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Nie M, Zhang T, Wang X, Zhao X, Luo C, Wang L, Zou X. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled to Orbitrap mass spectrometry for screening of common new psychoactive substances and other drugs in biological samples. J Forensic Sci 2024. [PMID: 39187963 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
The complexity of the drug market and the constant updating of drugs have been challenging issues for drug regulatory authorities. With the emergence of new psychoactive substances (NPS) and the nonmedical use of prescription drugs, forensic and toxicology laboratories have had to adopt new drug screening methods and advanced instrumentation. Using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Orbitrap mass spectrometry, we developed a screening method for common NPS and other drugs. Two milliliters of mixed solvent of n-hexane and ethyl acetate (1:1, v:v) were added to 500 μL of blood or urine sample for liquid-liquid extraction, and methanol extraction was used for hair samples. The developed method was applied to 3897 samples (including 332 blood samples, 885 urine samples, and 2680 hair samples) taken from drug addicts in a province of China during 2019-2021. For urine and blood samples, the limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 1.68 pg/mL to 10.7 ng/mL. For hair samples, the LODs ranged from 3.30 × 10-5 to 4.21 × 10-3 ng/mg. The matrix effects of urine, blood, and hair samples were in the range of 47.6%-121%, 39.8%-139%, and 6.35%-118%, respectively. And the intra-day precision was 3.5%-6.0% and the inter-day precision was 4.18%-9.90%. Analysis of the actual samples showed an overall positive detection rate of 58.9%, with 5.32% of the samples indicating the use of multiple drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manqing Nie
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Science, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianai Zhang
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Science, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Science, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Chengdu Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunying Luo
- Chengdu Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lian Wang
- Chengdu Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Zou
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Science, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Sichuan Ding Cheng Forensic Service, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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2
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Wang Z, Leow EYQ, Moy HY, Chan ECY. Advances in urinary biomarker research of synthetic cannabinoids. Adv Clin Chem 2023; 115:1-32. [PMID: 37673518 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
New psychoactive substances (NPS) are chemical compounds designed to mimic the action of existing illicit recreational drugs. Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) are a subclass of NPS which bind to the cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, and mimic the action of cannabis. SCs have dominated recent NPS seizure reports worldwide. While urine is the most common matrix for drug-of-abuse testing, SCs undergo extensive Phase I and Phase II metabolism, resulting in almost undetectable parent compounds in urine samples. Therefore, the major urinary metabolites of SCs are usually investigated as surrogate biomarkers to identify their consumption. Since seized urine samples after consuming novel SCs may be unavailable in a timely manner, human hepatocytes, human liver microsomes and human transporter overexpressed cell lines are physiologically-relevant in vitro systems for performing metabolite identification, metabolic stability, reaction phenotyping and transporter experiments to establish the disposition of SC and its metabolites. Coupling these in vitro experiments with in vivo verification using limited authentic urine samples, such a two-pronged approach has proven to be effective in establishing urinary metabolites as biomarkers for rapidly emerging SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziteng Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eric Yu Quan Leow
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hooi Yan Moy
- Analytical Toxicology Laboratory, Applied Sciences Group, Health Sciences Authority, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eric Chun Yong Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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Giorgetti A, Brunetti P, Haschimi B, Busardò FP, Pelotti S, Auwärter V. Human phase-I metabolism and prevalence of two synthetic cannabinoids bearing an ethyl ester moiety: 5F-EDMB-PICA and EDMB-PINACA. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:299-313. [PMID: 36366743 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Around 2017, with the appearance of 5F-EDMB-PINACA, synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) carrying an ethyl ester moiety at the linked group started spreading on the market of new psychoactive substances (NPS). In 2020 and 2021, the indole analog of 5F-EDMB-PINACA (5F-EDMB-PICA) and the non-fluorinated analog of this compound (EDMB-PINACA) were analytically characterized. Here, we present suitable urinary markers to prove the consumption of these two ethyl analogs. Ten authentic urine samples for each compound were analyzed by liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-qToF-MS). Anticipated phase-I metabolites detected in urine samples were confirmed in vitro by applying a pooled human liver microsomes (pHLM) assay. Prevalence data were obtained from urines collected for abstinence control and submitted to a screening method for SC metabolites. Ten phase-I metabolites of 5F-EDMB-PICA and 18 of EDMB-PINACA were detected by LC-qToF-MS analysis of authentic urine specimens. The main in-vivo metabolites were built by ester hydrolysis, often coupled to further metabolic processes. Investigation of phase-I biotransformation led to the identification of ester hydrolysis, monohydroxylation, and defluorination products as the most suitable urinary biomarkers for 5F-EDMB-PICA. Metabolites formed by ester hydrolysis coupled to ketone formation and by monohydroxylation are suggested for the detection of EDMB-PINACA. From October 1, 2020 to February 1, 2022, among positive urine samples, 5.4% and 10.1% tested positive 5F-EDMB-PICA and EDMB-PINACA, respectively. Due to common metabolites shared among structurally related SCs, the unequivocal detection of their consumption remains challenging for forensic laboratories and requires sensitive methods to monitor multiple metabolites, ideally including highly specific species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Giorgetti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Legal Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna.,Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pietro Brunetti
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Unit of Forensic Toxicology, Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Belal Haschimi
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Francesco Paolo Busardò
- Unit of Forensic Toxicology, Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Susi Pelotti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Legal Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna
| | - Volker Auwärter
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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4
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Liu H, Guo S, Xi S. A high-resolution accurate mass approach to identification of graveoline metabolites using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography combined with a photo diode array detector and quadrupole/time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5511. [PMID: 36100977 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Graveoline is a biologically active ingredient extracted from Ruta graveolens. Current work aimed at investigating in vitro metabolism of graveoline using rat or human liver microsomes and hepatocytes. Graveoline (20 μM) was incubated with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-supplemented rat and human liver microsomes as well as hepatocytes. LC coupled to a photo diode array detector and quadrupole/time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry was used to detect and identify the metabolites. The structures of the metabolites were identified by accurate mass, elemental composition, and indicative fragment ions. A total of 12 metabolites, comprising 6 phase I and 6 phase II metabolites, were obtained. The metabolic pathways included demethylenation, demethylation, hydroxylation, glucuronidation, and glutathion conjugation. The metabolite (M10) produced by opening the ring of the methylenedioxyphenyl moiety was detected as the most abundant in both liver microsomes and hepatocytes, mainly catalyzed by CYP1A2, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 3A4, and 3A5. This study provides valuable information on the in vitro metabolism of graveoline, which is indispensable for further development and safety evaluation of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Department of Physical Education, Taiyuan Institute of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Siyuan Guo
- Department of Physical Education, Taiyuan Institute of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shuyi Xi
- Department of Physical Education, Taiyuan Institute of Technology, Taiyuan, China
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5
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Cheng JYK, Hui JWS, Chan WS, So MH, Hong YH, Leung WT, Ku KW, Yeung HS, Lo KM, Fung KM, Ip CY, Dao KL, Cheung BKK. Interpol review of toxicology 2019-2022. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2022; 6:100303. [PMID: 36597440 PMCID: PMC9799715 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2022.100303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Yuk-ki Cheng
- Government Laboratory, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | | | - Wing-sum Chan
- Government Laboratory, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Man-ho So
- Government Laboratory, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Yau-hin Hong
- Government Laboratory, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Wai-tung Leung
- Government Laboratory, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Ka-wai Ku
- Government Laboratory, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Hoi-sze Yeung
- Government Laboratory, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Kam-moon Lo
- Government Laboratory, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Kit-mai Fung
- Government Laboratory, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Chi-yuen Ip
- Government Laboratory, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Kwok-leung Dao
- Government Laboratory, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
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Li X, Yin D, Sun Y. Identification of the metabolite of ophiopogonanone A by liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9311. [PMID: 35557016 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Ophiopogonanone A (OPA) is one of the representative homoisoflavonoids isolated from Ophiopogonis Radix. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize the metabolites of OPA generated in the liver microsomes and hepatocytes of rats and humans. METHODS The metabolites were generated by incubating OPA (5 μM) with liver microsomes or hepatocytes at 37°C. To trap the reactive metabolites, glutathione (GSH, 5mM) was added into microsomal incubations. The metabolite identification and profiling were performed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography combined with photo-diode array detector and quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (LC-Q/TOF-MS). The acquired mass data were processed by MetaboLynx software. The structures of the metabolites were tentatively characterized in terms of their accurate masses, product ions, and retention times. RESULTS Under the present conditions, a total of nine metabolites were detected and their structures were tentatively identified. Among these metabolites, M8 (OPA catechol) was the most abundant metabolite both in rat and human liver microsomes. M7 (glucuronidation product of M8) was the major metabolite both in rat and human hepatocytes. The metabolic pathways of OPA include demethylenation, dehydrogenation, hydroxylation, methylation and glucuronidation and GSH conjugation. CONCLUSION Our results provided valuable information regarding the in vitro metabolism of OPA, which would help us understand the mechanism of the elimination of OPA and in turn the effectiveness and potential toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dengyang Yin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jingjiang People's Hospital, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Jingjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, China
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7
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Wu X, Sun S, Wu X, Sun Z. Identification of the metabolites of methylophiopogonanone A by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9304. [PMID: 35347765 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Methylophiopogonanone A (MOA) is a naturally occurring homoisoflavonoid from the Chinese herb Ophiopogon japonicus, which has been demonstrated to attenuate myocardial apoptosis. However, the metabolism of MOA remains unknown. The goal of the present work was to investigate the in vitro metabolism of MOA using liver microsomes and hepatocytes. METHODS The metabolites were generated by incubating MOA with rat, monkey and human liver microsomes or hepatocytes. The resulting samples were analyzed by using a quadrupole-orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometer. The metabolites were identified through the measurements of the exact mass, elemental composition and product ions. RESULTS A total of 15 metabolites were detected and identified. Among these metabolites, M7 (demethylenation) was the most abundant metabolite in liver microsomes, while M6 (hydroxylation) was the predominant metabolite in hepatocytes, and glucuronidation metabolites (M9 and M10) were also the main metabolites in hepatocytes. The metabolic pathways of MOA included hydroxylation, demethylenation, glucuronidation, methylation, sulfation and glutathione conjugation. CONCLUSIONS This study for the first time provides valuable data on the metabolites of MOA, which will be of great importance for a better understanding of its disposition and to predict human pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shuai Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zengxian Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, China
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8
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Zhang H, Hu Z, Zhang H, Sun X, Yang J, Yuan J. Characterization of the metabolites of tirabrutinib generated from rat, dog and human liver microsomes using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9240. [PMID: 34904306 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Tirabrutinib is an orally administered Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor developed for the treatment of autoimmune disorders and haematological malignancies. The goals of this study were to identify the metabolites of tirabrutinib and to propose the metabolic pathways. METHODS Tirabrutinib was individually incubated with rat, dog and human liver microsomes at 37°C for 1 h. To trap the potential reactive metabolites, glutathione (GSH) was incorporated into the incubation samples. The incubation samples were analysed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). The metabolites were identified and characterized by exact masses, product ions and retention times. RESULTS A total of 18 metabolites, including four GSH conjugates, were identified and characterized in terms of elemental compositions and product ions. The metabolic pathways of tirabrutinib included amide hydrolysis, O-dealkylation, mono-oxygenation, di-oxygenation and GSH conjugation. Among these metabolites, M10 was the most abundant metabolite. Compared with dog, rat has the closer metabolic profiles to humans, and thus it would be more suitable for toxicity study. CONCLUSIONS This study provides valuable data regarding the in vitro metabolism of tirabrutinib, which may be helpful for further safety assessment of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjian Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health & Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Zhen Hu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Huiping Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health & Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Xiyan Sun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health & Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Jianming Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jie Yuan
- Anhui Provincial Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hefei, China
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Tuerxuntayi A, Tusun A, Tajiguli A. Rapid detection and structural characterization of methysticin metabolites generated from rat and human liver microsomes and hepatocytes using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9208. [PMID: 34606659 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Methysticin is a naturally occurring ingredient isolated from Piper methysticum Forst. The metabolic profile of methysticin is unknown. The goal of this study was to elucidate the metabolism of methysticin using rat and human liver microsomes and hepatocytes. METHODS The incubation samples were analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole/orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). The structures of the metabolites were characterized based on the elemental composition, exact mass, and product ions. RESULTS A total of 10 metabolites were detected and identified. Among these metabolites, M4 (ring opening of 1,3-benzodioxole) was the predominant metabolite in rat and human liver microsomes. M4 and its glucuronide conjugate (M2) were the major metabolites in rat and human hepatocytes. The metabolic pathways of methysticin are summarized as follows: (a) oxidative ring opening of 1,3-benzodioxole forms the catechol derivative (M4), which subsequently undergoes glucuronidation (M1 and M2), methylation (M8), and sulfation (M7). (b) Demethylation to yield desmethyl methysticin (M6), followed by glucuronidation (M3 and M5). (c) Hydroxylation (M9 and M10). CONCLUSIONS For the first time, this study provides new information on the in vitro metabolic profiles of methysticin, which facilitates an understanding of the disposition of this bioactive ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adila Tuerxuntayi
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Special Species Conservation and Regulatory Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology in Arid Land, College of Life Science, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, China
| | - Abudourusuli Tusun
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Special Species Conservation and Regulatory Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology in Arid Land, College of Life Science, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, China
| | - Abulikemu Tajiguli
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Special Species Conservation and Regulatory Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology in Arid Land, College of Life Science, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, China
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10
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Gaunitz F, Andresen-Streichert H. Analytical findings in a non-fatal intoxication with the synthetic cannabinoid 5F-ADB (5F-MDMB-PINACA): a case report. Int J Legal Med 2021; 136:577-589. [PMID: 34921326 PMCID: PMC8847293 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-021-02717-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The case report centres on analytical findings from a spice sample (mixed with tobacco (as a cigarette) for consumption), and its corresponding plasma sample, smoked by a 31-year-old man who was attended by emergency services following collapse. The man was fully conscious and cooperative during initial medical treatment. Suddenly, he suffered a complete loss of self-control, whereupon the police was notified. The man encountered the police officers when exiting the apartment, at which point he threatened them with clenched fists and reached for a plant bucket in order to strike out in the direction of the officers. At the trial, he described himself as confused and as being completely overwhelmed, having lost self-control, suffered a panic attack and “just wanted to get out the situation”. Furthermore, he stated that he had no recollection of the incident. He feared death due to palpitations, heart pain, dizziness and repetitive anxiety states. Routine systematic as well as extended toxicological analysis of the plasma sample, taken approximately 2 h after the incident, confirmed the use of cannabis and spice. Plasma concentrations of THC, OH-THC and THC-COOH were 8.0 μg/L, 4.0 μg/L and 147 μg/L, respectively. Furthermore, analysis confirmed uptake of 5F-ADB (5F-MDMB-PINACA) via detection of both 5F-ADB and the 5F-ADB N-(5-OH-pentyl) metabolite. The spice sample additionally contained 5F-MDMB-PICA, which was not detected in the plasma sample. A differentiation between a possible co-use and a recent use of cannabis was not possible. In summary, this case once more underlines the health risks of spice use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Gaunitz
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Hilke Andresen-Streichert
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Cologne, Germany
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11
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Su G, Qin L, Su X, Tao C. Pyrotinib in vitro metabolite profiling via rat, dog and human hepatocytes using liquid chromatography-quadrupole/orbitrap mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9195. [PMID: 34491599 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Pyrotinib is an irreversible EGFR/HER2 inhibitor that has shown antitumor activity and tolerance in the treatment of breast cancer. Studies focused on its metabolic pathways and major metabolites are insufficient. In the evaluation of drug safety and therapeutic use, metabolite characterization is critical. The metabolism of pyrotinib in vitro was studied utilizing rat, dog and human hepatocytes in this study. METHODS Pyrotinib (10 μM) was incubated with hepatocytes in Williams' E medium. The metabolites were examined and profiled using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole/orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. The metabolite structures were deduced by comparing their precise molecular weights, fragment ions and retention times with those of the parent drug. RESULTS A total of 16 metabolites, including 6 novel ones, were discovered and structurally described under the present conditions. Oxidation, demethylation, dehydrogenation, O-dealkylation and glutathione (GSH) conjugation were all involved in the metabolism of pyrotinib in hepatocytes. The most predominant metabolic route was identified as GSH conjugation (M5). CONCLUSIONS This study generated valuable metabolite profiles of pyrotinib in several species, which will aid in the understanding of the drug's disposition in various species and in evaluating the contribution of metabolites to overall effectiveness and toxicity of pyrotinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guosheng Su
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, People's Hospital of Guangxi-ASEAN Economic and Technological Development Zone, Nanning Tenth People's Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Lihua Qin
- Graduate School Master Arts of Nursing, University of Perpetual Help System DALTA, Las Piñas City, Philippines.,Department of Internal Medicine, People's Hospital of Guangxi-ASEAN Economic and Technological Development Zone, Nanning Tenth People's Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Xiaoye Su
- Graduate School Master Arts of Nursing, University of Perpetual Help System DALTA, Las Piñas City, Philippines
| | - Chuanmin Tao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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12
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An J, Yang J, Wei Y, Liu Y, Song Y, Zhang Z, Pan Y. Identification of the metabolites of rhapontigenin in rat and human by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9180. [PMID: 34363627 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Rhapontigenin, a stilbene compound isolated from the medicinal plant of rhubarb rhizomes, has shown a variety of biological activities. The purpose of this study was to identify and characterize the metabolites of rhapontigenin in rat liver microsomes, hepatocytes, urine, and human liver microsomes and hepatocytes. METHODS The samples were analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization quadrupole/orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/Orbitrap-HRMS). The structures of the metabolites were interpreted by MS, MS/MS data, and elemental compositions. RESULTS A total of 11 metabolites were detected and tentatively identified. M1, identified as piceatannol, was unambiguously identified using reference standard. Our results suggested that rhapontigenin was metabolized through the following pathways: (a) demethylation to produce piceatannol (M1), which further underwent oxidation to form ortho-quinone intermediate. This intermediate was reactive and conjugated with GSH (M10 and M11), which were further converted into N-acetyl-cysteine and excreted in urine. M1 also underwent sulfation (M8) and glucuronidation (M5); (b) direct sulfation, forming M6 and M7; and (c) direct glucuronidation to form M2, M3, and M4. Glucuronidation was a major metabolic pathway in hepatocytes and urine. CONCLUSIONS The current study provides an overview of the metabolism of rhapontigenin, which is of great importance for us to understand the disposition of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhi An
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuan Wei
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yunsi Liu
- Department of Radiological, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yan Song
- Department of Radiological, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zuzhuo Zhang
- Department of Radiological, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ying Pan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Salle S, Sevestre C, Richeval C, Hakim F, Allorge D, Gaulier JM. Involuntary 5F-ADB-related intoxication following e-cigarette use. Int J Legal Med 2021; 135:1467-1470. [PMID: 33765158 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-021-02561-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The detection of synthetic cannabinoid (SC) intoxication cases is challenging, even more when the involved SC identification is requested in a forensic context. This situation can be complicated by new modes of SC consumption, non-specific symptomatology, and analytical pitfalls. To illustrate these issues, we report the case of a 16-year-old man who presented symptoms evocating of a seizure disorder in the minutes following the use of a friend's e-cigarette. At admission in the emergency department, his electroencephalogram was interpreted as coherent with a recent seizure episode. 5F-ADB, a third generation SC, was detected in the e-liquid and in an early collected (H2 after the e-cigarette use) serum sample (0.50 µg/L), but not in urine samples (H18 and H38). One 5F-ADB metabolite, O-desmethyl-5F-ADB (M5), was detectable in urine up to at least 38 h after intoxication. Neither 5F-ADB nor its metabolites could be detected in victim's hair sampled 3 months after the intoxication. Although leading to a non-specific symptomatology, acute SC intoxication should be considered when the case history is related to e-cigarette or e-liquid use. Early biological samples are recommended, even if analytical screening can be positive for SC metabolites in urine sampled until 2 days after exposure. Accordingly, data from the literature and the present case underscore the relevance of adding both main 5F-ADB metabolites (M5 and 5-OH-pentyl-ADB) to mass spectrum databases used for toxicological screening in order to reduce the risk of false-negative results in intoxication cases involving 5F-ADB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Salle
- CHU Lille, Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie, F-59000, Lille, France.,Direction Centrale du Service de Santé Des Armées, F-75017, Paris, France.,Paris University, INSERM UMRS-1144, F-75006, Paris, France
| | | | - Camille Richeval
- CHU Lille, Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie, F-59000, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, ULR 4483 - IMPECS - IMPact de L'Environnement Chimique Sur La Santé Humaine, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Florian Hakim
- CHU Lille, Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie, F-59000, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, ULR 4483 - IMPECS - IMPact de L'Environnement Chimique Sur La Santé Humaine, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Delphine Allorge
- CHU Lille, Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie, F-59000, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, ULR 4483 - IMPECS - IMPact de L'Environnement Chimique Sur La Santé Humaine, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Michel Gaulier
- CHU Lille, Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie, F-59000, Lille, France. .,Univ. Lille, ULR 4483 - IMPECS - IMPact de L'Environnement Chimique Sur La Santé Humaine, F-59000, Lille, France.
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14
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A Systematic Study of the In Vitro Pharmacokinetics and Estimated Human In Vivo Clearance of Indole and Indazole-3-Carboxamide Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists Detected on the Illicit Drug Market. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051396. [PMID: 33807614 PMCID: PMC7961380 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro pharmacokinetic studies were conducted on enantiomer pairs of twelve valinate or tert-leucinate indole and indazole-3-carboxamide synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) detected on the illicit drug market to investigate their physicochemical parameters and structure-metabolism relationships (SMRs). Experimentally derived Log D7.4 ranged from 2.81 (AB-FUBINACA) to 4.95 (MDMB-4en-PINACA) and all SCRAs tested were highly protein bound, ranging from 88.9 ± 0.49% ((R)-4F-MDMB-BINACA) to 99.5 ± 0.08% ((S)-MDMB-FUBINACA). Most tested SCRAs were cleared rapidly in vitro in pooled human liver microsomes (pHLM) and pooled cryopreserved human hepatocytes (pHHeps). Intrinsic clearance (CLint) ranged from 13.7 ± 4.06 ((R)-AB-FUBINACA) to 2944 ± 95.9 mL min−1 kg−1 ((S)-AMB-FUBINACA) in pHLM, and from 110 ± 34.5 ((S)-AB-FUBINACA) to 3216 ± 607 mL min−1 kg−1 ((S)-AMB-FUBINACA) in pHHeps. Predicted Human in vivo hepatic clearance (CLH) ranged from 0.34 ± 0.09 ((S)-AB-FUBINACA) to 17.79 ± 0.20 mL min−1 kg−1 ((S)-5F-AMB-PINACA) in pHLM and 1.39 ± 0.27 ((S)-MDMB-FUBINACA) to 18.25 ± 0.12 mL min−1 kg−1 ((S)-5F-AMB-PINACA) in pHHeps. Valinate and tert-leucinate indole and indazole-3-carboxamide SCRAs are often rapidly metabolised in vitro but are highly protein bound in vivo and therefore predicted in vivo CLH is much slower than CLint. This is likely to give rise to longer detection windows of these substances and their metabolites in urine, possibly as a result of accumulation of parent drug in lipid-rich tissues, with redistribution into the circulatory system and subsequent metabolism.
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Presley BC, Castaneto MS, Logan BK, Jansen-Varnum SA. Assessment of synthetic cannabinoid FUB-AMB and its ester hydrolysis metabolite in human liver microsomes and human blood samples using UHPLC-MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 34:e4884. [PMID: 32415732 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
FUB-AMB, an indazole carboxamide synthetic cannabinoid recreational drug, was one of the compounds most frequently reported to governmental agencies worldwide between 2016 and 2019. It has been implicated in intoxications and fatalities, posing a risk to public health. In the current study, FUB-AMB was incubated with human liver microsomes (HLM) to assess its metabolic fate and stability and to determine if its major ester hydrolysis metabolite (M1) was present in 12 authentic forensic human blood samples from driving under the influence of drug cases and postmortem investigations using UHPLC-MS/MS. FUB-AMB was rapidly metabolized in HLM, generating M1 that was stable through a 120-min incubation period, a finding that indicates a potential long detection window in human biological samples. M1 was identified in all blood samples, and no parent drug was detected. The authors propose that M1 is a reliable marker for inclusion in laboratory blood screens for FUB-AMB; this metabolite may be pharmacologically active like its precursor FUB-AMB. M1 frequently appears in samples in which the parent drug is undetectable and can point to the causative agent. The results suggest that it is imperative that synthetic cannabinoid laboratory assay panels include metabolites, especially known or potential pharmacologically active metabolites, particularly for compounds with short half-lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon C Presley
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Barry K Logan
- The Center for Forensic Science Research and Education at the Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, Willow Grove, Pennsylvania, USA
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