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Phungsiangdee Y, Chaothong P, Karnpanit W, Tanaviyutpakdee P. Validation of UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS Method for Determining Steviol Glycoside and Its Derivatives in Foods and Beverages. Foods 2023; 12:3941. [PMID: 37959060 PMCID: PMC10647612 DOI: 10.3390/foods12213941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to validate a method for determining nine types of steviol glycoside and its derivatives in food and beverage products, using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (UHPLC ESI MS/MS). The performance characteristics of the analysis method were determined along with their suitability for the intended use. Coefficient of determination (R2) calibration curves from 0.2 to 1.0 mg L-1 were in the ranges of 0.9911-0.9990, 0.9939-1.0000 and 0.9973-0.9999 for a beverage, yogurt and snack, respectively. Intra-day precisions in terms of percent relative standard deviation (% RSD) of concentration, at 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 mg L-1, for the beverage, yogurt and snack were lower than 15% (1.1-9.3%). At all concentrations, percentage recoveries were in the accepted range of 70-120%. For the matrix effect study, matrix-matched calibration was used for all compounds, obtaining a linear concentration range from 0.2 mg L-1 to 1.0 mg L-1. Almost all matrix-matched results presented as percentage recoveries were within the accepted range of 80-120%. The limit of detection (LOD) for steviol glycosides ranged from 0.003 to 0.078 μg g-1, while the limit of quantitation (LOQ) ranged from 0.011 to 0.261 μg g-1. These results indicate that the modified test method can be applied to determine the presence of steviol glycoside and its derivatives in a wide range of sample matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yollada Phungsiangdee
- Master of Science Program in Toxicology and Nutrition for Food Safety, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
- Food Toxicology Unit, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
| | - Pimpuk Chaothong
- Food Toxicology Unit, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
| | - Weeraya Karnpanit
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia;
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Lee SY, Shaari K. LC-MS metabolomics analysis of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves cultivated in Malaysia in relation to different developmental stages. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2022; 33:249-261. [PMID: 34490671 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stevia is known for its sweet taste, attributed to the presence of steviol glycosides. Although reports on the dynamic changes of steviol glycosides during development of stevia are available, the data are mainly focused on stevioside and rebaudioside A. Information concerning the comprehensive metabolite profile of stevia in relation to different developmental stages is still lacking. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the metabolite changes along the developmental stages of a local stevia cultivar. METHODOLOGY Stevia leaves were harvested at 4 different developmental stages (early vegetative, late vegetative, budding, and flowering). Samples were then subjected to LC-MS metabolomics analysis to determine the metabolite variations. RESULTS A total of 55 metabolites, comprising phenolic acids, flavonoids, and terpenoids were identified by MS/MS analysis of the stevia leaf extracts, revealing a metabolite profile which was comparatively similar with those of cultivars grown in other countries. PLS-DA differentiated the early vegetative stage stevia leaf samples from those of the later stages by higher content of phenolic acids. The leaf metabolomes of the later 3 stages (late vegetative, budding, and flowering) were collectively richer in flavonoids. Meanwhile, the content of steviol glycosides is highest during the late vegetative and budding stages. CONCLUSION The present study provided, for the first time, a general overview of the metabolite variations with regard to the different developmental stages of stevia. The information may facilitate decision making of suitable harvesting times for higher yields of steviol glycosides or a more balanced metabolite profile in terms of pharmacologically useful metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Yee Lee
- Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory (NaturMeds), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia
| | - Khozirah Shaari
- Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory (NaturMeds), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia
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Approaches toward the Separation, Modification, Identification and Scale up Purification of Tetracyclic Diterpene Glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26071915. [PMID: 33805445 PMCID: PMC8036900 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni is a plant species native to Brazil and Paraguay well-known by the sweet taste of their leaves. Since the recognition of rebaudioside A and other steviol glycosides as generally recognized as safe by the United States Food and Drug Administration in 2008 and grant of marketing approval by the European Union in 2011, the species has been widely cultivated and studied in several countries. Several efforts have been dedicated to the isolation and structure elucidation of minor components searching for novel non-caloric sugar substitutes with improved organoleptic properties. The present review provides an overview of the main chemical approaches found in the literature for identification and structural differentiation of diterpene glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana: High-performance Thin-Layer Chromatography, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Modification of diterpene glycosides by chemical and enzymatic reactions together with some strategies to scale up of the purification process saving costs are also discussed. A list of natural diterpene glycosides, some examples of chemically modified and of enzymatically modified diterpene glycosides reported from 1931 to February 2021 were compiled using the scientific databases Google Scholar, ScienceDirect and PubMed.
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Yang Z, Uhler B, Zheng T, Adams KM. Enzymatic Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel α-1→6-Glucosyl Rebaudioside C Derivative Sweetener. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E27. [PMID: 30646526 PMCID: PMC6358748 DOI: 10.3390/biom9010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Zero-calorie high-intensity sweeteners from natural sources perform very well in the market place. This has encouraged food scientists to continue the effort to search for novel natural ingredients to satisfy consumer demand. Rebaudioside C (reb C) is the third most prevalent steviol glycoside in the leaves of the Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni plant, but has limited applications in food and beverage products due to its low sweetness and high lingering bitterness compared to other major steviol glycosides, such as rebaudioside A (reb A). Here we present a new enzyme modification strategy to improve the taste profile of reb C by using Cargill's propriety enzyme and sucrose as a glucose donor. A novel α-1→6-glucosyl reb C derivative was produced and its structure was elucidated by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. Sensory analysis demonstrated that this new reb C derivative has improved sweetness, reduced bitterness, and enhanced solubility in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yang
- Cargill Inc., 14800 28th Ave N, Plymouth, MN 55447, USA.
| | - Brandon Uhler
- Cargill Inc., 14800 28th Ave N, Plymouth, MN 55447, USA.
| | - Ted Zheng
- Cargill Inc., 3201 Needmore Rd, Dayton, OH 45414, USA.
| | - Kristie M Adams
- Steelyard Analytics, Inc., 704 Quince Orchard Rd., Ste. 130, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
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Perera WH, Ghiviriga I, Rodenburg DL, Alves K, Wiggers FT, Hufford CD, Fronczek FR, Ibrahim MA, Muhammad I, Avula B, Khan IA, McChesney JD. Tetra-glucopyranosyl Diterpene ent-Kaur-16-en-19-oic Acid and ent-13(S)-Hydroxyatisenoic Acid Derivatives from a Commercial Extract of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123328. [PMID: 30558268 PMCID: PMC6321316 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stevia rebaudiana and its diterpene glycosides are one of the main focuses of food companies interested in developing novel zero calorie sugar substitutes since the recognition of steviol glycosides as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) by the United States Food and Drug Administration. Rebaudioside A, one of the major steviol glycosides of the leaves is more than 200 times sweeter than sucrose. However, its lingering aftertaste makes it less attractive as a table-top sweetener, despite its human health benefits. Herein, we report the purification of two novel tetra-glucopyranosyl diterpene glycosides 1 and 3 (rebaudioside A isomers) from a commercial Stevia rebaudiana leaf extract compounds, their saponification products compounds 2 and 4, together with three known compounds isolated in gram quantities. Compound 1 was determined to be 13-[(2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-6-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl) oxy]ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid-β-d-glucopyranosy ester (rebaudioside Z), whereas compound 3 was found to be 13-[(2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl) oxy]ent-hydroxyatis-16-en-19-oic acid -β-d-glucopyranosy ester. Two new tetracyclic derivatives with no sugar at position C-19 were prepared from rebaudiosides 1 and 3 under mild alkaline hydrolysis to afford compounds 2 13-[(2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-6-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl) oxy]ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid (rebaudioside Z₁) and 4 13-[(2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl) oxy]ent-hydroxyatis-16-en-19-oic acid. Three known compounds were purified in gram quantities and identified as rebaudiosides A (5), H (6) and J (7). Chemical structures were unambiguously elucidated using different approaches, namely HRESIMS, HRESI-MS/MS, and 1D-and 2D-NMR spectroscopic data. Additionally, a high-quality crystal of iso-stevioside was grown in methanol and its structure confirmed by X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilmer H. Perera
- Ironstone Separations, Inc., Etta, Oxford, MS 38627, USA; (W.H.P.); (D.L.R.); (K.A.)
- ORISE Fellow-Agricultural Research Service, Natural Product Utilization Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Douglas L. Rodenburg
- Ironstone Separations, Inc., Etta, Oxford, MS 38627, USA; (W.H.P.); (D.L.R.); (K.A.)
| | - Kamilla Alves
- Ironstone Separations, Inc., Etta, Oxford, MS 38627, USA; (W.H.P.); (D.L.R.); (K.A.)
| | - Frank T. Wiggers
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (F.T.W.); (M.A.I.); (I.M.); (B.A.); (I.A.K.)
| | - Charles D. Hufford
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (F.T.W.); (M.A.I.); (I.M.); (B.A.); (I.A.K.)
| | - Frank R. Fronczek
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
| | - Mohamed A. Ibrahim
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (F.T.W.); (M.A.I.); (I.M.); (B.A.); (I.A.K.)
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Ilias Muhammad
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (F.T.W.); (M.A.I.); (I.M.); (B.A.); (I.A.K.)
| | - Bharathi Avula
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (F.T.W.); (M.A.I.); (I.M.); (B.A.); (I.A.K.)
| | - Ikhlas A. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (F.T.W.); (M.A.I.); (I.M.); (B.A.); (I.A.K.)
| | - James D. McChesney
- Ironstone Separations, Inc., Etta, Oxford, MS 38627, USA; (W.H.P.); (D.L.R.); (K.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +(303)808-4104
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Perera WH, Ramsaroop T, Carvalho R, Rodenburg DL, McChesney JD. A silica gel orthogonal high-performance liquid chromatography method for the analyses of steviol glycosides: novel tetra-glucopyranosyl steviol. Nat Prod Res 2018; 33:1876-1884. [PMID: 29889557 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1478826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
A silica gel orthogonal method using acetonitrile: water was developed for the analyses of fractions rich in very polar steviol glycosides and resolve regions of co-elution of these compounds in reversed-phase. Additionally, we also used this normal phase analytical method to scale up the purification process of steviol glycosides. Using these approaches, one novel minor tetra-glucopyranosyl diterpene glycosides together with three known compounds were purified from a commercial Stevia rebaudiana leaf extract. Compound 1 was unambiguously elucidated as 13-[(2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid-(6-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl) ester (rebaudioside Y) based on high-performance liquid chromatography retention times, tandem mass spectrometry dissociation pattern and 1D and 2D NMR experiments. Known compounds were isolated in gram quantities and identified as rebaudioside D, E and M.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Raquel Carvalho
- b Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul , Campo Grande , Brazil
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Perera WH, Ghiviriga I, Rodenburg DL, Carvalho R, Alves K, McChesney JD. Development of a high-performance liquid chromatography procedure to identify known and detect novel C-13 oligosaccharide moieties in diterpene glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni (Asteraceae): Structure elucidation of rebaudiosides V and W. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:3771-3781. [PMID: 28762654 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
As an aid for structure elucidation of new steviol glycosides, reversed-phase C18 high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed with several previously characterized diterpene glycosides, to identify known and detect novel aglycone-C13 oligosaccharide moieties and indirectly identify C-19 interlinkages. Elution order of several diterpene glycosides and their aglycone-C13 oligosaccharide substituted with different sugar arrangements were also summarized. Comparison of the retention time of a product obtained after alkaline hydrolysis with the aglycone-C-13 portions of known compounds reported herein allowed us to deduce the exact positions of the sugars in the C-13 oligosaccharide portion. The elution position of several steviol glycosides with an ent-kaurene skeleton was helpful to describe an identification key. Two previously uncharacterized diterpene glycosides together with two known compounds were isolated from a commercial Stevia rebaudiana leaf extract. One was found to be 13-[(2-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy]ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid-(2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl) ester (rebaudioside V), whereas the other was determined to be 13-[(2-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy]ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid-(2-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl) ester (rebaudioside W). Previously reported compounds were isolated in gram quantities and identified as rebaudioside J and rebaudioside H. In addition, a C-19 sugar-free derivative was also prepared from rebaudioside H to afford rebaudioside H1 . Chemical structures were partially determined by the high-performance liquid chromatography method and unambiguously characterized by using one-dimensional and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Raquel Carvalho
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
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