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Schwinger DP, Pickl T, Bach T. Photochemical Isomerization of Cyclohept-1-ene-1-carbaldehyde: Strain-Release Cycloadditions and Ene Reactions. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12844-12852. [PMID: 37578442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Cyclohept-1-ene-1-carbaldehyde undergoes photoinduced E → Z isomerization at λ = 350 nm. The ring strain facilitates Diels-Alder cycloaddiions with 1,3-dienes, [3 + 2] cycloadditions with 1,3-dipoles, and ene reactions with olefins. Products are trans-fused at the cycloheptane core and were obtained in yields of up to 82%. Single crystal X-ray analyses corroborated the constitution and relative configuration of key products. With BF3 as a Lewis acid and 2,3-dimethylbuta-1,3-diene, cyclohept-1-ene-1-carbaldehyde reacted in the dark and rearranged stereoselectively to a tricyclic ketone (87%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Schwinger
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Pickl
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
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Schwinger DP, Peschel MT, Jaschke C, Jandl C, de Vivie-Riedle R, Bach T. Diels-Alder Reaction of Photochemically Generated ( E)-Cyclohept-2-enones: Diene Scope, Reaction Pathway, and Synthetic Application. J Org Chem 2022; 87:4838-4851. [PMID: 35315664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Upon irradiation at λ = 350 nm, cyclohept-2-enone undergoes an isomerization to the strained (E)-isomer. The process was studied by XMS-CASPT2 calculations and found to proceed by two competitive reaction channels on either the singlet or the triplet hypersurface. (E)-Cyclohept-2-enone is a reactive dienophile in thermal [4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions with various dienes. Ten different dienes were probed, most of which─except for 1,3-cyclohexadiene─underwent a clean Diels-Alder reaction and gave the respective trans-fused six-membered rings in good yields (68-98%). The reactions with furan were studied in detail, both experimentally and by DLPNO-CCSD(T) calculations. Two diastereoisomers were formed in a ratio of 63/35 with the exo-product prevailing, and the configuration of both diastereoisomers was corroborated by single crystal X-ray crystallography. The outcome of the photoinduced Diels-Alder reaction matched both qualitatively and quantitatively the calculated reaction pathway. Apart from cyclohept-2-enone, five additional cyclic hept-2-enones and cyclooct-2-enone were employed in their (E)-form as dienophiles in the Diels-Alder reaction with 1,3-cyclopentadiene (80-98% yield). The method was eventually applied to a concise total synthesis of racemic trans-α-himachalene (four steps, 14% overall yield).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Schwinger
- School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Martin T Peschel
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 11, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Constantin Jaschke
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 11, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Christian Jandl
- School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Regina de Vivie-Riedle
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 11, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
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ALTUNDAS A. Bromination of 1,2-Dimethylenecyclohexane: Temperature Effect on Product Distribution. GAZI UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.35378/gujs.466697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Ganapathy S, Kratz S, Chen Q, Hellingwerf KJ, de Groot HJM, Rothschild KJ, de Grip WJ. Redshifted and Near-infrared Active Analog Pigments Based upon Archaerhodopsin-3. Photochem Photobiol 2019; 95:959-968. [PMID: 30860604 PMCID: PMC6849744 DOI: 10.1111/php.13093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Archaerhodopsin‐3 (AR3) is a member of the microbial rhodopsin family of hepta‐helical transmembrane proteins, containing a covalently bound molecule of all‐trans retinal as a chromophore. It displays an absorbance band in the visible region of the solar spectrum (λmax 556 nm) and functions as a light‐driven proton pump in the archaeon Halorubrum sodomense. AR3 and its mutants are widely used in neuroscience as optogenetic neural silencers and in particular as fluorescent indicators of transmembrane potential. In this study, we investigated the effect of analogs of the native ligand all‐trans retinal A1 on the spectral properties and proton‐pumping activity of AR3 and its single mutant AR3 (F229S). While, surprisingly, the 3‐methoxyretinal A2 analog did not redshift the absorbance maximum of AR3, the analogs retinal A2 and 3‐methylamino‐16‐nor‐1,2,3,4‐didehydroretinal (MMAR) did generate active redshifted AR3 pigments. The MMAR analog pigments could even be activated by near‐infrared light. Furthermore, the MMAR pigments showed strongly enhanced fluorescence with an emission band in the near‐infrared peaking around 815 nm. We anticipate that the AR3 pigments generated in this study have widespread potential for near‐infrared exploitation as fluorescent voltage‐gated sensors in optogenetics and artificial leafs and as proton pumps in bioenergy‐based applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srividya Ganapathy
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Svenja Kratz
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Que Chen
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas J Hellingwerf
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Huub J M de Groot
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kenneth J Rothschild
- Molecular Biophysics Laboratory, Photonics Center and Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Willem J de Grip
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Groesbeek M, Lugtenburg J. Synthesis of nitroxide containing polyenes: Two chemically modified retinals and their interaction with bacterioopsin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19951140906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Groesbeek M, Kirillova YG, Boeff R, Lugtenburg J. Synthesis of six novel retinals and their interaction with bacterioopsin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19941130107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Ippel J, Spijker-Assink M, Groesbeek M, van der Steen R, Altona C, Lugtenburg J. Conformational analysis of all-E
-retinal, all-E
-8,16-methanoretinal, (1S
)-all-E
-8,16-methano-18-norretinal, and all-E
-17,18-dinor-8,16-methanoretinal by means of NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19941130205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Dawadi PBS, Lugtenburg J. Synthesis and use of stable isotope enriched retinals in the field of vitamin A. Molecules 2010; 15:1825-72. [PMID: 20336016 PMCID: PMC6257204 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15031825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of vitamin A and its metabolites in the life processes starting with the historical background and its up to date information is discussed in the introduction. Also the role of 11Z-retinal in vision and retinoic acid in the biological processes is elucidated. The essential role of isotopically enriched systems in the progress of vision research, nutrition research etc. is discussed. In part B industrial commercial syntheses of vitamin A by the two leading companies Hoffmann-La Roche (now DSM) and BASF are discussed. The knowledge obtained via these pioneering syntheses has been essential for the further synthetic efforts in vitamin A field by other scientific groups. The rest of the paper is devoted to the synthetic efforts of the Leiden group that gives an access to the preparation of site directed high level isotope enrichment in retinals. First the synthesis of the retinals with deuterium incorporation in the conjugated side chain is reviewed. Then, 13C-labeled retinals are discussed. This is followed by the discussion of a convergent synthetic scheme that allows a rational access to prepare any isotopomer of retinals. The schemes that provide access to prepare any possible isotope enriched chemically modified systems are discussed. Finally, nor-retinals and bridged retinals that give access to a whole (as yet incomplete) library of possible isotopomers are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prativa B S Dawadi
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Payne AD, Skelton BW, Wege D, White AH. Approaches to Cyclopropazulenes: Transannular Aldol Reactions of Some Derivatives of 1,10-Dibromobicyclo[8.1.0]undecane-3,8-dione. European J Org Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Saikawa Y, Moriya K, Hashimoto K, Nakata M. Synthesis of hipposudoric and norhipposudoric acids: the pigments responsible for the color reaction of the red sweat of Hippopotamus amphibius. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bella M, Cianflone M, Montemurro G, Passacantilli P, Piancatelli G. Chemistry of odorants: stereoselective synthesis of octahydronaphthalene-based perfumery Georgywood, (+,−)-1-[(1R∗,2S∗)-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydro-1,2,8,8-tetramethylnaphthalen-2-yl]ethan-1-one. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Föhlisch B, Korfant H, Meining H, Frey W. Cycloaddition of Acyclic Conjugated Dienes with a Tetrachloro-Substituted Oxyallyl Intermediate Generated from Pentachloroacetone. European J Org Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-0690(200004)2000:7<1335::aid-ejoc1335>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Makino CL, Groesbeek M, Lugtenburg J, Baylor DA. Spectral tuning in salamander visual pigments studied with dihydroretinal chromophores. Biophys J 1999; 77:1024-35. [PMID: 10423447 PMCID: PMC1300393 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(99)76953-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In visual pigments, opsin proteins regulate the spectral absorption of a retinal chromophore by mechanisms that change the energy level of the excited electronic state relative to the ground state. We have studied these mechanisms by using photocurrent recording to measure the spectral sensitivities of individual red rods and red (long-wavelength-sensitive) and blue (short-wavelength-sensitive) cones of salamander before and after replacing the native 3-dehydro 11-cis retinal chromophore with retinal analogs: 11-cis retinal, 3-dehydro 9-cis retinal, 9-cis retinal, and 5,6-dihydro 9-cis retinal. The protonated Schiff's bases of analogs with unsaturated bonds in the ring had broader spectra than the same chromophores bound to opsins. Saturation of the bonds in the ring reduced the spectral bandwidths of the protonated Schiff's bases and the opsin-bound chromophores and made them similar to each other. This indicates that torsion of the ring produces spectral broadening and that torsion is limited by opsin. Saturating the 5,6 double bond in retinal reduced the perturbation of the chromophore by opsin in red and in blue cones but not in red rods. Thus an interaction between opsin and the chromophoric ring shifts the spectral maxima of the red and blue cone pigments, but not that of the red rod pigment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Makino
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, and the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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