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McGachy L, Sedlak DL. From Theory to Practice: Leveraging Chemical Principles To Improve the Performance of Peroxydisulfate-Based In Situ Chemical Oxidation of Organic Contaminants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:17-32. [PMID: 38110187 PMCID: PMC10785823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
In situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) using peroxydisulfate has become more popular in the remediation of soils and shallow groundwater contaminated with organic chemicals. Researchers have studied the chemistry of peroxydisulfate and the oxidative species produced upon its decomposition (i.e., sulfate radical and hydroxyl radical) for over five decades, describing reaction kinetics, mechanisms, and product formation in great detail. However, if this information is to be useful to practitioners seeking to optimize the use of peroxydisulfate in the remediation of hazardous waste sites, the relevant conditions of high oxidant concentrations and the presence of minerals and solutes that affect radical chain reactions must be considered. The objectives of this Review are to provide insights into the chemistry of peroxydisulfate-based ISCO that can enable more efficient operation of these systems and to identify research needed to improve understanding of system performance. By gaining a deeper understanding of the underlying chemistry of these complex systems, it may be possible to improve the design and operation of peroxydisulfate-based ISCO remediation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka McGachy
- Department
of Environmental Chemistry, University of
Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech
Republic
| | - David L. Sedlak
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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2
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Zhang R, Zhu Y, Dong J, Yao Z, Zeng G, Sheng X, Xu Z, Lyu S. Fluoranthene degradation in a persulfate system activated by sulfidated nano zero-valent iron (S-nZVI): performance and mechanisms. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2024; 89:225-240. [PMID: 39219127 PMCID: wst_2024_007 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2024.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Fluoranthene (FLT) has received mounting focus due to its hazardous properties and frequent occurrence in groundwater. In this study, sulfidated nano zero-valent iron (S-nZVI) was selected as an efficient catalyst for activating persulfate (PS) to degrade FLT. The effects of reagent doses, various water conditions (pH, anions, and humic acid), and the presence of surfactants on FLT degradation were investigated. Radical probe experiments, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum detection, and scavenging tests were performed to identify the major reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the system. The results showed that in the PS/S-nZVI system, 96.2% of FLT was removed within 120 min at the optimal dose of PS = 0.07 mM and S-nZVI = 0.0072 g L-1. S(-II) in the S-nZVI surface layer promoted Fe(II) regeneration. Furthermore, HO• and SO4-• were identified as the main contributors to FLT degradation. The intermediates of FLT degradation were detected by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and a possible FLT degradation pathway was proposed. Finally, the effective degradation of two other common polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (naphthalene and phenanthrene) demonstrated the broad-spectrum reactivity of the PS/S-nZVI process. In conclusion, these findings strongly demonstrate that the PS/S-nZVI process is a promising alternative for the remediation of PAH-contaminated groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruzhuang Zhang
- Shanghai Chengtou Environmental Ecological Remediation Technology Co., LTD, Shanghai 200331, China E-mail:
| | - Yi Zhu
- Shanghai Chengtou Environmental Ecological Remediation Technology Co., LTD, Shanghai 200331, China
| | - Jiaqi Dong
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhennan Yao
- Shanghai Chengtou Environmental Ecological Remediation Technology Co., LTD, Shanghai 200331, China
| | - Guilu Zeng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xianxian Sheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ziqian Xu
- Shanghai Chengtou Environmental Ecological Remediation Technology Co., LTD, Shanghai 200331, China
| | - Shuguang Lyu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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3
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Demiray Z, Akyol NH, Akyol G, Copty NK. Surfactant-enhanced in-situ oxidation of DNAPL source zone: Experiments and numerical modeling. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2023; 258:104233. [PMID: 37625208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2023.104233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study we investigate the synergetic effects of combining surfactant-enhanced dissolution with in-situ oxidation of a pool-dominated PCE DNAPL source zone entrapped in porous media. Flow cell flushing experiments packed with silica sand and natural calcareous soil were conducted with a surfactant (Tween 80) and permanganate (MnO4-) used as dissolution and oxidation agents, respectively. The resultant breakthrough curves exhibited a multiple step behavior with mass removal controlled in the latter stages by the less-accessible DNAPL mass. DNAPL spatial architecture, flow-field heterogeneity, and flushing solution all influenced the remediation effort. When taking into account both the surfactant-enhanced dissolution and permanganate oxidation processes, mass-flux reduction/mass-removal behavior relationships indicated that the inclusion of oxidation in the remediation scheme delayed the drop in mass flux from the source zone, leading to improved DNAPL removal efficiency. Numerical modeling was also performed to further evaluate the efficacy of the surfactant-enhanced chemical oxidation of DNAPL PCE with permanganate. The system of reaction equations available in the multiphase flow simulator UTCHEM were adapted to simulate the chemical oxidation process in the presence of a surfactant. The model results yield lower oxidation reaction rate constants in the presence of Tween 80, indicating that Tween 80 can interfere with the reaction rate. However, the increase in the solubility of PCE in the presence of Tween 80 more than compensates for the decrease in reaction rate constant. Overall, for Tween 80/MnO4- applied at sufficient dosages, more efficient DNAPL zone remediation was achieved compared to surfactant flushing or permanganate oxidation alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Demiray
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Bogazici University, Bebek, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nihat Hakan Akyol
- Department of Geological Engineering, Kocaeli University, 41380 Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Gokçe Akyol
- Department of Geological Engineering, Kütahya Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Nadim K Copty
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Bogazici University, Bebek, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey.
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4
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Xu JC, Yang LH, Yuan JX, Li SQ, Peng KM, Lu LJ, Huang XF, Liu J. Coupling surfactants with ISCO for remediating of NAPLs: Recent progress and application challenges. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135004. [PMID: 35598784 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) pose a serious risk to the soil-groundwater environment. Coupling surfactants with in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) technology is a promising strategy, which is attributed to the enhanced desorption and solubilization efficiency of NAPL contaminants. However, the complex interactions among surfactants, oxidation systems, and NAPL contaminants have not been fully revealed. This review provides a comprehensive overview on the development of surfactant-coupled ISCO technology focusing on the effects of surfactants on oxidation systems and NAPLs degradation behavior. Specifically, we discussed the compatibility between surfactants and oxidation systems, including the non-productive consumption of oxidants by surfactants, the role of surfactants in catalytic oxidation systems, and the loss of surfactants solubilization capacity during oxidation process. The effect of surfactants on the degradation behavior of NAPL contaminants is then thoroughly summarized in terms of degradation kinetics, byproducts and degradation mechanisms. This review demonstrates that it is crucial to minimize the negative effects of surfactants on NAPL contaminants oxidation process by fully understanding the interaction between surfactants and oxidation systems, which would promote the successful implementation of surfactant-coupled ISCO technology in remediation of NAPLs-contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Cheng Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Li-Heng Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jing-Xi Yuan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Shuang-Qiang Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Kai-Ming Peng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Li-Jun Lu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xiang-Feng Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Frontiers Science Center for Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Jia Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Frontiers Science Center for Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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Zeng G, Yang R, Tian S, Zhou Z, Wang Q, Yu X, Fu R, Lyu S. Elucidating the effect of different desorbents on naphthalene desorption and degradation: Performance and kinetics investigation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 434:128803. [PMID: 35405604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the effect of different desorbents (low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs), surfactants, and inorganic salts) on naphthalene (NAP) desorption in soil was investigated, and the results showed that NAP desorption pattern fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetics. The addition of LMWOAs, especially citric acid (CA), could stimulate the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and NAP degradation in Fe(II) activated persulfate (PS) system, while the presence of surfactants and CaCl2 could inhibit the NAP removal due to the competitive consumption of ROS. The maximum removal of NAP was 97.5% within 120 min at the PS/Fe(II)/CA/NAP molar ratio of 15/5/1/1, and the pseudo-first-order kinetic constant of NAP removal increased from 0.0110 min-1 to 0.0783 min-1 with the addition of CA. Compared with surfactants and inorganic salts, LMWOAs, especially CA, were more suitable as desorbent in soil washing coupled with in situ chemical oxidation technique. Moreover, 1.86 mg L-1 desorbed amount and 36.1% removal of NAP from soil could be obtained with the presence of 1 mM CA. Finally, the significant removal of NAP and other contaminants (phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and benzene series) in actual groundwater could provide theoretical basis and technical support for the remediation of organic contaminated sites with desorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilu Zeng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Rumin Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shuang Tian
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zelong Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiu Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Rongbing Fu
- Center for Environmental Risk Management & Remediation of Soil & Groundwater, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shuguang Lyu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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6
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Zeng G, Yang R, Zhou Z, Huang J, Danish M, Lyu S. Insights into naphthalene degradation in aqueous solution and soil slurry medium: Performance and mechanisms. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132761. [PMID: 34736941 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The performance of naphthalene (NAP) degradation in peroxodisulfate (PDS) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) oxidation systems by nano zero valent iron (nZVI) combined with citric acid (CA) activation was reported in aqueous solution and soil slurry medium. The results in aqueous solution tests indicated that 98.1% and 98.9% of NAP were individually degraded in PDS/nZVI/CA and PMS/nZVI/CA systems within 2 h when the dosages of PDS, PMS, nZVI and CA were 1.0 mM, 0.1 mM, 0.2 mM and 0.1 mM, respectively. The consequences of scavenging tests and electron paramagnetic resonance detection demonstrated that HO• and SO4-• were the key factors on NAP removal. The presence of surfactants could consume ROSs and inhibit NAP removal. In addition, GC-MS was applied for the determination of NAP degradation intermediates, and three possible NAP degradation pathways were proposed in PDS oxidation process and two pathways in PMS oxidation process, respectively. The results in soil slurry medium showed that the presence of CA could promote the dissolution of soil minerals and the desorption of NAP from soil medium. 93.5% and 96.8% degradation of NAP were obtained in PDS/nZVI/CA and PMS/nZVI/CA systems within 24 h. Besides, the existence of DOM in soil could promote Fe(II)/Fe(III) cycle and NAP degradation through electron transfer. Based on the NAP degradation performance in the actual groundwater and soil medium, the above findings could provide basis and strong support for the potential application of PDS/nZVI/CA and PMS/nZVI/CA systems in the remediation of NAP contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilu Zeng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Rumin Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zhengyuan Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jingyao Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Muhammad Danish
- Chemical Engineering Department University of Engineering and Technology (UET), Lahore (Faisalabad Campus), G.T. Road Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shuguang Lyu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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7
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Naphthalene degradation in aqueous solution by Fe(II) activated persulfate coupled with citric acid. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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8
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Sun Y, Li M, Gu X, Danish M, Shan A, Ali M, Qiu Z, Sui Q, Lyu S. Mechanism of surfactant in trichloroethene degradation in aqueous solution by sodium persulfate activated with chelated-Fe(II). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 407:124814. [PMID: 33338809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of surfactants in surfactant-in situ chemical oxidation (S-ISCO) coupled process for trichloroethene (TCE) degradation was firstly reported. The performance of TCE solubilization and inhibition of TCE degradation in three nonionic surfactants (TW-80, Brij-35, TX-100) in PS/Fe(II)/citric acid (CA) system was compared and TW-80 was evaluated to be the optimal surfactant in S-ISCO coupled process due to the best TCE solubilizing ability and minimal inhibition for TCE degradation (only 31.8% TCE inhibition in the presence of 1 g L-1 TW-80 surfactant). The inhibition mechanism in TCE degradation was also demonstrated by comparing the strength of ROSs and PS utilization. In the presence of TW-80 (1 g L-1), over 97.5% TCE was removed at the PS/Fe(II)/CA/TCE molar ratio of 30/4/4/1, in which more than 86.7% TCE was dechlorinated. The result of scavenger experiments revealed that the dominant radicals were HO• and SO4-• in PS/Fe(II)/CA system in TW-80 containing aqueous solution, among which SO4-• performed a greater role in TCE removal. Moreover, over 85.3% TCE degradation in actual groundwater revealed the potential of PS/Fe(II)/CA process for actual groundwater remediation in containing TW-80 of TCE contaminant. This research provided a novel alternative technology for groundwater remediation with TCE contaminant when containing surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Sun
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ming Li
- Shanghai Environment Green Ecological Restoration Technology Co. Ltd., Shanghai 200232, China
| | - Xiaogang Gu
- Shanghai Urban Construction Design & Research Institute (Group) Co., Ltd, 3447 Dongfang Road, Shanghai 200125, China
| | - Muhammad Danish
- Chemical Engineering Department University of Engineering and Technology (UET), Lahore (Faisalabad Campus), G.T. Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ali Shan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Department of Environmental Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore 46000, Pakistan
| | - Meesam Ali
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Department of Chemical Engineering, Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Engineering and Technology, Multan 60000, Pakistan
| | - Zhaofu Qiu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qian Sui
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shuguang Lyu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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Li Y, Zhao HP, Zhu L. Remediation of soil contaminated with organic compounds by nanoscale zero-valent iron: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 760:143413. [PMID: 33246720 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) has been gradually applied in soil remediation due to its strong reducing ability and large specific surface area. Compared to conventional remediation solutions, in situ remediation using nZVI offers some unique advantages. In this review, respective merits and demerits of each approach to nZVI synthesis are summarized in detail, particularly the most commonly used aqueous-phase reduction method featuring surface modification. In order to overcome undesired oxidation and agglomeration of fresh nZVI due to its high reactivity, modifications of nZVI have been developed such as doping with transition metals, stabilization using macromolecules or surfactants, and sulfidation. Mechanisms underlying efficient removal of organic pollutants enabled by the modified nZVI lie in alleviative oxidation and agglomeration of nZVI and enhanced electron utilization efficiency. In addition to chemical modification, other assisting methods for further improving nZVI mobility and reactivity, such as electrokinetics and microbial technologies, are evaluated. The effects of different remediation technologies and soil physicochemical properties on remediation performance of nZVI are also summarized. Overall, this review offers an up-to-date comprehensive understanding of nZVI-driven soil remediation from scientific and practical perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Li
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - He-Ping Zhao
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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García-Cervilla R, Santos A, Romero A, Lorenzo D. Compatibility of nonionic and anionic surfactants with persulfate activated by alkali in the abatement of chlorinated organic compounds in aqueous phase. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 751:141782. [PMID: 32882562 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Surfactant Enhanced In-Situ Chemical Oxidation (S-ISCO) is an emerging technology in the remediation of sites with residual Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLs), a ubiquitous problem in the environment and a challenge to solve. In this work, three nonionic surfactants: E-Mulse3® (E3), Tween80 (T80), and a mixture of Tween80-Span80 (TS80), and an anionic surfactant: sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), combined with persulfate activated by alkali (PSA) as oxidant have been investigated to remove the DNAPL generated as liquid waste in lindane production, which is composed of 28 chlorinated organic compounds (COCs). Because the compatibility between surfactants and oxidants is a key aspect in the S-ISCO effectiveness the unproductive consumption of PS by surfactants was investigated in batch (up to 864 h) varying the initial concentration of PS (84-42 mmol·L-1) and surfactants (0-12 g·L-1) and the NaOH:PS molar ratio (1 and 2). The solubilization capacity of a partially oxidized surfactant was analyzed by estimating its Equivalent Surfactant Capacity, ESC, (as mmolCOCs dissolvedgsurf-1) and comparing it to the expected value for an unoxidized surfactant, ESCo. Finally, the abatement of DNAPL with simultaneous addition of surfactant and PSA was studied. At the conditions used, a negligible unproductive consumption of PS was found by SDS; meanwhile, PS consumption at 360 h ranged between 70 and 80% using the nonionic surfactants. The highest ratios of ESC/ESCo were found with SDS and E3 and these surfactants were chosen for the S-ISCO treatment. When oxidant and surfactant were simultaneously applied for DNAPL abatement the COC conversion was more than three times higher with E3 (0.6 at 360 h) than SDS. Moreover, it was obtained that the time needed for the removal of a mass of DNAPL by PSA in the absence of surfactants was notably higher than the time required when a suitable surfactant was added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul García-Cervilla
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Department, University Complutense of Madrid, Spain.
| | - Aurora Santos
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Department, University Complutense of Madrid, Spain.
| | - Arturo Romero
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Department, University Complutense of Madrid, Spain.
| | - David Lorenzo
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Department, University Complutense of Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Suanon F, Tang L, Sheng H, Fu Y, Xiang L, Wang Z, Shao X, Mama D, Jiang X, Wang F. Organochlorine pesticides contaminated soil decontamination using TritonX-100-enhanced advanced oxidation under electrokinetic remediation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 393:122388. [PMID: 32120218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Remediation of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs)-contaminated soils is urgently required especially in China. Surfactants have emerged as reliable and efficient co-solvent for the treatment of hardly soluble organic pollutants in contaminated soil. Here, we report the use of TritonX-100 (TX-100) in advanced oxidation under electrokinetic technology (EK) for OCPs removal from a historically contaminated soil from a former pharmaceutical industrial wasteland. Result shows that TX-100 (10%) played a key role in soil remediation. In effect, after a treatment period of 15 days, pollutants washed ranged from 50.68% (4,4'-DDT) to 76.07% (HCB), when TX-100 was used as the electrolyte (EK-TX-100). A simple advanced oxidation of the soil using sodium persulfate (PS) under EK approach (EK-PS) was limited to achieve good removal efficiency of the pollutants; as the result of OCPs' hardly dissolvable nature. The achieved removal efficiency were comprised between 22.62% (2,4-DDT) and 55.78% (1,2,4,5-TCB). With the application of TX-100 as co-solvent (EK-TX-100/PS), the pollutants removal efficiency significantly improved (p < 0.05). The treatment efficiency was shifted and up to 88.05% (1,2,4-TCB) was achieved, while the lowest removal efficiency was 56.36% (4,4'-DDE). We come to the conclusion that the use of TX-100-enhanced advanced oxidation (EK-TX-100/PS) as a reliable treatment for remediating organochlorine contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidèle Suanon
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; National Institute of Water, University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP: 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Liu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian, 350116, China
| | - Hongjie Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuhao Fu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Leilei Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ziquan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Xiangwen Shao
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian, 350116, China
| | - Daouda Mama
- National Institute of Water, University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP: 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Xin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Dal Conti-Lampert A, Mater L, Radetski-Silva R, Somensi CA, Poyer-Radetski L, Schmitz F, Dalpiaz FL, Radetski CM. Influence of desorption process and pH adjustement on the efficiency of O 3, O 3/H 2O 2 and O 3/UV treatment of water and soil samples contaminated by crude petroleum. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2020; 55:563-572. [PMID: 31924135 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2020.1711669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the pH and the contaminant desorption/emulsification on ozone (O3), ozone-hydrogen peroxide (O3/H2O2) and ozone-photolysis (O3/UV) oxidation reactions were performed to treat crude petroleum (CP) contaminated soil and water samples. Oxidation efficiency is also related to both free radicals formation in reaction medium (which is dependent of the pH), and contaminant availability (which is dependent of the compounds solubilization or desorption processes). Thus, batch basic processes of O3/H2O2 or O3/UV were improved with sonication system and surfactant addition. In the case of O3/H2O2 process, the reactions were performed at adjusted (pH = 11) and natural pH (free pH= 4-5). The effectiveness of the improved advanced oxidation processes were evaluated through the time-course analysis of the chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), and total organic carbon (TOC) values. For both improved treatment processes, CP-contaminated water samples displayed higher values for TOC removal and BOD5/COD ratios than CP-contaminated soil samples. The O3/H2O2 process provided better results than the O3/UV process regarding degradation efficiency, but the former is associated with higher treatment costs due to H2O2 consumption. Overall, oxidation treatment processes increase their efficiencies when reactions are carried out associated with solubilization and desorption systems promoted by sonication/surfactant action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Dal Conti-Lampert
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, Brasil
| | - Luciana Mater
- Laboratório de Remediação Ambiental, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, Brasil
| | | | - Cleder A Somensi
- Curso de Mestrado Profissional em Tecnologia e Ambiente, Instituto Federal Catarinense, Araquari, Brasil
| | | | - Francielle Schmitz
- Laboratório de Remediação Ambiental, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, Brasil
| | - Felippe L Dalpiaz
- Laboratório de Remediação Ambiental, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, Brasil
| | - Claudemir M Radetski
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, Brasil
- Curso de Mestrado Profissional em Tecnologia e Ambiente, Instituto Federal Catarinense, Araquari, Brasil
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13
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Soil flushing pilot test in a landfill polluted with liquid organic wastes from lindane production. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02875. [PMID: 31768444 PMCID: PMC6872847 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sites contaminated by Dense Non-Aqueous Liquid Phases (DNAPLs) containing chlorinated compounds are a ubiquitous problem caused by spills or the dumping of wastes with no concern for the environment. Their migration by gravity through the subsurface and their accumulation far below ground level make in-situ treatments the most appropriate remediation technologies. In this work, an aqueous solution containing a non-ionic and biodegradable surfactant was injected in the Sardas alluvial layer contaminated at some points with DNAPL (formed by a mixture of more than 28 chlorinated compounds) from lindane production. A volume of 5.28 m3 of an aqueous surfactant emulsion (13 g L-1) was injected at 14.5 m b g.l in the permeable layer (gravel-sand), at a flow rate of 0.6 m3 h-1 and the groundwater was monitored within a test cell (3.5 m radius) built ad hoc. The flow of the injected fluids in the subsurface was also evaluated using a conservative tracer, bromide (130 mg L-1), added to the surfactant solution. Concentration of contaminants, chloride, bromide and surfactant, surface tension and conductivity were measured at the injection point and at three monitoring points over time. High radial dispersion was noticed resulting in high dilution of the injected fluids. The surfactant was not adsorbed in the soil during the injection time, the adsorption of the surfactant took place in the meantime (15 h) between its injection and the groundwater (GW) extraction. The concentration of chlorinated compounds dissolved from the soil in the surfactant aqueous phase when equilibrium was reached (about 850 mg L-1) is related to the moderate average contamination of the soil in the test cell (about 1230 mg kg-1). In contrast, the extraction of the free DNAPL in the altered marls layer was highly enhanced due to the addition of the surfactant. Finally, it was found that the surfactant and the contamination did not migrate from the capture zone.
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Bouzid I, Maire J, Fatin-Rouge N. Comparative assessment of a foam-based oxidative treatment of hydrocarbon-contaminated unsaturated and anisotropic soils. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 233:667-676. [PMID: 31195271 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In situ delivery of liquid reagents in vadose zone is limited by soil anisotropy and gravity. The enhanced delivery of persulfate (PS) as oxidant, using a new foam-based method (F-PS) was compared at bench-scale to traditional water-based (W-PS) and surfactant solution-based (S-PS) deliveries. The goal was to distribute PS uniformly in coal tar-contaminated unsaturated and anisotropic soils, both in terms of permeability and contamination. Water was the less efficiently delivered fluid because of the hydrophobicity of the contaminated soils. Surfactant enhanced PS-distribution into contaminated zones by reducing interfacial tension and inverting soil wettability. Regardless of coal tar contamination contrasts (0 vs. 5 and 1 vs. 10 g kg soil-1) or strong permeability contrasts, PS-solution injection after foam injection led to the most uniform reagents delivery. While PS-concentration varied more than 5-times between zones using W-PS and S-PS methods, it varied less than 1.6-times when the F-PS one was used. Finally, despite unfavorable conditions, the foam-based method did not show any detrimental effect regarding the oxidation of hydrocarbons compared to the W-PS and S-PS methods carried out in ideal conditions. Moreover, hydrocarbon degradation rates were slightly higher when using F-PS than S-PS due to a lower surfactant content in the targeted zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iheb Bouzid
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté - Besançon, Institut UTINAM - UMR CNRS 6213, 16, Route de Gray, 25030, Besançon, France
| | - Julien Maire
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté - Besançon, Institut UTINAM - UMR CNRS 6213, 16, Route de Gray, 25030, Besançon, France
| | - Nicolas Fatin-Rouge
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté - Besançon, Institut UTINAM - UMR CNRS 6213, 16, Route de Gray, 25030, Besançon, France.
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15
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Lyu C, He D, Chang Y, Zhang Q, Wen F, Wang X. Cobalt oxyhydroxide as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst of peroxymonosulfate activation for oil-contaminated soil remediation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 680:61-69. [PMID: 31100669 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The persulfate/Fe2+ system has been proposed for the chemical oxidation for soil remediation, however, the homogeneous iron catalyst was hard to reuse which limited the further application. Cobalt oxyhydroxide (CoOOH) existed as a mineral in nature, which was environmentally friendly. Thus, in this study, CoOOH was selected as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation to remediate oil contaminated soil by chemical oxidized reaction. 88.3% of oil at the initial concentration of 78-99 mg/kg can be removed within 24 h under the conditions of 1.0 g/L CoOOH and 0.1 M PMS at room temperature. The residual oil content was approximately 11.5 mg/kg which was lower than the standard of petroleum hydrocarbons for residential land (30 mg/kg), published by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME). Specifically, the PMS/CoOOH system had a relatively high apparent reaction rate constant (0.3078 h-1), which was approximately twice that of the PS/Fe2+ system (0.1601 h-1). Furthermore, multiple radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as SO4-, O2- and 1O2, were involved in the oil removal oxidation reaction. Moreover, 73% total organic carbon (TOC) had been removed after the reaction. The findings of this study suggested that the oil-contaminated soil and CoOOH could both be recycled after remediation using the PMS/CoOOH system. In summary, the results indicated that CoOOH is a promising heterogeneous catalyst, and the PMS/CoOOH system could be considered as a feasible alternative to the PS/Fe2+ system for the remediation of oil-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Lyu
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, PR China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, PR China.
| | - Dan He
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, PR China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, PR China
| | - Yuming Chang
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, PR China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, PR China
| | - Qihui Zhang
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, PR China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, PR China
| | - Fang Wen
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory for Environmental pollution Monitoring and Risk Warning, Xinjiang Academy of Environmental Protection Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, China
| | - Xiansheng Wang
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, PR China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, PR China
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Trellu C, Chakraborty S, Nidheesh PV, Oturan MA. Environmental Applications of Boron‐Doped Diamond Electrodes: 2. Soil Remediation and Sensing Applications. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201801877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clément Trellu
- Université Paris-EstLaboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement (LGE), EA 4508, UPEM 5 Bd Descartes, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2 France
| | - Shampa Chakraborty
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute Nagpur, Maharashtra India
| | - P. V. Nidheesh
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute Nagpur, Maharashtra India
| | - Mehmet A. Oturan
- Université Paris-EstLaboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement (LGE), EA 4508, UPEM 5 Bd Descartes, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2 France
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Bouzid I, Maire J, Ahmed SI, Fatin-Rouge N. Enhanced remedial reagents delivery in unsaturated anisotropic soils using surfactant foam. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 210:977-986. [PMID: 30208558 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Homogeneous delivery of solution of oxidant in unsaturated soils is limited by soil anisotropy and gravity. An innovative injection strategy using foam was developed to improve in situ delivery. Primary foam injection before oxidant solution enhanced both the lateral and uniform delivery of reactant in isotropic and anisotropic (permeability, contamination) soils. The oxidant spread isotropically through the foam water network. This sequential injection heavily improved the delivery radius of influence (ROI), while limiting contact between surfactant and solution of oxidant in order to preserve the selective oxidation of petroleum hydrocarbons contaminant (TPH). Prior foam injection allowed uniform delivery of the solution of oxidant across the region occupied by the foam, regardless of the soil permeability contrast (1:18), whereas poor ROI were observed for the direct injection of oxidant. Experiments in contamination contrasted soils showed that foam was able to propagate in highly TPH contaminated soils (max 60% velocity reduction for 22 g.kgdry soil-1). As for permeability contrast, foam is expected to enhance reagents delivery in such contexts. This novel strategy was proven to be efficient, even for complex anisotropic conditions, and should allow to cut field costs and uncertainties associated to poor reagents delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iheb Bouzid
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté - Besançon, Institut UTINAM - UMR CNRS 6213, 16, Route de Gray, 25030, Besançon, France
| | - Julien Maire
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté - Besançon, Institut UTINAM - UMR CNRS 6213, 16, Route de Gray, 25030, Besançon, France
| | - Samaleh Idriss Ahmed
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté - Besançon, Institut UTINAM - UMR CNRS 6213, 16, Route de Gray, 25030, Besançon, France
| | - Nicolas Fatin-Rouge
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté - Besançon, Institut UTINAM - UMR CNRS 6213, 16, Route de Gray, 25030, Besançon, France.
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18
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Bruton T, Sedlak DL. Treatment of Aqueous Film-Forming Foam by Heat-Activated Persulfate Under Conditions Representative of In Situ Chemical Oxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:13878-13885. [PMID: 29164864 PMCID: PMC5719469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been detected in an increasing number of water supplies. In many instances, the contamination is associated with the use of PFAS-containing aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF) in firefighting activities. To investigate the potential for remediating AFFF contamination in groundwater with heat-activated persulfate, PFAS oxidation and the generation of transformation products was evaluated under well-controlled conditions. Fluorotelomer- and perfluoroalkyl sulfonamide-based polyfluorinated compounds were transformed to perfluorinated carboxylic acids, which underwent further degradation under acidic conditions produced after persulfate decomposed. The presence of aquifer sediments decreased the efficiency of the remedial process but did not alter the transformation pathways. At high concentrations, the presence of organic solvents, such as those present in AFFF formulations, inhibited transformation of a representative perfluorinated compound, perfluorooctanoic acid. Heat-activated persulfate did not transform perfluorooctanesulfonic acid or perfluorohexanesulfonic acid under any conditions. Despite challenges associated with the creation of acidic conditions in the subsurface, the potential for generation of undesirable transformation products, and the release of toxic metals, heat-activated persulfate may be a useful in situ treatment for sites contaminated with polyfluoroalkyl substances and perfluorocarboxylic acids.
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19
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Robert T, Martel R, Lefebvre R, Lauzon JM, Morin A. Impact of heterogeneous properties of soil and LNAPL on surfactant-enhanced capillary desaturation. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2017; 204:57-65. [PMID: 28826903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates low-concentration (<1wt%) surfactant flushing when used as a follow-up technology for multiphase vacuum extraction on heterogeneous sites. Challenges posed by soil permeability, pore-size distribution, mineralogy, light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) weathering and groundwater hardness were quantified through batch and soil column tests. Compatibility issues between the mixed mineralogy soils, hard groundwater, mixed LNAPL and usual anionic surfactants were observed. The selected solution was a Winsor type I system promoting an interfacial tension of 0.06mN/m between the site LNAPL and the amphoteric surfactant CAS in aqueous solution at pH12. Surfactant loses to adsorption and pore media plugging were observed in the fine soil fraction. The capillary desaturation curves (CDC) obtained with the column tests suggested mixed-wettability behavior. The soil permeability strongly influenced LNAPL recovery, as expressed by the relationship obtained between capillary numbers (NCa) and hydraulic gradients. In this case, the critical NCa, marking the onset of capillary desaturation, could only be obtained with realistic hydraulic gradients in the coarse soil fraction. At those gradients, potential LNAPL recovery was 30% at the most. Unlike previously published CDCs, the relationship between NCa (log-scale) and LNAPL recovery was not linear but dependant on residual LNAPL saturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Robert
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Centre Eau Terre Environnement (INRS-ETE), 490 Rue de la Couronne, Quebec City, Quebec G1K 9A9, Canada.
| | - Richard Martel
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Centre Eau Terre Environnement (INRS-ETE), 490 Rue de la Couronne, Quebec City, Quebec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - René Lefebvre
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Centre Eau Terre Environnement (INRS-ETE), 490 Rue de la Couronne, Quebec City, Quebec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Jean-Marc Lauzon
- TechnoRem Inc., 4701 Rue Louis B Mayer, Laval, Quebec H7P 6G5, Canada
| | - Annie Morin
- TechnoRem Inc., 4701 Rue Louis B Mayer, Laval, Quebec H7P 6G5, Canada
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20
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Wang L, Peng L, Xie L, Deng P, Deng D. Compatibility of Surfactants and Thermally Activated Persulfate for Enhanced Subsurface Remediation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:7055-7064. [PMID: 28548832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Limited aqueous availability of hydrophobic organic contaminants and nonaqueous phase liquids in subsurface environment may seriously impair the effectiveness of traditional in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO). To tackle the issue, a combination of surfactants and thermally activated persulfate was proposed to enhance the aqueous availability and consequent oxidation of organic contaminants. The compatibility of eight representative nonionic, monovalent anionic, and divalent anionic surfactants with persulfate at various temperatures was first studied, to identify suitable surfactants that have high aqueous stability and low oxidant demands to couple with thermally activated persulfate. C12-MADS (sodium dodecyl diphenyl ether disulfonate, a representative divalent anionic surfactant) stands out as the most compatible surfactant. Batch treatability study with coal tar, an example of challenging scenarios for traditional ISCO, was then conducted. The results show that C12-MADS can significantly enhance not only the oxidation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons contained in coal tar but also oxidant utilization efficiency, indicating the potential of the proposed coupling process for the treatment of organic contaminants with low aqueous availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Libin Peng
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Liling Xie
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Peiyan Deng
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Dayi Deng
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
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21
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Moghadam MJ, Moayedi H, Sadeghi MM, Hajiannia A. A review of combinations of electrokinetic applications. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2016; 38:1217-1227. [PMID: 26780262 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-016-9795-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities contaminate many lands and underground waters with dangerous materials. Although polluted soils occupy small parts of the land, the risk they pose to plants, animals, humans, and groundwater is too high. Remediation technologies have been used for many years in order to mitigate pollution or remove pollutants from soils. However, there are some deficiencies in the remediation in complex site conditions such as low permeability and complex composition of some clays or heterogeneous subsurface conditions. Electrokinetic is an effective method in which electrodes are embedded in polluted soil, usually vertically but in some cases horizontally, and a low direct current voltage gradient is applied between the electrodes. The electric gradient initiates movement of contaminants by electromigration (charged chemical movement), electro-osmosis (movement of fluid), electrolysis (chemical reactions due to the electric field), and diffusion. However, sites that are contaminated with heavy metals or mixed contaminants (e.g. a combination of organic compounds with heavy metals and/or radionuclides) are difficult to remediate. There is no technology that can achieve the best results, but combining electrokinetic with other remediation methods, such as bioremediation and geosynthetics, promises to be the most effective method so far. This review focuses on the factors that affect electrokinetic remediation and the state-of-the-art methods that can be combined with electrokinetic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hossein Moayedi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kermanshah University of Technology, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Alborz Hajiannia
- Department of Civil Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
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Dahal G, Holcomb J, Socci D. Surfactant-Oxidant Co-Application for Soil and Groundwater Remediation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/rem.21461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dan Socci
- EthicalChem in South Windsor, Connecticut
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23
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Stroo HF, Leeson A, Marqusee JA, Johnson PC, Ward CH, Kavanaugh MC, Sale TC, Newell CJ, Pennell KD, Lebrón CA, Unger M. Chlorinated ethene source remediation: lessons learned. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:6438-47. [PMID: 22558915 DOI: 10.1021/es204714w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated solvents such as trichloroethene (TCE) and tetrachloroethene (PCE) are widespread groundwater contaminants often released as dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs). These contaminants are difficult to remediate, particularly their source zones. This review summarizes the progress made in improving DNAPL source zone remediation over the past decade, and is structured to highlight the important practical lessons learned for improving DNAPL source zone remediation. Experience has shown that complete restoration is rare, and alternative metrics such as mass discharge are often useful for assessing the performance of partial restoration efforts. Experience also has shown that different technologies are needed for different times and locations, and that deliberately combining technologies may improve overall remedy performance. Several injection-based technologies are capable of removing a large fraction of the total contaminant mass, and reducing groundwater concentrations and mass discharge by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude. Thermal treatment can remove even more mass, but even these technologies generally leave some contamination in place. Research on better delivery techniques and characterization technologies will likely improve treatment, but managers should anticipate that source treatment will leave some contamination in place that will require future management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans F Stroo
- HydroGeoLogic, Inc, 11107 Sunset Hills Road, Suite 400, Reston, Virginia 20190, United States.
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