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Jin W, Yang S, Yin L, Jia Y, Li X, An K, Li J, Zhang Y. Determination of nine bisphenol analogues in human urine by high-throughput solid-phase extraction and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1730:465096. [PMID: 38889585 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Bisphenol analogues (BPs) are a class of typical environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). This study aimed to establish a highly sensitive and high-throughput method utilizing 96-well solid-phase extraction (96-well SPE) in conjunction with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) employing multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), information-dependent acquisition (IDA), and enhanced product ion (EPI) scan modes for the identification and quantitative analysis of nine BPs in human urine. Urine samples were initially thawed to room temperature, followed by digestion using β-glucuronidase in an ammonium acetate buffer solution at 37 °C overnight. Subsequently, they were purified using 96-well SPE and finally analyzed by UHPLC-MS/MS. The limits of detection (LOD) for the nine BPs ranged from 0.05 μg∙kg-1 to 0.3 μg kg-1. Average recoveries fell within the range of 92.8 % to 111.7 %. Moreover, both the intra-day and inter-day precisions were satisfactory, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranging from 2.2 % to 6.7 % and 3.5 % to 6.3 %, respectively. The targets in the samples exhibited a perfect match, with a purity fit value exceeding 70 % from the self-built library. The analytical method developed in this study demonstrates high accuracy and sensitivity. In addition, the MRM-IDA-EPI mode can effectively identifies the target BPs and prevents false positive detection of analytes in the urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Jin
- Institute of Health Inspection and Testing, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 6 Huayue Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300011, China
| | - Siyu Yang
- Institute of Health Inspection and Testing, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 6 Huayue Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300011, China
| | - Longlong Yin
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Yeqing Jia
- Institute of Health Inspection and Testing, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 6 Huayue Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300011, China
| | - Xinghua Li
- Institute of Health Inspection and Testing, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 6 Huayue Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300011, China
| | - Kang An
- School of Public Health and Health Administration, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 6699 Qingdao Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province 250021, China.
| | - Jianping Li
- Institute of Health Inspection and Testing, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 6 Huayue Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300011, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Institute of Health Inspection and Testing, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 6 Huayue Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300011, China.
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Use of a guard column coupled to mass spectrometry as a fast semi-quantitative methodology for the determination of plasticizer metabolites in urine. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1690:463788. [PMID: 36649666 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, a very simple and fast method combining the use of a guard column coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (guard column-MS/MS) has been proposed for the determination of plasticizer metabolites in urine. Briefly, samples (1.0 mL) were submitted to enzymatic hydrolysis for 10 min, filtered, diluted 1/10 v/v with ultrapure water and directly injected into the system. A fast run of only 2 min (3 min including the injection cycle) allowed the determination of 19 analytes. Enzymatic hydrolysis, filtering material, and guard column-MS/MS conditions were optimized. Intra-day precision at the low-level concentration (expressed as relative standard deviation, %RSD) obtained from the analysis of synthetic urine samples varied between 11 and 20%. Limits of quantification ranged from 2.8 to 60 ng/mL. Trueness values, calculated as apparent recoveries, ranged from 70 to 135%. To correct for matrix effects, analyte concentrations in real urine were quantified by the standard addition method. To confirm the results obtained by guard column-MS/MS, an ultra(high)-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was also applied (total chromatographic run time 17 min, including column re-equilibration). Concentrations measured with both methods were in good agreement. Hence, we propose the use of guard column-MS/MS to analyse a large number samples in a very short time (semi-quantification), and apply the chromatographic analysis only to those samples with levels close to/higher than the concentrations equivalent to the safe maximum daily intakes of the parent compounds (confirmation). This double strategy (semi-quantification by guard column-MS/MS and confirmation-when needed-by UHPLC-MS/MS) implies important savings in time and money.
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Kuhlmann L, Münch F, Göen T, Eckert E. Simultaneous and sensitive determination of the main metabolites of the plasticizer DEHP and its substitutes DEHTP, DINCH and TEHTM in human urine by coupling of on-line SPE, UHPLC and tandem mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:3970-3981. [PMID: 36178049 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01293f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With the prominent but toxicologically critical plasticizer di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) declining, alternative plasticizers are increasingly used leading to a continuously more diverse exposure situation of humans with multiple plasticizers. Therefore, an on-line SPE-LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of the most relevant urinary biomarkers of exposure to DEHP and the alternative plasticizers 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH), di-(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP) and tri-(2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate (TEHTM) was developed. The method is characterized by a high sensitivity with limits of detection ranging from 0.006 to 0.047 μg L-1 combined with an easy and straightforward sample preparation procedure. The wide linear working range of the method enables a reliable determination of analyte background levels in the general population as well as its potential use for monitoring studies investigating elevated plasticizer exposure settings. The method was successfully applied to urine samples from ten volunteers without occupational exposure to plasticizers revealing ubiquitous background exposure levels of the common plasticizers DEHP, DEHTP and DINCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kuhlmann
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestr. 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Frank Münch
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Göen
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestr. 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth Eckert
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestr. 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Nguyen LV, Diamond ML, Kalenge S, Kirkham TL, Holness DL, Arrandale VH. Response to Comment on "Occupational Exposure of Canadian Nail Salon Workers to Plasticizers Including Phthalates and Organophosphate Esters". ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:14212-14213. [PMID: 36095321 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Linh V Nguyen
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E8, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Sheila Kalenge
- Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Ontario Health, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X3, Canada
| | - Tracy L Kirkham
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M7, Canada
- Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Ontario Health, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X3, Canada
| | - D Linn Holness
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M7, Canada
- Division of Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine and the Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H2, Canada
| | - Victoria H Arrandale
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M7, Canada
- Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Ontario Health, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X3, Canada
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Assessment of Exposure to Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) Metabolites and Bisphenol A (BPA) and Its Importance for the Prevention of Cardiometabolic Diseases. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12020167. [PMID: 35208241 PMCID: PMC8878475 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12020167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposomics analyses have highlighted the importance of biomonitoring of human exposure to pollutants, even non-persistent, for the prevention of non-communicable diseases such as obesity, diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular diseases. Phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) are endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) widely used in industry and in a large range of daily life products that increase the risk of endocrine and cardiometabolic diseases especially if the exposure starts during childhood. Thus, biomonitoring of exposure to these compounds is important not only in adulthood but also in childhood. This was the goal of the LIFE-PERSUADED project that measured the exposure to phthalates (DEHP metabolites, MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP) and BPA in Italian mother–children couples of different ages. In this paper we describe the method that was set up for the LIFE PERSUADED project and validated during the proficiency test (ICI/EQUAS) showing that accurate determination of urinary phthalates and BPA can be achieved starting from small sample size (0.5 mL) using two MS techniques applied in cascade on the same deconjugated matrix.
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Exploration of long-term exposure markers for phthalate esters in human hair using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1200:339610. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Recent advances in analysis of bisphenols and their derivatives in biological matrices. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:807-846. [PMID: 34652496 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03668-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Biomonitoring is a very useful tool to evaluate human exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), like bisphenols (BPs), which are widely used in the manufacture of plastics. The development of reliable analytical methods is key in the field of public health surveillance to obtain biomonitoring data to determine what BPs are reaching people's bodies. This review discusses recent methods for the quantitative measurement of bisphenols and their derivatives in biological samples like urine, blood, breast milk, saliva, and hair, among others. We also discuss the different procedures commonly used for sample treatment, which includes extraction and clean-up, and instrumental techniques currently used to determine these compounds. Sample preparation techniques continue to play an important role in the analysis of complex matrices, for liquid matrices the most commonly employed is solid-phase extraction, although microextraction techniques are gaining importance in this field, and for solid samples ultrasound-assisted extraction. The main instrumental techniques used are liquid and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Finally, we present data on the main parameters obtained in the validation of the revised methods. This review focuses on various methods developed and applied for trace analysis of bisphenols, their conjugates, halogenated derivatives, and diglycidyl ethers in biological samples to enable the required selectivity and sensitivity. For this purpose, a review is carried out of the most recent relevant publications from 2016 up to present.
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Hyötyläinen T. Analytical challenges in human exposome analysis with focus on environmental analysis combined with metabolomics. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:1769-1787. [PMID: 33650238 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202001263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Environmental factors, such as chemical exposures, are likely to play a crucial role in the development of several human chronic diseases. However, how the specific exposures contribute to the onset and progress of various diseases is still poorly understood. In part, this is because comprehensive characterization of the chemical exposome is a highly challenging task, both due to its complex dynamic nature as well as due to the analytical challenges. Herein, the analytical challenges in the field of exposome research are reviewed, with specific emphasis on the sampling, sample preparation, and analysis, as well as challenges in the compound identification. The primary focus is on the human chemical exposome, that is, exposures to mixtures of environmental chemicals and its impact on human metabolome. In order to highlight the recent progress in the exposome research in relation to human health and disease, selected examples of human exposome studies are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuulia Hyötyläinen
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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Li X, Zhong Y, He W, Huang S, Li Q, Guo C, Ma S, Li G, Yu Y. Co-exposure and health risks of parabens, bisphenols, triclosan, phthalate metabolites and hydroxyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons based on simultaneous detection in urine samples from guangzhou, south China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:115990. [PMID: 33199068 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and certain ingredients in personal care products, such as parabens, bisphenols, triclosan and phthalate metabolites, have become ubiquitous in the world. Concerns of human exposure to these pollutants have increased during recent years because of various adverse health effects of these chemicals. Multiple compounds including parabens, bisphenols, triclosan, phthalate metabolites (mPAEs) and hydroxyl PAHs (OH-PAHs) in urine samples from Guangzhou were determined simultaneously to identify the human exposure pathways without external exposure data combined with data analysis, and the toxicants posed the highest risk to human health were screened in the present study. The detection frequencies for the chemicals exceeded 90%. Among the contaminants, mPAEs showed the highest concentrations, followed by OH-PAHs, with triclosan present at the lowest concentrations. Mono-n-butyl phthalate, methylparaben, bisphenol A, and hydroxynaphthalene represented the most abundant mPAE, parabens, bisphenol, and OH-PAH compounds, respectively. The present PAHs are mainly exposed to human through inhalation, while the chemicals added to personal care products are mainly exposed to human through oral intake and dermal contact. The urine samples from suburban subjects showed significantly higher OH-PAH levels than the urine samples from urban subjects, and females had lower OH-PAH levels than males. Urinary concentrations of the analyzed contaminants were significantly correlated with age, body mass index, residence time, as well as the frequencies of alcohol consumption and swimming. Risk assessments based on Monte Carlo simulation indicated that approximately 30% of the subjects suffered non-carcinogenic risks from mPAEs and OH-PAHs, with mPAEs accounting for 89% of the total risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminant Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yi Zhong
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510440, PR China
| | - Weiyun He
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510440, PR China
| | - Senyuan Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminant Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Qin Li
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510440, PR China
| | - Chongshan Guo
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510440, PR China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminant Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminant Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminant Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
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An Uncontrolled Case Series Using a Botanically Derived, β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex in Two Androgenetic Alopecia-Affected Male Subjects. COSMETICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics7030065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-based monotherapy provides limited clinical benefits in polygenic disorders, such as androgenetic alopecia. Possible benefits must be measured against non-trivial risks of negative side effects. Several well-controlled, peer-reviewed, basic science studies have demonstrated novel mechanisms of action and potential utility for natural-based phytochemicals in the treatment of androgen-mediated disorders, including androgenetic alopecia. Yet, due to phytochemical instability, volatility, and incompatibility, the bridge from in vitro potential to clinical efficacy remains largely unmet. Recent advances in nanomaterial manipulation provide enhanced platforms, such as cyclodextrins, in which these phytochemicals may be enveloped and delivered without triggering the loss of intended function. Unexpected, positive results of an uncontrolled case series for a cyclodextrin-enabled, natural-based formula containing γ linolenic acid, β-Sitosterol, epigallocatechin gallate, and genistein, administered concomitantly via oral and topical form in two androgenetic alopecia-affected, male subjects over the course of 270 days were found. At baseline, significant baldness in the vertex scalp of both subjects was observed. Subsequent 90-day time points demonstrated marked hair thickening. On treatment day 270 (conclusion), scalp hair loss was no longer evident in either patient. Particularly in the setting of a disorders, such as androgenetic alopecia, nano-complexed, botanically-based compositions may offer beneficial adjunctives or alternatives to traditional drug-based/surgical medical treatments.
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