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Daoudi M, Nuns N, Schiffmann P, Frobert A, Hanoune B, Desgroux P, Faccinetto A. A mass defect-based approach for the automatic construction of peak lists for databases of mass spectra with limited resolution: Application to time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry data. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2024; 38:e9777. [PMID: 38797962 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE This study has developed a data processing protocol based on mass defect analysis for the automatic construction of unique peak lists addressing the need for the fast and efficient treatment of databases of mass spectra with limited mass resolution. METHODS The data processing protocol, implemented in MATLAB, is tested on a database of 126 mass spectra obtained from time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis of the exhaust of a laboratory diesel miniCAST burner deposited on Ti substrates. RESULTS The data processing protocol converts the mass spectra into a data matrix suitable for chemometrics (peak list) by combining mass defect analysis and multivariate analysis. In particular, the role of the mass defect analysis is expanded to improve mass calibration and automate the construction of the peak list. CONCLUSIONS In this context, mass defect analysis becomes an invaluable technique for the efficient processing of databases of mass spectra with limited mass resolution by allowing the fast and automated construction of a peak list common to all mass spectra, by improving the mass calibration, and finally by reducing the number of molecular formulae consistent with a given accurate mass, thus facilitating the identification of unknown ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouad Daoudi
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522 - PC2A - Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, Lille, France
- IFP Energies Nouvelles, Institut Carnot IFPEN TE, Rueil-Malmaison, France
| | - Nicolas Nuns
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, FR 2638 - IMEC - Institut Michel-Eugène Chevreul, Lille, France
| | - Philipp Schiffmann
- IFP Energies Nouvelles, Institut Carnot IFPEN TE, Rueil-Malmaison, France
| | - Arnaud Frobert
- IFP Energies Nouvelles, Institut Carnot IFPEN TE, Rueil-Malmaison, France
| | - Benjamin Hanoune
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522 - PC2A - Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, Lille, France
| | - Pascale Desgroux
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522 - PC2A - Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, Lille, France
| | - Alessandro Faccinetto
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522 - PC2A - Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, Lille, France
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Wu J, Faccinetto A, Batut S, Cazaunau M, Pangui E, Nuns N, Hanoune B, Doussin JF, Desgroux P, Petitprez D. On the correlation between hygroscopic properties and chemical composition of cloud condensation nuclei obtained from the chemical aging of soot particles with O 3 and SO 2. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167745. [PMID: 37827306 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Soot particles released in the atmosphere have long been investigated for their ability to affect the radiative forcing. Although freshly emitted soot particles are generally considered to yield only positive contributions to the radiative forcing, atmospheric aging can activate them into efficient cloud condensation or ice nuclei, which can trigger the formation of persistent clouds and ultimately provide a negative contribution to the radiative forcing. Depending on their residence time in the atmosphere, soot particles can undergo several physical and chemical aging processes that affect their chemical composition, particle size distribution and morphology, and ultimately their optical and hygroscopic properties. The impact of the physical-chemical aging on the properties of soot particles is still difficult to quantify, as well as their effect on the radiative forcing of the atmosphere. This work investigates the hygroscopic properties of chemically aged soot particles obtained from the combustion of aviation fuel, and in particular the interplay between aging mechanisms initiated by two widespread atmospheric oxidizers (O3 and SO2). Activation is measured in water supersaturation conditions using a cloud condensation nuclei counter. Once particle morphology and size distribution are taken into account, the hygroscopicity parameter κ is derived using κ-Köhler theory and correlated to the change of the chemical composition of the particles aged in a simulation chamber. While fresh soot particles are poor cloud condensation nuclei (κ < 10-4) and are not significantly affected by either O3 or SO2 at the timescale of the experiments, rapid activation is observed when they are simultaneously exposed to both oxidizers. Activated particles become efficient cloud condensation nuclei, comparable to the highly hygroscopic particulate matter typically found in the atmosphere (κ = 0.2-0.6 at RH = 20 %). Statistical analysis reveals a correlation between the activation and sulfur-containing ions detected on the chemically aged particles that are absent from the fresh particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junteng Wu
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522 - PC2A - Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Alessandro Faccinetto
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522 - PC2A - Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sébastien Batut
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522 - PC2A - Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Mathieu Cazaunau
- Univ. Paris Est Créteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Edouard Pangui
- Univ. Paris Est Créteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Nicolas Nuns
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, FR 2638 - IMEC - Institut Michel-Eugène Chevreul, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Benjamin Hanoune
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522 - PC2A - Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jean-François Doussin
- Univ. Paris Est Créteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Pascale Desgroux
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522 - PC2A - Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Denis Petitprez
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522 - PC2A - Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, F-59000 Lille, France.
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Elias J, Faccinetto A, Vezin H, Mercier X. Investigation of resonance-stabilized radicals associated with soot particle inception using advanced electron paramagnetic resonance techniques. Commun Chem 2023; 6:99. [PMID: 37225916 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00896-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to tackle the climate emergency, it is imperative to advance cleaner technologies to reduce pollutant emission as soot particles. However, there is still a lack of complete understanding of the mechanisms responsible for their formation. In this work, we performed an investigation devoted to the study of persistent radicals potentially involved in the formation of soot particles, by continuous wave and pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance. This work provides experimental evidence of the presence in nascent soot of highly branched, resonance-stabilized aromatic radicals bearing aliphatic groups, linked together by short carbon chains, and reinforced by non-covalent π-π interactions. These radicals appear to be highly specific of nascent soot and quickly disappear with the increasing soot maturity. Their presence in nascent soot could represent an underestimated health risk factor in addition to the already well documented effect of the high specific surface and the presence of harmful adsorbates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessy Elias
- Université Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522-PC2A-Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, F-59000, Lille, France
- French Environment and Energy Management Agency, Angers, France
| | - Alessandro Faccinetto
- Université Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522-PC2A-Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Hervé Vezin
- Université Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516-LASIRe-Laboratoire de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions, la Réactivité et l'Environnement, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Xavier Mercier
- Université Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522-PC2A-Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, F-59000, Lille, France.
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Faccinetto A, Irimiea C, Minutolo P, Commodo M, D’Anna A, Nuns N, Carpentier Y, Pirim C, Desgroux P, Focsa C, Mercier X. Evidence on the formation of dimers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a laminar diffusion flame. Commun Chem 2020; 3:112. [PMID: 36703341 PMCID: PMC9814144 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-020-00357-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the formation of nascent soot particles in flames is well established and yet the detailed mechanisms are still not fully understood. Here we provide experimental evidence of the occurrence of dimerization of PAHs in the gas phase before soot formation in a laminar diffusion methane flame, supporting the hypothesis of stabilization of dimers through the formation of covalent bonds. The main findings of this work derive from the comparative chemical analysis of samples extracted from the gas to soot transition region of a laminar diffusion methane flame, and highlight two different groups of hydrocarbons that coexist in the same mass range, but show distinctly different behavior when processed with statistical analysis. In particular, the identified hydrocarbons are small-to-moderate size PAHs (first group) and their homo- and heterodimers stabilized by the formation of covalent bonds (second group).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Faccinetto
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522, PC2A, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Cornelia Irimiea
- grid.4365.40000 0004 0640 9448DMPE, ONERA, Univ. Paris Saclay, F-91123 Palaiseau, France
| | - Patrizia Minutolo
- grid.464602.20000 0004 1777 7158Istituto di Ricerche sulla Combustione, CNR, I-80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Mario Commodo
- grid.464602.20000 0004 1777 7158Istituto di Ricerche sulla Combustione, CNR, I-80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea D’Anna
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XUniv. Napoli Federico II, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, I-80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Nicolas Nuns
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 2638, Institut M. E. Chevreul, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Yvain Carpentier
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523, PhLAM, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Claire Pirim
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523, PhLAM, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Pascale Desgroux
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522, PC2A, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Cristian Focsa
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523, PhLAM, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Xavier Mercier
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522, PC2A, F-59000 Lille, France
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Duca D, Irimiea C, Faccinetto A, Noble JA, Vojkovic M, Carpentier Y, Ortega IK, Pirim C, Focsa C. On the benefits of using multivariate analysis in mass spectrometric studies of combustion-generated aerosols. Faraday Discuss 2020; 218:115-137. [PMID: 31123727 DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00238j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The intricate chemistry of the carbonaceous particle surface layer (which drives their reactivity, environmental and health impacts) results in complex mass spectra. In this respect, detailed molecular-level analysis of combustion emissions may be challenging even with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Building on a recently proposed comprehensive methodology (encompassing all stages from sampling to data reduction), we propose herein a comparative analysis of soot particles produced by three different sources: a miniCAST standard generator, a laboratory diffusion flame and a single cylinder internal combustion engine. The surface composition is probed by either laser or secondary ion mass spectrometry. Two examples of multivariate analysis, Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis proved their efficiency in both identifying general trends and evidencing subtle differences that otherwise would remain unnoticed in the plethora of data generated during mass spectrometric analyses. Chemical information extracted from these multivariate statistical procedures contributes to a better understanding of fundamental combustion processes and also opens to practical applications such as the tracing of engine emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Duca
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523, PhLAM - Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France.
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Mercier X, Carrivain O, Irimiea C, Faccinetto A, Therssen E. Dimers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: the missing pieces in the soot formation process. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:8282-8294. [PMID: 30945709 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00394k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The soot nucleation process, defined as the transition from molecular precursors to condensed matter, is the less understood step in the whole soot formation process. The possibility that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) dimers, especially those containing moderate-sized PAHs, can play a major role in soot nucleation is a very controversial issue. Although PAH dimers have often been considered as potential soot precursors, their formation is not thermodynamically favored at a typical flame temperature, their binding energies being considered too weak to allow them to survive in this environment. Hereby, we report experimental evidence supporting the existence of PAH dimers in the proximity of the soot nucleation region of a methane laminar diffusion flame that gives strong evidence for the nucleation process to be kinetically rather than thermodynamically controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Mercier
- Université Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522 - PC2A - Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, F-59000 Lille, France.
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