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Jia KP, Dickinson AJ, Mi J, Cui G, Xiao TT, Kharbatia NM, Guo X, Sugiono E, Aranda M, Blilou I, Rueping M, Benfey PN, Al-Babili S. Anchorene is a carotenoid-derived regulatory metabolite required for anchor root formation in Arabidopsis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw6787. [PMID: 31807696 PMCID: PMC6881154 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw6787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Anchor roots (ANRs) arise at the root-shoot junction and are the least investigated type of Arabidopsis root. Here, we show that ANRs originate from pericycle cells in an auxin-dependent manner and a carotenogenic signal to emerge. By screening known and assumed carotenoid derivatives, we identified anchorene, a presumed carotenoid-derived dialdehyde (diapocarotenoid), as the specific signal needed for ANR formation. We demonstrate that anchorene is an Arabidopsis metabolite and that its exogenous application rescues the ANR phenotype in carotenoid-deficient plants and promotes the growth of normal seedlings. Nitrogen deficiency resulted in enhanced anchorene content and an increased number of ANRs, suggesting a role of this nutrient in determining anchorene content and ANR formation. Transcriptome analysis and treatment of auxin reporter lines indicate that anchorene triggers ANR formation by modulating auxin homeostasis. Together, our work reveals a growth regulator with potential application to agriculture and a new carotenoid-derived signaling molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Peng Jia
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, The BioActives Lab, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alexandra J. Dickinson
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Jianing Mi
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, The BioActives Lab, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Guoxin Cui
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Red Sea Research Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ting Ting Xiao
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najeh M. Kharbatia
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Core Lab, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiujie Guo
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, The BioActives Lab, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Erli Sugiono
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Organic Chemistry, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Manuel Aranda
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Red Sea Research Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ikram Blilou
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magnus Rueping
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Science and Engineering Division, KAUST Catalysis Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Philip N. Benfey
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, The BioActives Lab, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding author.
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Chen L, Li L, Sampson NS. Access to Bicyclo[4.2.0]octene Monomers To Explore the Scope of Alternating Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization. J Org Chem 2018; 83:2892-2897. [PMID: 29406722 PMCID: PMC5838619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
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Bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-1(8)-ene-8-carboxamides
undergo alternating ring-opening
metathesis polymerization (AROMP) with cyclohexene. Herein, a general
method for the preparation of bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-(8)-ene-8-carboxy
derivatives is described. The central 8-cyano intermediate provides
entry to five different functional group substituents on the alkene.
These monomers were tested as potential substrates for AROMP with
cyclohexene. In addition to the carboxamide, the carboxynitrile and
carboxaldehyde are also substrates for AROMP. In the case of the carboxaldehyde,
the polymer is regioregular. However, the addition of carboxynitrile
is stereoirregular and slow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Liqiang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Nicole S Sampson
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
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Ockenfels A, Schapiro I, Gärtner W. Rhodopsins carrying modified chromophores--the 'making of', structural modelling and their light-induced reactivity. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2016; 15:297-308. [PMID: 26860474 DOI: 10.1039/c5pp00322a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A series of vitamin-A aldehydes (retinals) with modified alkyl group substituents (9-demethyl-, 9-ethyl-, 9-isopropyl-, 10-methyl, 10-methyl-13-demethyl-, and 13-demethyl retinal) was synthesized and their 11-cis isomers were used as chromophores to reconstitute the visual pigment rhodopsin. Structural changes were selectively introduced around the photoisomerizing C11=C12 bond. The effect of these structural changes on rhodopsin formation and bleaching was determined. Global fit of assembly kinetics yielded lifetimes and spectral features of the assembly intermediates. Rhodopsin formation proceeds stepwise with prolonged lifetimes especially for 9-demethyl retinal (longest lifetime τ3 = 7500 s, cf., 3500 s for retinal), and for 10-methyl retinal (τ3 = 7850 s). These slowed-down processes are interpreted as either a loss of fixation (9dm) or an increased steric hindrance (10me) during the conformational adjustment within the protein. Combined quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics (QM/MM) simulations provided structural insight into the retinal analogues-assembled, full-length rhodopsins. Extinction coefficients, quantum yields and kinetics of the bleaching process (μs-to-ms time range) were determined. Global fit analysis yielded lifetimes and spectral features of bleaching intermediates, revealing remarkably altered kinetics: whereas the slowest process of wild-type rhodopsin and of bleached and 11-cis retinal assembled rhodopsin takes place with lifetimes of 7 and 3.8 s, respectively, this process for 10-methyl-13-demethyl retinal was nearly 10 h (34670 s), coming to completion only after ca. 50 h. The structural changes in retinal derivatives clearly identify the precise interactions between chromophore and protein during the light-induced changes that yield the outstanding efficiency of rhodopsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ockenfels
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, D-45470 Mülheim, Germany.
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Dawadi PB, Verhoeven MA, Lugtenburg J. Efficient preparation of 9-Z-11-methylretinal and 11-Z-11-methylretinal. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.11.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Verhoeven MA, Bovee-Geurts PHM, de Groot HJM, Lugtenburg J, DeGrip WJ. Methyl Substituents at the 11 or 12 Position of Retinal Profoundly and Differentially Affect Photochemistry and Signalling Activity of Rhodopsin. J Mol Biol 2006; 363:98-113. [PMID: 16962138 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2006] [Revised: 07/12/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The C-11=C-12 double bond of the retinylidene chromophore of rhodopsin holds a central position in its light-induced photoisomerization and hence the photosensory function of this visual pigment. To probe the local environment of the HC-11=C-12H element we have prepared the 11-methyl and 12-methyl derivatives of 11-Z retinal and incorporated these into opsin to generate the rhodopsin analogs 11-methyl and 12-methyl rhodopsin. These analog pigments form with much slower kinetics and lower efficiency than the native pigment. The initial photochemistry and the signaling activity of the analog pigments were investigated by UV-vis and FTIR spectroscopy, and by a G protein activation assay. Our data indicate that the ultrafast formation of the first photointermediate is strongly perturbed by the presence of an 11-methyl substituent, but much less by a 12-methyl substituent. These results support the current concept of the mechanism of the primary photoisomerization event in rhodopsin. An important stronghold of this concept is an out-of-plane movement of the C-12H element, which is facilitated by torsion as well as extended positive charge delocalization into the C-10-C-13 segment of the chromophore. We argue that this mechanism is maintained principally with a methyl substituent at C-12. In addition, we show that both an 11-methyl and a 12-methyl substitutent perturb the photointermediate cascade and finally yield a low-activity state of the receptor. The 11-methyl pigment retains about 30% of the G protein activation rate of native rhodopsin, while the 12-methyl chromophore behaves like an inverse agonist up to at least 20 degrees C, trapping the protein in a perturbed Meta-I-like conformation. We conclude that the isomerization region of the chromophore and the spatial structure of the binding site are finely tuned, in order to achieve a high photosensory potential with an efficient pathway to a high-activity state.
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Jansen F, Lugtenburg J. Synthesis and Characterization ofall-E-(4,4′-13C2)-Astaxanthin Strategies for Labelling the C15-End Groups of Carotenoids. European J Org Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0690(200003)2000:5%3c829::aid-ejoc829%3e3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Weesie RJ, Merlin JC, de Groot HJ, Britton G, Lugtenburg J, Jansen FJ, Cornard JP. Resonance raman spectroscopy and quantum chemical modeling studies of protein-astaxanthin interactions in alpha-crustacyanin (major blue carotenoprotein complex in carapace of lobster, Homarus gammarus). BIOSPECTROSCOPY 1999; 5:358-70. [PMID: 10604288 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-6343(1999)5:6<358::aid-bspy5>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Resonance Raman spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations were used to investigate the molecular origin of the large redshift assumed by the electronic absorption spectrum of astaxanthin in alpha-crustacyanin, the major blue carotenoprotein from the carapace of the lobster, Homarus gammarus. Resonance Raman spectra of alpha-crustacyanin reconstituted with specifically 13C-labeled astaxanthins at the positions 15, 15,15', 14,14', 13,13', 12,12', or 20,20' were recorded. This approach enabled us to obtain information about the effect of the ligand-protein interactions on the geometry of the astaxanthin chromophore in the ground electronic state. The magnitude of the downshifts of the C==C stretching modes for each labeled compound indicate that the main perturbation on the central part of the polyene chain is not homogeneous. In addition, changes in the 1250-1400 cm(-1) spectral range indicate that the geometry of the astaxanthin polyene chain is moderately changed upon binding to the protein. Semiempirical quantum chemical modeling studies (Austin method 1) show that the geometry change cannot be solely responsible for the bathochromic shift from 480 to 632 nm of protein-bound astaxanthin. The calculations are consistent with a polarization mechanism that involves the protonation or another interaction with a positive ionic species of comparable magnitude with both ketofunctionalities of the astaxanthin-chromophore and support the changes observed in the resonance Raman and visible absorption spectra. The results are in good agreement with the conclusions that were drawn on the basis of a study of the charge densities in the chromophore in alpha-crustacyanin by solid-state NMR spectroscopy. From the results the dramatic bathochromic shift can be explained not only from a change in the ground electronic state conformation but also from an interaction in the excited electronic state that significantly decreases the energy of the pi-antibonding C==O orbitals and the HOMO-LUMO gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Weesie
- Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman, CNRS UMR 8516, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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Raap J, Nieuwenhuis S, Creemers A, Hexspoor S, Kragl U, Lugtenburg J. Synthesis of Isotopically Labelled L-Phenylalanine and L-Tyrosine. European J Org Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0690(199910)1999:10%3c2609::aid-ejoc2609%3e3.0.co%3b2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Raap J, Nieuwenhuis S, Creemers A, Hexspoor S, Kragl U, Lugtenburg J. Synthesis of Isotopically Labelled L-Phenylalanine and L-Tyrosine. European J Org Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0690(199910)1999:10<2609::aid-ejoc2609>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Weesie RJ, Merlin JC, Lugtenburg J, Britton G, Jansen FJ, Cornard JP. Semiempirical and Raman spectroscopic studies of carotenoids. BIOSPECTROSCOPY 1999; 5:19-33. [PMID: 10219878 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-6343(1999)5:1<19::aid-bspy4>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Semiempirical AM1 calculations have been carried out for beta-carotene and the three xanthophylls (zeaxanthin, canthaxanthin, and astaxanthin) containing oxygen functions (hydroxy/keto groups) found in the majority of natural pigment. The fully optimized geometries correspond well with the X-ray structures of beta-carotene and canthaxanthin and indicate that substitutions on the terminal rings have a minimal effect on the conformation of the chromophore. Twisting along the polyenic chain results from steric interaction involving methyl substituents, and a Ci point group can be proposed for the four investigated carotenoids. AM1 calculated excitation energies for the strongly allowed excited states can be compared to with the experimental absorption band in the visible region, considering solvent effect. Resonance Raman (RR) and Fourier transform (FT) Raman spectra of natural astaxanthin as well as astaxanthins specifically 13C labeled at the positions 12,12'; 13,13'; 14,14'; 15,15'; 15, and 20,20' were recorded. Furthermore the RR and FT Raman spectra of the asymmetric carotenoid 20-norastaxanthin are presented. The data reveal a substantial amount of information about the coupling between the different vibrations, and enabled an extensive experimental verification of the theoretical normal-coordinate analysis previously performed on polyenic molecules [J Raman Spectrosc 1983, 14, 310-321; Advances in Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy, Vol. 12, 1985, pp. 115-178; Spectrochim Acta 1996, 53, 381-392; Biochim Biophys Acta 1994, 1185, 188-196]. The results make up a very interesting dataset which allowed the interpretation and/or observation of several, hitherto never observed or not well understood, effects in the Raman spectra of the differently labeled astaxanthins.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Weesie
- Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman, CNRS LP 2631, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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