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Lazarevic I, Banko A, Miljanovic D, Cupic M. Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Isoforms: Their Clinical Implications, Utilisation in Diagnosis, Prevention and New Antiviral Strategies. Pathogens 2024; 13:46. [PMID: 38251353 PMCID: PMC10818932 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is a multifunctional glycoprotein composed of large (LHB), middle (MHB), and small (SHB) subunits. HBsAg isoforms have numerous biological functions during HBV infection-from initial and specific viral attachment to the hepatocytes to initiating chronic infection with their immunomodulatory properties. The genetic variability of HBsAg isoforms may play a role in several HBV-related liver phases and clinical manifestations, from occult hepatitis and viral reactivation upon immunosuppression to fulminant hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Their immunogenic properties make them a major target for developing HBV vaccines, and in recent years they have been recognised as valuable targets for new therapeutic approaches. Initial research has already shown promising results in utilising HBsAg isoforms instead of quantitative HBsAg for correctly evaluating chronic infection phases and predicting functional cures. The ratio between surface components was shown to indicate specific outcomes of HBV and HDV infections. Thus, besides traditional HBsAg detection and quantitation, HBsAg isoform quantitation can become a useful non-invasive biomarker for assessing chronically infected patients. This review summarises the current knowledge of HBsAg isoforms, their potential usefulness and aspects deserving further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Lazarevic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.B.); (D.M.); (M.C.)
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Yan Y, Sun H, Chang L, Ji H, Jiang X, Song S, Xiao Y, Feng K, Nuermaimaiti A, Lu Z, Wang L. Circulating immune complexes and mutations of HBsAg are associated with the undetectable HBsAg in anti-HBs and HBeAg positive occult hepatitis B virus infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1063616. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1063616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionOccult hepatitis B virus infection (OBI) is an HBsAg negative state in HBV infection with usually inactive HBV replication. However, there were a minority of individuals with positive HBeAg and anti-HBs among OBI blood donors and few studies have focused on this unusual serological pattern.Methods2022 plasma of blood donors that preliminary screened reactive for HBV DNA and non-reactive for HBsAg were collected from 16 provinces in China from 2015 to 2018. HBV DNA and HBsAg in these samples were retested using the Cobas TaqScreen MPX test and ARCHITECT HBsAg Quantitative II assay. Lumipulse HBsAg-HQ assay and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-double precipitation following HCl and trypsin digestion were performed to detect HBsAg from HBsAg-anti-HBs circulating immune complexes (CICs).Results1487 of 2022 samples were positive for Cobas HBV DNA test and non-reactive for ARCHITECT HBsAg assay, while 404 of them were positive using Lumipulse HBsAg-HQ assay. 10 HBsAg-/anti-HBs+/HBeAg+ OBI blood donor samples were further dissociated and HBsAg-CICs were detected in 7 samples. Sequencing analysis showed that D44N, N98T, G73S, Del 56-116, and I161T occurred in the pre-S region, and immune escape mutations such as P127T, F134L, G145R, V168A, and I126T/S in the S region were found.DiscussionIn conclusion, there were a minority of HBsAg-/anti-HBs+/HBeAg+ individuals in OBI blood donors. The undetectable HBsAg in these individuals was mainly due to HBsAg-CICs. Immune escape-associated mutations also happened under the host’s selective pressure. HBsAg dissociation methods or Lumipulse HBsAg-HQ assay is recommended to distinguish these individuals.
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Liu W, Cai S, Pu R, Li Z, Liu D, Zhou X, Yin J, Chen X, Chen L, Wu J, Tan X, Wang X, Cao G. HBV preS Mutations Promote Hepatocarcinogenesis by Inducing Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Upregulating Inflammatory Signaling. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14133274. [PMID: 35805045 PMCID: PMC9265300 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Viral mutations at the preS region of hepatitis B virus (HBV) significantly increase the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Compared to HBV preS deletion, the oncogenic effect of preS combo mutation has rarely been investigated. With a cohort including 2114 subjects, we demonstrated that preS combo mutations G2950A/G2951A/A2962G/C2964A and C3116T/T31C significantly increased the risk of HCC in patients without antiviral treatment, whereas preS2 deletion significantly increased the risk of HCC in patients with antiviral treatment. The prevalence of C3116T/T31C (43.61%) was higher than preS2 deletion (7.16%). By using Sleeping Beauty mouse models and in vitro experiments, we found G2950A/G2951A/A2962G/C2964A, C3116T/T31C, and preS2 deletion promoted hepatocarcinogenesis by increasing levels of inflammatory cytokines, activating STAT3 pathway, enhancing endoplasmic reticulum stress, and altering gene expression profiles in inflammation- and metabolism-related pathways. These results suggest that preS combo mutations G2950A/G2951A/A2962G/C2964A and C3116T/T31C had similar oncogenic effects of preS2 deletion and should also be monitored. Abstract This study aimed to elucidate the effects and underlying mechanisms of hepatitis B virus (HBV) preS mutations on hepatocarcinogenesis. The effect of the preS mutations on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occurrence was evaluated using a prospective cohort study with 2114 HBV-infected patients, of whom 612 received antiviral treatments. The oncogenic functions of HBV preS mutations were investigated using cancer cell lines and Sleeping Beauty (SB) mouse models. RNA-sequencing and microarray were applied to identify key molecules involved in the mutant-induced carcinogenesis. Combo mutations G2950A/G2951A/A2962G/C2964A and C3116T/T31C significantly increased HCC risk in patients without antiviral treatment, whereas the preS2 deletion significantly increased HCC risk in patients with antiviral treatment. In SB mice, the preS1/preS2/S mutants induced a higher rate of tumor and higher serum levels of inflammatory cytokines than did wild-type counterpart. The preS1/preS2/S mutants induced altered gene expression profiles in the inflammation- and metabolism-related pathways, activated pathways of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, affected the response to hypoxia, and upregulated the protein level of STAT3. Inhibiting the STAT3 pathway attenuated the effects of the preS1/preS2/S mutants on cell proliferation. G2950A/G2951A/A2962G/C2964A, C3116T/T31C, and preS2 deletion promote hepatocarcinogenesis via inducing ER stress, metabolism alteration, and STAT3 pathways, which might be translated into HCC prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Rd., Shanghai 200433, China; (W.L.); (S.C.); (R.P.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.C.); (L.C.); (X.T.)
| | - Shiliang Cai
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Rd., Shanghai 200433, China; (W.L.); (S.C.); (R.P.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.C.); (L.C.); (X.T.)
| | - Rui Pu
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Rd., Shanghai 200433, China; (W.L.); (S.C.); (R.P.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.C.); (L.C.); (X.T.)
| | - Zixiong Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Rd., Shanghai 200433, China; (W.L.); (S.C.); (R.P.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.C.); (L.C.); (X.T.)
| | - Donghong Liu
- Department of Liver Cancer Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China;
| | - Xinyu Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Rd., Shanghai 200433, China; (W.L.); (S.C.); (R.P.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.C.); (L.C.); (X.T.)
| | - Jianhua Yin
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Rd., Shanghai 200433, China; (W.L.); (S.C.); (R.P.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.C.); (L.C.); (X.T.)
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Rd., Shanghai 200433, China; (W.L.); (S.C.); (R.P.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.C.); (L.C.); (X.T.)
| | - Liping Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Rd., Shanghai 200433, China; (W.L.); (S.C.); (R.P.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.C.); (L.C.); (X.T.)
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Xi’an 710032, China;
| | - Xiaojie Tan
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Rd., Shanghai 200433, China; (W.L.); (S.C.); (R.P.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.C.); (L.C.); (X.T.)
| | - Xin Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200433, China;
| | - Guangwen Cao
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Rd., Shanghai 200433, China; (W.L.); (S.C.); (R.P.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.C.); (L.C.); (X.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-21-8187-1060
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Fogeron ML, Lecoq L, Cole L, Montserret R, David G, Page A, Delolme F, Nassal M, Böckmann A. Phosphorylation of the Hepatitis B Virus Large Envelope Protein. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:821755. [PMID: 35282608 PMCID: PMC8904964 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.821755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We here establish the phosphorylation sites in the human hepatitis B virus (HBV) large envelope protein (L). L is involved in several functionally important interactions in the viral life cycle, including with the HBV cellular receptor, HBV capsid, Hsc70 chaperone, and cellular membranes during fusion. We have recently shown that cell-free synthesis of the homologous L protein of duck HBV in wheat germ extract results in very similar phosphorylation events to those previously observed in animal cells. Here, we used mass spectrometry and NMR to establish the phosphorylation patterns of human HBV L protein produced by both in vitro cell-free synthesis and in E. coli with the co-expression of the human MAPK14 kinase. While in the avian virus the phosphorylation of L has been shown to be dispensable for infectivity, the identified locations in the human virus protein, both in the PreS1 and PreS2 domains, raise the intriguing possibility that they might play a functional role, since they are found at strategic sites predicted to be involved in L interactions. This would warrant the further investigation of a possible function in virion formation or cell entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Fogeron
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Lauriane Lecoq
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Laura Cole
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Roland Montserret
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Guillaume David
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Adeline Page
- Protein Science Facility, SFR BioSciences CNRS UAR 3444, Inserm US8, UCBL, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Frédéric Delolme
- Protein Science Facility, SFR BioSciences CNRS UAR 3444, Inserm US8, UCBL, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Michael Nassal
- Department of Medicine II / Molecular Biology, Medical Center, University Hospital Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Anja Böckmann
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- *Correspondence: Anja Böckmann,
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Lasagna A, Zuccaro V, Sacchi P, Chiellino S, Bruno R, Pedrazzoli P. Risk of reactivation of occult hepatitis B during immunotherapy in cancer treatment: myth, reality or new horizons? Future Oncol 2021; 17:1577-1580. [PMID: 33590770 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2020-1196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Angioletta Lasagna
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Camillo Golgi 19, Pavia, Italy
| | - Valentina Zuccaro
- Division of Infectious Diseases I, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Camillo Golgi 19, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Sacchi
- Division of Infectious Diseases I, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Camillo Golgi 19, Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Chiellino
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Camillo Golgi 19, Pavia, Italy
| | - Raffaele Bruno
- Division of Infectious Diseases I, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Camillo Golgi 19, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic & Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Camillo Golgi 19, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Pedrazzoli
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Camillo Golgi 19, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine & Medical Therapy, University of Pavia, Viale Camillo Golgi 19, Pavia, Italy
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