Furthermore, the discovery of a UDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratase and a UDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-glucose reductase reveals the biosynthetic pathway for the rare nucleotide sugar UDP-D-fucose, a likely sugar donor for fucosylation of plant natural products. Our work enables the production and optimization of high-value saponins in microorganisms and plants through synthetic biology approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Chen
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Graham A Hudson
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Charlotte Mineo
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Bashar Amer
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Edward E K Baidoo
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Samantha A Crowe
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yuzhong Liu
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jay D Keasling
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Center for Synthetic Biochemistry, Shenzhen Institutes for Advanced Technologies, Shenzhen, China
| | - Henrik V Scheller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA.
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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Xu YX, Chen YM, Zhang MJ, Ren YY, Wu P, Chen L, Zhang HM, Zhou JL, Xie T. Screening of anti-cancer compounds from Vaccariae Semen by lung cancer A549 cell fishing and UHPLC-LTQ Orbitrap MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1228:123851. [PMID: 37619519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Vaccariae Semen, derived from the dried ripe seed of Vaccaria segetalis (Neck.) Garcke, has various therapeutic characteristics in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), containing promoting blood circulation and unblocking meridians. It exhibits significant anti-cancer activity and is therapeutically utilized to treat and reduce chemotherapy adverse effects in cancer patients, notably those with lung cancer. However, the active ingredients responsible for its anti-lung cancer efficacy remain unknown. In this study, we used A549 cell fishing in conjunction with UHPLC-LTQ Orbitrap MS to screen for anti-lung cancer active components in Vaccariae Semen. The cell counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay revealed that the n-butanol extract substantially reduced A549 cell growth. Through the cell fishing assay, we found 14 A549 cell-binding compounds in the n-butanol extract, all of which were identified as triterpenoid saponins. The total saponins of Vaccariae Semen were subsequently purified using macroporous adsorption resin (MAR), and they showed a significant inhibitory effect on the proliferation of A549 lung cancer cells, as well as alterations in cell morphology, apoptosis, and fragmentation. In conclusion, saponins were discovered as the key active components responsible for the anti-lung cancer activity of Vaccariae Semen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xin Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Yi-Min Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Meng-Jiao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Ying-Ying Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Pu Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Lin Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Hua-Min Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Jian-Liang Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.
| | - Tian Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.
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Liu L, Li J, Lv J, Jiang H, Chen FE. Detoxification mechanism of vinegar-processed Kansui revealed by systematic phytochemical analysis using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography diode array detection tandem mass spectrometry, ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry and in silico drug target identification. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9332. [PMID: 35716385 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The dried roots of Euphorbia kansui L., known as Kansui, are used to treat ascites and edema in traditional Chinese medicine. However, the toxicity of this herb has seriously restricted its clinical application. A unique vinegar-processing method has been used to reduce its toxicity since the time of ancient China. However, the detoxification mechanism underlying such vinegar processing has not been fully revealed. To find the answer, the process-induced changes in components should be carefully investigated. METHODS We performed a systematic analysis of chemical components in raw and vinegar-processed Kansui using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) diode array detection tandem mass spectrometry and UHPLC high-resolution mass spectrometry. Thirty-one chemical components in raw and vinegar-processed Kansui were found, the chemical structures of 28 components among them were proposed and the process-induced changes in components were then investigated. RESULTS A comprehensive conclusion about the process-induced chemical change was drawn. It was found that jatrophane-type diterpenoids decreased markedly after vinegar processing, while ingenane-type diterpenoids were retained during vinegar processing. In silico drug target identification gave hints that jatrophane-type diterpenoids, which decreased markedly during vinegar processing, may have more intense toxicity involving cholinesterase and mitogen-activated protein kinases, while ingenane-type diterpenoids, which were retained during vinegar processing, may have a more intense therapeutic effect involving carbonic anhydrase. CONCLUSIONS The possible detoxification mechanism of vinegar-processed Kansui is presented. The research has significance for the therapeutic/toxic chemical basis of Kansui. Also, it has significance for drug discovery from terpenoids within the herb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Liu
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiangchun Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Hubei University of Police, Wuhan, China
| | - Jizhong Lv
- Physical and Chemical Investigation Laboratory, Hubei Province Public Security Department, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Haipeng Jiang
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fen-Er Chen
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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The Beneficial Role of Auricular Point Pressure in Insomnia and Anxiety in Isolated COVID-19 Patients. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6611942. [PMID: 34306148 PMCID: PMC8282373 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6611942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) causes psychological distress and can have a negative impact on the general mental health and rehabilitation in affected patients under currently implemented isolation guidelines. Auricular point pressure (APP) as well-established technique in traditional Chinese medicine may help to relieve sleep disturbance and anxiety in COVID-19 patients. Methods During the early phase of the epidemic/pandemic, patients were enrolled in this study (02/2020 until 03/2020 n = 84). They were strictly isolated on specific wards at the Hubei Provincial Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine in Hubei. The retrospective cohort study design included two groups. Group A patients were treated with an auricular point pressure (APP) in addition to standard intensive care medicine while Group B participants (No-APP) received routine nursing measures alone. Treatment outcome was measured using the St. Mary's Hospital Sleep Questionnaire (SMH) Score and the 7-Item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7). Both scores were measured in each patient at baseline and on the discharge day. Results The SMH score and sleep status changed in APP patients at the end of the treatment period when compared with No-APP patients (P < 0.01). APP-treated patients demonstrated lower GAD-7 scores than No-APP controls (P < 0.01). Further, no significant differences in safety or adverse events between the APP and No-APP groups were observed. Conclusion The results from our snapshot study during the early phase of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic/pandemic suggest that auricular point pressure could be a simple and effective tool to relieve insomnia and situational anxiety in hospitalized patients suffering from COVID-19 and kept under disconcerting conditions of isolation.
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Tian M, Huang Y, Wang X, Cao M, Zhao Z, Chen T, Yuan C, Wang N, Zhang B, Li C, Zhou X. Vaccaria segetalis: A Review of Ethnomedicinal, Phytochemical, Pharmacological, and Toxicological Findings. Front Chem 2021; 9:666280. [PMID: 33996757 PMCID: PMC8117358 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.666280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccaria segetalis is a dry mature seed of Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert, which belongs to the genus V. segetalis (Neck.) Garcke. There are multiple medicinal parts of V. segetalis, according to the records, including roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and seeds, which should be used together. Currently, V. segetalis is most frequently used in the treatment of menstruation, dysmenorrhea, breast milk stoppages, and chylorrhea. Numerous studies present historical evidence of the use of V. segetalis to treat several diseases and describe its beneficial effects including prolactin- (PRL-) like, estrogen-like, antitumor, antiangiogenesis, and antioxidant activity. We summarized the period from January 1980 to December 2019 regarding V. segetalis. This review paper indicates that V. segetalis has promising clinical applications. The main active ingredients of the plant have been elucidated in recent years. We summarized the previously and newly discovered pharmacological effects of V. segetalis in addition to its active ingredients, ethnopharmacological uses, and toxicological properties, and provided a focus for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Tian
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuwen Huang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Maosheng Cao
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zijiao Zhao
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tong Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chenfeng Yuan
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Boqi Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunjin Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Yu Y, Yuan X, Li P, Wang Y, Yu M, Gao X. Vaccarin promotes proliferation of and milk synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells through the Prl receptor-PI3K signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 880:173190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Lv C, He B, Sui Z, Li Q, Bi K. Identification and determination of the major constituents in Kai-Xin-San by UPLC-Q/TOF MS and UFLC-MS/MS method. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2016; 51:479-490. [PMID: 27434806 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to have overall chemical material information of Kai-Xin-San (KXS), the reliable ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS) and ultra-fast liquid chromatography mass spectrometer (UFLC-MS/MS) methods were developed for the identification and determination of the major constituents in KXS. Moreover, the UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS method was also applied to screen for multiple absorbed components in rat plasma after oral administration of KXS. The UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS method was achieved on Agilent 6520 Q-TOF mass and operated in the negative ion mode. Good separation was performed on a ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18 column with a gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.2 ml/min. A total of 92 compounds in KXS were identified or tentatively characterized based on their exact molecular weights, fragmentation patterns, and literature data. A total of 26 compounds including 23 prototype components and three metabolites were identified in rat plasma after oral administration of KXS. Then, 16 major bioactive constituents were chosen as the benchmark substances to evaluate the quality of KXS. Their quantitative analyses were performed by a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer (MS/MS) operating in multiple-reaction monitoring mode(MRM). The analysis was completed with a gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.4 ml/min within 35 min. The simple and fast method was validated and showed good linearity, precision, and recovery. Furthermore, the method was successful applied for the determination of 16 compounds in KXS. All results would provide essential data for identification and quality control of active chemical constituents in KXS. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Lv
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300150, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Bosai He
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
- National and Local United Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Zhenyu Sui
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
- National and Local United Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Qing Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
- National and Local United Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Kaishun Bi
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
- National and Local United Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
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