Quasi-non-linear deformation modeling of a human liver based on artificial and experimental data

On the flexible needle insertion into the human liver

In the present research, the navigation of a flexible needle into the human liver in the context of the robotic-assisted intraoperative treatment of the liver tumors, is reported. Cosserat (micropolar) elasticity is applied to describe the interaction between the needle and the human liver. The theory incorporates the local rotation of points and the couple stress (a torque per unit area) as well as the force stress (force per unit area) representing the chiral features of the human liver. To predict the deformation of the needle and the liver, the elastic properties of the human liver have been evaluated. Outcomes reveal that considering smaller deformations of the needle and the liver results in better needle navigation mechanism. The needle geometry can enhance the penetration.

Scan Parameter Optimization for Histotripsy Treatment of S. Aureus Biofilms on Surgical Mesh

There is a critical need to develop new noninvasive therapies to treat bacteria biofilms. Previous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of cavitation-based ultrasound histotripsy to destroy these biofilms. In this study, the dependence of biofilm destruction on multiple scan parameters was assessed by conducting exposures at different scan speeds (0.3-1.4 beamwidths/s), step sizes (0.25-0.5 beamwidths), and the number of passes of the focus across the mesh (2-6). For each of the exposure conditions, the number of colony-forming units (CFUs) remaining on the mesh was quantified. A regression analysis was then conducted, revealing that the scan speed was the most critical parameter for biofilm destruction. Reducing the number of passes and the scan speed should allow for more efficient biofilm destruction in the future, reducing the treatment time.

Impact of High-Intensity Ultrasound on Strength of Surgical Mesh When Treating Biofilm Infections

The use of cavitation-based ultrasound histotripsy to treat infections on surgical mesh has shown great potential. However, any impact of the therapy on the mesh must be assessed before the therapy can be applied in the clinic. The goal of this study was to determine if the cavitation-based therapy would reduce the strength of the mesh thus compromising the functionality of the mesh. First, Staphylococcus aureus biofilms were grown on the surgical mesh samples and exposed to high-intensity ultrasound pulses. For each exposure, the effectiveness of the therapy was confirmed by counting the number of colony forming units (CFUs) on the mesh. Most of the exposed meshes had no CFUs with an average reduction of 5.4-log₁₀ relative to the sham exposures. To quantify the impact of the exposure on mesh strength, the force required to tear the mesh and the maximum mesh expansion before damage were quantified for control, sham, and exposed mesh samples. There was no statistical difference between the exposed and sham/control mesh samples in terms of ultimate tensile strength and corresponding mesh expansion. The only statistical difference was with respect to mesh orientation relative to the applied load. The tensile strength increased by 1.36 N while the expansion was reduced by 1.33 mm between different mesh orientations.

Histotripsy Treatment of S. Aureus Biofilms on Surgical Mesh Samples Under Varying Scan Parameters

Cavitation-based ultrasound histotripsy has shown potential for treating infections on surgical mesh. The goal of this paper was to explore a new scan strategy while assessing the impact of scan speed, scan step size, and the number of cycles in the tone burst on the destruction of S. aureus biofilms grown on surgical mesh samples using ultrasound histotripsy pulses (150 MPa/-17 MPa). For each exposure, the number of colony forming units (CFUs) on the mesh and released onto the surrounding gel was quantified. Most of the exposed mesh samples had no CFUs, and there was a statistically significant reduction in CFUs on the mesh for each of the exposures, with an average reduction of 3.8 log10 relative to the sham. Compared with the sham, there was also a statistically significant reduction in CFUs on the gel with the highest exposures.

Histotripsy Treatment of S. Aureus Biofilms on Surgical Mesh Samples Under Varying Pulse Durations

Prior studies demonstrated that histotripsy generated by high-intensity tone bursts to excite a bubble cloud adjacent to a medical implant can destroy the bacteria biofilm responsible for the infection. The goal of this paper was to treat Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) biofilms on surgical mesh samples while varying the number of cycles in the tone burst to minimize collateral tissue damage while maximizing therapy effectiveness. S. aureus biofilms were grown on 1-cm square surgical mesh samples. The biofilms were then treated in vitro using a spherically focused transducer (1.1 MHz, 12.9-cm focal length, 12.7-cm diameter) using either a sham exposure or histotripsy pulses with tone burst durations of 3, 5, or 10 cycles (pulse repetition frequency of 333 Hz, peak compressional pressure of 150 MPa, peak rarefactional pressure of 17 MPa). After treatment, the number of colony forming units (CFUs) on the mesh and the surrounding gel was independently determined. The number of CFUs remaining on the mesh for the sham exposure (4.8 ± 0.9-log₁₀) (sample mean ± sample standard deviation-log10 from 15 observations) was statistically significantly different from the 3-cycle (1.9 ± 1.5-log₁₀), 5-cycle (2.2 ± 1.1-log₁₀), and 10-cycle exposures (1 ± 1.5-log₁₀) with an average reduction in the number of CFUs of 3.1-log₁₀. The numbers of CFUs released into the gel for both the sham and exposure groups were the same within a bound of 0.86-log₁₀, but this interval was too large to deduce the fate of the bacteria in the biofilm following the treatment.