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Ahmad M, Grayson SM. Understanding zwitterionic ring-expansion polymerization through mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024. [PMID: 38556789 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Zwitterionic ring-expansion polymerization (ZREP) is a polymerization method in which a cyclic monomer is converted into a cyclic polymer through a zwitterionic intermediate. In this review, we explored the ZREP of various cyclic polymers and how mass spectrometry assists in identifying the product architectures and understanding their intricate reaction mechanism. For the majority of polymers (from a few thousand to a few million Da) matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry is the most effective mass spectrometry technique to determine the true molecular weight (MW) of the resultant product, but only when the dispersity is low (approximately below 1.2). The key topics covered in this study were the ZREP of cyclic polyesters, cyclic polyamides, and cyclic ethers. In addition, this study also addresses a number of other preliminary topics, including the ZREP of cyclic polycarbonates, cyclic polysiloxanes, and cyclic poly(alkylene phosphates). The purity and efficiency of those syntheses largely depend on the catalyst. Among several catalysts, N-heterocyclic carbenes have exhibited high efficiency in the synthesis of cyclic polyesters and polyamides, whereas tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane [B(C6F5)3] is the most optimal catalyst for cyclic polyether synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahi Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Scott M Grayson
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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2
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Hughes JWJ, Babula DJ, Stowers-Veitch F, Yuan K, Uzelac M, Nichol GS, Ingleson MJ, Garden JA. NacNac-zinc-pyridonate mediated ε-caprolactone ROP. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:17767-17775. [PMID: 37981810 PMCID: PMC10696559 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03344a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the synthesis, isolation and polymerisation activity of two new zinc compounds based on a 2,6-diisopropylphenyl (Dipp) β-diiminate (NacNac) ligand framework with zinc also ligated by an amidate (2-pyridonate or 6-methyl-2-pyridonate) unit. The compounds crystallised as either monomeric (6-Me-2-pyridonate derivative) or dimeric (2-pyridonate) species, although both were found to be monomeric in solution via1H DOSY NMR spectroscopy, which was supported by DFT calculations. These observations suggest that both complexes initiate ring-opening polymerisation (ROP) through a single-site monometallic mechanism. High molecular weight poly ε-caprolactone (PCL) was achieved via exogenous initiator-free ROP conditions with both catalysts. An increase in the 2-pyridonate initiator steric bulk (6-Me- vs. 6-H-) resulted in an improved catalytic activity, facilitating complete monomer conversion within 1 h at 60 °C. Pyridonate end-groups were observed by MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry, contrasting with previous observations for DippNacNac-Zn acetate complexes (where no acetate end groups are observed), instead this more closely resembles the reactivity of DippNacNac-Zn alkoxide complexes in ROP (where RO end groups are observed). Additional major signals in the MALDI-ToF spectra were consistent with cyclic PCL species, which are attributed to back-biting ring-closing termination steps occuring in a process facilitated by the pyridonate unit being an effective leaving group. To the best of our knowledge, these complexes represent the first examples of pyridonate, and indeed amidate, initated ROP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack W J Hughes
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Dawid J Babula
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | | | - Kang Yuan
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Marina Uzelac
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Gary S Nichol
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Michael J Ingleson
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Jennifer A Garden
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
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3
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Rizzarelli P, Rapisarda M. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption and Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry of Microbial and Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102356. [PMID: 37242931 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The in-depth structural and compositional investigation of biodegradable polymeric materials, neat or partly degraded, is crucial for their successful applications. Obviously, an exhaustive structural analysis of all synthetic macromolecules is essential in polymer chemistry to confirm the accomplishment of a preparation procedure, identify degradation products originating from side reactions, and monitor chemical-physical properties. Advanced mass spectrometry (MS) techniques have been increasingly applied in biodegradable polymer studies with a relevant role in their further development, valuation, and extension of application fields. However, single-stage MS is not always sufficient to identify unambiguously the polymer structure. Thus, tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) has more recently been employed for detailed structure characterization and in degradation and drug release monitoring of polymeric samples, among which are biodegradable polymers. This review aims to run through the investigations carried out by the soft ionization technique matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) MS/MS in biodegradable polymers and present the resulting information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rizzarelli
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Rapisarda
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
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Ruiz Martínez C, Pérez JM, Arrabal-Campos FM, Rodríguez-Diéguez A, Choquesillo-Lazarte D, Martínez-Lao JA, Ortuño MA, Fernández I. Lithium anthraquinoids as catalysts in the ROP of lactide and caprolactone into cyclic polymers. Polym Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py01076c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
New lithium anthraquinoids 2b–d active in the synthesis of cyclic PLA and cyclic PCL have been synthesized and fully characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ruiz Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, Ctra, Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Juana M. Pérez
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, Ctra, Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Francisco M. Arrabal-Campos
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, Ctra, Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Diéguez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Duane Choquesillo-Lazarte
- Laboratorio de Estudios Cristalográficos IACT, CSIC-UGR, Av. Las Palmeras no. 4, 18100 Granada, Spain
| | - Juan A. Martínez-Lao
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, Ctra, Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Manuel A. Ortuño
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ignacio Fernández
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, Ctra, Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
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Blaj DA, Balan-Porcarasu M, Petre BA, Harabagiu V, Peptu C. MALDI mass spectrometry monitoring of cyclodextrin-oligolactide derivatives synthesis. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Fouquet TNJ, Amalian JA, Aniel N, Carvin-Sergent I, Issa S, Poyer S, Crozet D, Giusti P, Gigmes D, Trimaille T, Charles L. Reactive Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry To Determine Intrinsic Degradability of Poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid) Chains. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12041-12048. [PMID: 34431672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Because of its speed, sensitivity, and ability to scrutinize individual species, mass spectrometry (MS) has become an essential tool in analytical strategies aimed at studying the degradation behavior of polyesters. MS analyses can be performed prior to the degradation event for structural characterization of initial substrates or after it has occurred to measure the decreasing size of products as a function of time. Here, we show that MS can also be usefully employed during the degradation process by online monitoring the chain solvolysis induced by reactive desorption electrospray ionization (DESI). Cleavage of ester bonds in random copolymers of lactic acid (LA) and glycolic acid (GA) was achieved by electrospraying methanol-containing NaOH onto the substrates. Experimental conditions were optimized to generate methanolysis products of high abundance so that mass spectra can be conveniently processed using Kendrick-based approaches. The same reactive-DESI performance was demonstrated for two sample preparations, solvent casting for soluble samples or pressed pellets for highly crystalline substrates, permitting to compare polymers with LA/GA ratios ranging from 100/0 to 5/95. Analysis of sample fractions collected by size exclusion chromatography showed that methanolysis occurs independently of the original chain size, so data recorded for poly(LA-co-GA) (PLAGA) copolymers with the average molecular weight ranging from 10 to 180 kDa could be safely compared. The average mass of methanolysis products was observed to decrease linearly (R2 = 0.9900) as the GA content increases in PLAGA substrates, consistent with the susceptibility of ester bonds toward solvolysis being higher in GA than in LA. Because DESI only explores the surface of solids, these data do not reflect bulk degradability of the copolymers but, instead, their relative degradability at the molecular level. Based on a "reactive-DESI degradability scale" such as that established here for PLAGA, the proposed method offers interesting perspectives to qualify intrinsic degradability of different polyesters and evaluate their erosion susceptibility or to determine the degradability of those polymers known to degrade via erosion only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry N J Fouquet
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Jean-Arthur Amalian
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR7273, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille 13397, France
| | - Nathan Aniel
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR7273, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille 13397, France
| | - Isaure Carvin-Sergent
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR7273, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille 13397, France
| | - Sébastien Issa
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR7273, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille 13397, France
| | - Salomé Poyer
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR7273, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille 13397, France
| | - Delphine Crozet
- Total Refining and Chemicals, Total Research & Technology Gonfreville, Harfleur 76700, France
| | - Pierre Giusti
- Total Refining and Chemicals, Total Research & Technology Gonfreville, Harfleur 76700, France.,International Joint laboratory-iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, Harfleur 76700, France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR7273, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille 13397, France
| | - Thomas Trimaille
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR7273, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille 13397, France
| | - Laurence Charles
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR7273, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille 13397, France
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Saller KM, Gnatiuk I, Holzinger D, Schwarzinger C. Semiquantitative Approach for Polyester Characterization Using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization/Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Approved by 1H NMR. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15221-15228. [PMID: 33138357 PMCID: PMC7675608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time-of-flight (MALDI/ToF) mass spectrometry and 1H NMR were used for the structural investigation of isophthalic and maleic acid copolyesters with neopentyl glycol. Since both methods provided information on the ratio of incorporated acid components and terminating groups, results were compared and linear correlations (R2 = 0.96-0.98) could be found. This suggests that MALDI/ToF MS is a suitable tool for the semiquantitative characterization of polyester systems. For the isophthalic/maleic acid ratio, MALDI results yielded constantly lower values than 1H NMR, which was attributed to varying ionization efficiencies of homo- and copolyesters. Ratios of carboxylic and hydroxylic terminating groups, which are conventionally still measured by time consuming complex titrations, were measured with MALDI and 1H NMR and were in good agreement. Both methods either excluded or distinguished unreacted monomers in the polyester bulk in contrast to acid-base titrations where those monomers severely distort the results. Additional structural information could be gained including the observation of cyclic structures (MALDI), E/Z isomerism from maleic to fumaric acid, and the statistical distribution of the acid components within the polyester chain (1H NMR). While 1H NMR peak assignments have to be verified by 13C NMR and multidimensional techniques, MALDI/ToF MS provides a straightforward technique that can be applied to other polyester systems without major alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara M Saller
- Institute for Chemical Technology of Organic Materials, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz 4040, Austria
| | | | | | - Clemens Schwarzinger
- Institute for Chemical Technology of Organic Materials, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz 4040, Austria
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Fouquet TNJ, Pizzala H, Rollet M, Crozet D, Giusti P, Charles L. Mass Spectrometry-Based Analytical Strategy for Comprehensive Molecular Characterization of Biodegradable Poly(lactic- co-glycolic Acid) Copolymers. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:1554-1562. [PMID: 32510219 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An analytical methodology with mass spectrometry as the core technique was developed for precise characterization of end groups, size, and co-monomeric composition of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) copolymers, as a preliminary step to qualify their biodegradability. Four PLGA samples were studied, with GA molar content varying from 0 to 50% and Mw ranging from 18 to 75 kg mol-1 according to the supplier. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and liquid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were used as either complementary or validation techniques. As confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) experiments, macrocycles were most prominent in the low mass range. Nevertheless, elemental compositions derived from high resolution (HR) mass measurements of linear species were consistent with chain terminations revealed by NMR. Off-line coupling of SEC with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) permitted calibration curves to be built based on absolute molecular weights and, although slightly overestimated, so-obtained Mn and Mw values compared well with SEC and NMR results. Homogeneity of the co-monomeric content of all chains within each PLGA sample was demonstrated using surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization in a reactive mode (reactive-SALDI), a newly developed technique that takes advantage of residual acid on desorption ionization using through-hole alumina membrane (DIUTHAME) chips to induce dissociation of high-molecular-weight polymers containing cleavable C-O bonds. All HRMS data were best handled with Kendrick analysis, which helped reveal minor species and allowed automated computation of congested mass spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry N J Fouquet
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Hélène Pizzala
- Aix Marseille Université-CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Marion Rollet
- Aix Marseille Université-CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Delphine Crozet
- Total Refining and Chemicals, Total Research & Technology Gonfreville, 76700 Harfleur, France
| | - Pierre Giusti
- Total Refining and Chemicals, Total Research & Technology Gonfreville, 76700 Harfleur, France
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, 76700 Harfleur, France
| | - Laurence Charles
- Aix Marseille Université-CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, 13397 Marseille, France
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