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Hrabovsky D, Argence B, Lesage D, Colomby P, Surugue M, Cole RB. Charge Detection Mass Spectrometry for Megadalton Polymer Characterization and Measurement of Electrospray-Generated Charged Droplet Dynamics with a New "Direct Visualization of the Rayleigh Limit" Approach to Aid in m/ z Calibration. Anal Chem 2024; 96:6986-6994. [PMID: 38652037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
A charge detector has been constructed and mounted inside the vacuum housing of a commercial mass spectrometer (Micromass-Waters Quattro I, Waters Corp., Manchester, UK). The in-house built single-pass charge detector is composed of a designed, complete electronics system that includes a low-noise charge amplifier. Communication to the data acquisition system was enabled, and analog and digital filters were devised, followed by their tuning and programming. Data treatment scripts for data analysis and plotting were automated, and the assembled system was calibrated and tested. The instrument has an acquisition speed of ∼200 detection events/s, and it permits detection down to ∼510 charges (= three times RMS noise) for a single measured particle. The charge detector was employed to determine the oligomer distribution of a megadalton polymer, polyethylene glycol (PEG). The PEG size distribution exhibits a maximum at ∼ m/z 5910 with the oligomeric population mass distribution peaking near 4.45 MDa. In studies of methanol droplet dynamics, "charge vs time-of-flight" plots enabled clear visualization of the zone near the Rayleigh limit to droplet charging. The highest population of methanol droplets near the Rayleigh limit carried 5000-7000 charges. This corresponds to droplet weights of 10-20 GDa, with the high-end tail extending above 70 GDa. This visualization of the most highly charged droplets (that bear numbers of charges near those defined by the Rayleigh equation) was exploited as a calibration aid for our charge detector, which lacks a means of precisely defining ion energy. A maximum m/z error of -12.3% was calculated for the method, i.e., less than the potential error in assigning the true level of charging of the most highly charged droplets relative to the Rayleigh limit. With these limitations in mind, the introduced method will provide a new means for aiding the calibration of m/z values in charge detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hrabovsky
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 8232, Sorbonne Université-Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris 75252, Cedex 05, France
| | - Bérengère Argence
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 8232, Sorbonne Université-Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris 75252, Cedex 05, France
| | - Denis Lesage
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 8232, Sorbonne Université-Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris 75252, Cedex 05, France
| | - Philippe Colomby
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 8232, Sorbonne Université-Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris 75252, Cedex 05, France
| | - Michel Surugue
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 8232, Sorbonne Université-Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris 75252, Cedex 05, France
| | - Richard B Cole
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 8232, Sorbonne Université-Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris 75252, Cedex 05, France
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Miller LM, Draper BE, Barnes LF, Ofoegbu PC, Jarrold MF. Analysis of Megadalton-Sized DNA by Charge Detection Mass Spectrometry: Entropic Trapping and Shearing in Nanoelectrospray. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37267126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of nucleic acids by conventional mass spectrometry is complicated by counter ions which cause mass heterogeneity and limit the size of the DNA that can be analyzed. In this work, we overcome this limitation using charge detection mass spectrometry to analyze megadalton-sized DNA. Using positive mode electrospray, we find two dramatically different charge distributions for DNA plasmids. A low charge population that charges like compact DNA origami and a much higher charge population, with charges that extend over a broad range. For the high-charge population, the deviation between the measured mass and mass expected from the DNA sequence is consistently around 1%. For the low-charge population, the deviation is larger and more variable. The high-charge population is attributed to the supercoiled plasmid in a random coil configuration, with the broad charge distribution resulting from the rich variety of geometries the random coil can adopt. High-resolution measurements show that the mass distribution shifts to slightly lower mass with increasing charge. The low-charge population is attributed to a condensed form of the plasmid. We suggest that the condensed form results from entropic trapping where the random coil must undergo a geometry change to squeeze through the Taylor cone and enter an electrospray droplet. For the larger plasmids, shearing (mechanical breakup) occurs during electrospray or in the electrospray interface. Shearing is reduced by lowering the salt concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lohra M Miller
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Benjamin E Draper
- Megadalton Solutions Inc, 3750 E Bluebird Ln, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, United States
| | - Lauren F Barnes
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Polycarp C Ofoegbu
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Martin F Jarrold
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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Barnes LF, Draper BE, Kurian J, Chen YT, Shapkina T, Powers TW, Jarrold MF. Analysis of AAV-Extracted DNA by Charge Detection Mass Spectrometry Reveals Genome Truncations. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4310-4316. [PMID: 36880264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a widely used gene therapy vector. The intact packaged genome is a critical quality attribute and necessary for an effective therapeutic. In this work, charge detection mass spectrometry (CDMS) was used to measure the molecular weight (MW) distribution for the genome of interest (GOI) extracted from recombinant AAV (rAAV) vectors. The measured MWs were compared to sequence masses for a range of rAAV vectors with different GOIs, serotypes, and production methods (Sf9 and HEK293 cell lines). In most cases, the measured MWs were slightly larger than the sequence masses, a result attributed to counterions. However, in a few cases, the measured MWs were significantly smaller than the sequence masses. In these cases, genome truncation is the only reasonable explanation for the discrepancy. These results suggest that direct analysis of the extracted GOI by CDMS provides a rapid and powerful tool to evaluate genome integrity in gene therapy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren F Barnes
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Benjamin E Draper
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Justin Kurian
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., 875 Chesterfield Pkwy. West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
| | - Yu-Ting Chen
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., 875 Chesterfield Pkwy. West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
| | - Tatiana Shapkina
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., 875 Chesterfield Pkwy. West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
| | - Thomas W Powers
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., 875 Chesterfield Pkwy. West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
| | - Martin F Jarrold
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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Abstract
Charge detection mass spectrometry (CDMS) is a single-particle technique where the masses of individual ions are determined from simultaneous measurement of their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) and charge. Masses are determined for thousands of individual ions, and then the results are binned to give a mass spectrum. Using this approach, accurate mass distributions can be measured for heterogeneous and high-molecular-weight samples that are usually not amenable to analysis by conventional mass spectrometry. Recent applications include heavily glycosylated proteins, protein complexes, protein aggregates such as amyloid fibers, infectious viruses, gene therapies, vaccines, and vesicles such as exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin F Jarrold
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47404, United States
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Abstract
Native mass spectrometry (MS) is aimed at preserving and determining the native structure, composition, and stoichiometry of biomolecules and their complexes from solution after they are transferred into the gas phase. Major improvements in native MS instrumentation and experimental methods over the past few decades have led to a concomitant increase in the complexity and heterogeneity of samples that can be analyzed, including protein-ligand complexes, protein complexes with multiple coexisting stoichiometries, and membrane protein-lipid assemblies. Heterogeneous features of these biomolecular samples can be important for understanding structure and function. However, sample heterogeneity can make assignment of ion mass, charge, composition, and structure very challenging due to the overlap of tens or even hundreds of peaks in the mass spectrum. In this review, we cover data analysis, experimental, and instrumental advances and strategies aimed at solving this problem, with an in-depth discussion of theoretical and practical aspects of the use of available deconvolution algorithms and tools. We also reflect upon current challenges and provide a view of the future of this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber D Rolland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| | - James S Prell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States.,Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1252, United States
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Antoine R. Weighing synthetic polymers of ultra-high molar mass and polymeric nanomaterials: What can we learn from charge detection mass spectrometry? RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 2:e8539. [PMID: 31353622 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Advances in soft ionization techniques for mass spectrometry (MS) of polymeric materials make it possible to determine the masses of intact molecular ions exceeding megadaltons. Interfacing MS with separation and fragmentation methods has additionally led to impressive advances in the ability to structurally characterize polymers. Even if the gap to the megadalton range has been bridged by MS for polymers standards, the MS-based analysis for more complex polymeric materials is still challenging. Charge detection mass spectrometry (CDMS) is a single-molecule method where the mass and the charge of each ion are directly determined from individual measurements. The entire molecular mass distribution of a polymer sample can be thus accurately measured. Described in this perspective paper is how molecular weight distribution as well as charge distribution can provide new insights into the structural and compositional studies of synthetic polymers and polymeric nanomaterials in the megadalton to gigadalton range of molecular weight. The recent multidimensional CDMS studies involving couplings with separation and dissociation techniques will be presented. And, finally, an outlook for the future avenues of the CDMS technique in the field of synthetic polymers of ultra-high molar mass and polymeric nanomaterials will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolphe Antoine
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, UMR 5306, F-69622, Lyon, France
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Fakhouri H, Perić M, Bertorelle F, Dugourd P, Dagany X, Russier-Antoine I, Brevet PF, Bonačić-Koutecký V, Antoine R. Sub-100 nanometer silver doped gold–cysteine supramolecular assemblies with enhanced nonlinear optical properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:12091-12099. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00829b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability of gold(i) thiolates to self-assemble into supramolecular architectures opens the route for a new class of nanomaterials with a unique structure–optical property relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Fakhouri
- Univ Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- CNRS
- Institut Lumière Matière
- Lyon
| | - Martina Perić
- Center of Excellence for Science and Technology-Integration of Mediterranean Region (STIM) at Interdisciplinary Center for Advanced Sciences and Technology (ICAST)
- University of Split
- 21000 Split
- Croatia
| | - Franck Bertorelle
- Univ Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- CNRS
- Institut Lumière Matière
- Lyon
| | - Philippe Dugourd
- Univ Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- CNRS
- Institut Lumière Matière
- Lyon
| | - Xavier Dagany
- Univ Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- CNRS
- Institut Lumière Matière
- Lyon
| | | | | | - Vlasta Bonačić-Koutecký
- Center of Excellence for Science and Technology-Integration of Mediterranean Region (STIM) at Interdisciplinary Center for Advanced Sciences and Technology (ICAST)
- University of Split
- 21000 Split
- Croatia
- Chemistry Department
| | - Rodolphe Antoine
- Univ Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- CNRS
- Institut Lumière Matière
- Lyon
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