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Krylov VB, Nifantiev NE. Synthetic Oligosaccharides Mimicking Fungal Cell Wall Polysaccharides. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 425:1-16. [PMID: 31875266 DOI: 10.1007/82_2019_187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall of pathogenic fungi is highly important for the development of fungal infections and is the first cellular component to interact with the host immune system. The fungal cell wall is mainly built up of different polysaccharides representing ligands for pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on immune cells and antibodies. Purified fungal polysaccharides are not easily available; in addition, they are structurally heterogenic and have wide molecular weight distribution that limits the possibility to use natural polysaccharides to assess the structure of their active determinants. The synthetic oligosaccharides of definite structure representing distinct polysaccharide fragments are indispensable tools for a variety of biological investigations and represent an advantageous alternative to natural polysaccharides. The attachment of a spacer group to these oligosaccharides permits their efficient transformation into immunogenic glycoconjugates as well as their immobilization on plates or microbeads. Herein, we summarize current information on synthetic availability of the variety of oligosaccharides related to main types of fungal cell wall components: galactomannan, α- and β-mannan, α- and β-(1 → 3)-glucan, chitin, chitosan, and others. These data are supplemented with published results of biochemical and immunological applications of synthetic oligosaccharides as molecular probes especially as the components of thematic glycoarrays suitable for characterization of anti-polysaccharide antibodies and cellular lectins or PRRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim B Krylov
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay E Nifantiev
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
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Argunov DA, Krylov VB, Nifantiev NE. The Use of Pyranoside-into-Furanoside Rearrangement and Controlled O(5) → O(6) Benzoyl Migration as the Basis of a Synthetic Strategy To Assemble (1→5)- and (1→6)-Linked Galactofuranosyl Chains. Org Lett 2016; 18:5504-5507. [PMID: 27759393 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new pyranoside-into-furanoside (PIF) rearrangement of selectively protected galactopyranosides, followed by controlled O(5) → O(6) benzoate migration, gives either 5-OH or 6-OH products. It has been applied for the synthesis of four oligosaccharides related to the galactomannan from Aspergillus fumigatus. The assembly of target oligosaccharides containing both (1→5) and (1→6) linkages between galactofuranosyl residues was performed by applying terminal mannoside and digalactofuranoside blocks, forming a versatile approach toward fungal and bacterial carbohydrate antigens containing both 5-O- and 6-O-substituted galactofuranoside residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A Argunov
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vadim B Krylov
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolay E Nifantiev
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
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Argunov DA, Krylov VB, Nifantiev NE. Convergent synthesis of isomeric heterosaccharides related to the fragments of galactomannan from Aspergillus fumigatus. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:3255-67. [PMID: 25643073 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02634a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a very common fungus with high pathogenic potential for immunosuppressed hospital patients. A. fumigatus galactomannan, being the part of its cell wall, is considered as a promising candidate for vaccine and diagnostic test-systems. In this article we report the convergent synthesis of pentasaccharide fragments of the galactomannan containing the β-(1→5)-linked galactofuranoside chain attached to O-3 or O-6 of a spacer-armed mannopyranoside residue. The synthesis of selectively protected galactofuranoside precursors has been performed using recently developed pyranoside-into-furanoside (PIF) rearrangement. For assembling the target galactomannan structures the [1 + 2 + 2]-scheme was applied. This strategy was shown to be highly efficient and can easily be extended to the synthesis of longer fragments of thegalactomannan.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Argunov
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
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Krylov VB, Argunov DA, Vinnitskiy DZ, Verkhnyatskaya SA, Gerbst AG, Ustyuzhanina NE, Dmitrenok AS, Huebner J, Holst O, Siebert HC, Nifantiev NE. Pyranoside-into-furanoside rearrangement: new reaction in carbohydrate chemistry and its application in oligosaccharide synthesis. Chemistry 2014; 20:16516-22. [PMID: 25319316 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Great interest in natural furanoside-containing compounds has challenged the development of preparative methods for their synthesis. Herein a novel reaction in carbohydrate chemistry, namely a pyranoside-into-furanoside (PIF) rearrangement permitting the transformation of selectively O-substituted pyranosides into the corresponding furanosides is reported. The discovered process includes acid-promoted sulfation accompanied by rearrangement of the pyranoside ring into a furanoside ring followed by solvolytic O-desulfation. This process, which has no analogy in organic chemistry, was shown to be a very useful tool for the synthesis of furanoside-containing complex oligosaccharides, which was demonstrated by synthesizing disaccharide derivatives α-D-Galp-(1→3)-β-D-Galf-OPr, 3-O-s-lactyl-β-D-Galf-(1→3)-β-D-Glcp-OPr, and α-L-Fucf-(1→4)-β-D-GlcpA-OPr related to polysaccharides from the bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterococcus faecalis and the brown seaweed Chordaria flagelliformis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim B Krylov
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, 119991 Moscow (Russian Federation)
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Zuurmond HM, van der Klein PAM, van der Meer PH, van der Marel GA, van Boom JH. Iodonium ion-mediated glycosidations of phenyl selenoglycosides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19921110706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Zuurmond HM, van der Marel GA, van Boom JH. Potential usefulness of sugar 1,2 thio ortho esters in iodonium-promoted glycosidation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19931120905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Zuurmond HM, van der Marel GA, van Boom JH. Iodonium ion-promoted glycosidation of sugar 1,2-thio-orthoesters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19911100610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chiu-Machado I, Castro-Palomino JC, Madrazo-Alonso O, Lopetegui-Palacios C, Verez-Bencomo V. Synthesis of Ribofuranosides by Catalysis with Lewis Acids. Glycosidation Versus Transacetylation. J Carbohydr Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/07328309508005357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kremer L, Dover LG, Morehouse C, Hitchin P, Everett M, Morris HR, Dell A, Brennan PJ, McNeil MR, Flaherty C, Duncan K, Besra GS. Galactan biosynthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Identification of a bifunctional UDP-galactofuranosyltransferase. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:26430-40. [PMID: 11304545 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m102022200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and related genera is unique among prokaryotes, consisting of a covalently bound complex of mycolic acids, D-arabinan and D-galactan, which is linked to peptidoglycan via a special linkage unit consisting of Rhap-(1-->3)-GlcNAc-P. Information concerning the biosynthesis of this entire polymer is now emerging with the promise of new drug targets against tuberculosis. Accordingly, we have developed a galactosyltransferase assay that utilizes the disaccharide neoglycolipid acceptors beta-d-Galf-(1-->5)-beta-D-Galf-O-C(10:1) and beta-D-Galf-(1-->6)-beta-D-Galf-O-C(10:1), with UDP-Gal in conjunction with isolated membranes. Chemical analysis of the subsequent reaction products established that the enzymatically synthesized products contained both beta-D-Galf linkages ((1-->5) and (1-->6)) found within the mycobacterial cell, as well as in an alternating (1-->5) and (1-->6) fashion consistent with the established structure of the cell wall. Furthermore, through a detailed examination of the M. tuberculosis genome, we have shown that the gene product of Rv3808c, now termed glfT, is a novel UDP-galactofuranosyltransferase. This enzyme possesses dual functionality in performing both (1-->5) and (1-->6) galactofuranosyltransferase reactions with the above neoglycolipid acceptors, using membranes isolated from the heterologous host Escherichia coli expressing Rv3808c. Thus, at a biochemical and genetic level, the polymerization of the galactan region of the mycolyl-arabinogalactan complex has been defined, allowing the possibility of further studies toward substrate recognition and catalysis and assay development. Ultimately, this may also lead to a more rational approach to drug design to be explored in the context of mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kremer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
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Gelin M, Ferrières V, Plusquellec D. A General and Diastereoselective Synthesis of 1,2-cis-Hexofuranosides from 1,2-trans-Thiofuranosyl Donors. European J Org Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0690(200004)2000:8<1423::aid-ejoc1423>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Gohlke H, Immel S, Lichtenthaler FW. Conformations and lipophilicity profiles of some cyclic β-(1→3)- and β-(1→6)-linked oligogalactofuranosides. Carbohydr Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(99)00174-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C. McAuliffe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Ole Hindsgaul
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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Stereospecific 1,2-ethyl(phenyl)thio group migration in sugars: stereocontrolled synthesis of precursors to α- and β-2-deoxyglycosides. Tetrahedron Lett 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(92)88142-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Iodonium ion-assisted glycosylation of alkyl (aryl) 1-thio-glycosides: regulation of stereoselectivity and reactivity. Carbohydr Res 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(91)84036-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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