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Lee S, Verkhoturov DS, Eller MJ, Verkhoturov SV, Shaw MA, Gwon K, Kim Y, Lucien F, Malhi H, Revzin A, Schweikert EA. Nanoprojectile Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Enables Multiplexed Analysis of Individual Hepatic Extracellular Vesicles. ACS NANO 2023; 17:23584-23594. [PMID: 38033295 PMCID: PMC10985841 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale lipid bilayer particles secreted by cells. EVs may carry markers of the tissue of origin and its disease state, which makes them incredibly promising for disease diagnosis and surveillance. While the armamentarium of EV analysis technologies is rapidly expanding, there remains a strong need for multiparametric analysis with single EV resolution. Nanoprojectile (NP) secondary ion mass spectrometry (NP-SIMS) relies on bombarding a substrate of interest with individual gold NPs resolved in time and space. Each projectile creates an impact crater of 10-20 nm in diameter while molecules emitted from each impact are mass analyzed and recorded as individual mass spectra. We demonstrate the utility of NP-SIMS for statistical analysis of single EVs derived from normal liver cells (hepatocytes) and liver cancer cells. EVs were captured on antibody (Ab)-functionalized gold substrate and then labeled with Abs carrying lanthanide (Ln) MS tags (Ab@Ln). These tags targeted four markers selected for identifying all EVs, and specific to hepatocytes or liver cancer. NP-SIMS was used to detect Ab@Ln-tags colocalized on the same EV and to construct scatter plots of surface marker expression for thousands of EVs with the capability of categorizing individual EVs. Additionally, NP-SIMS revealed information about the chemical nanoenvironment where targeted moieties colocalized. Our approach allowed analysis of population heterogeneity with single EV resolution and distinguishing between hepatocyte and liver cancer EVs based on surface marker expression. NP-SIMS holds considerable promise for multiplexed analysis of single EVs and may become a valuable tool for identifying and validating EV biomarkers of cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonhwa Lee
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | | | - Michael J. Eller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330, USA
| | | | - Michael A. Shaw
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330, USA
| | - Kihak Gwon
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Yohan Kim
- Departments of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Fabrice Lucien
- Departments of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Harmeet Malhi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Alexander Revzin
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Emile A. Schweikert
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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Lee S, Verkhoturov DS, Eller MJ, Verkhoturov SV, Shaw MA, Gwon K, Kim Y, Lucien F, Malhi H, Revzin A, Schweikert EA. Nanoprojectile Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Enables Multiplexed Analysis of Individual Hepatic Extracellular Vesicles. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.21.554053. [PMID: 37662200 PMCID: PMC10473594 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.21.554053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale lipid bilayer particles secreted by cells. EVs may carry markers of the tissue of origin and its disease state which makes them incredibly promising for disease diagnosis and surveillance. While the armamentarium of EV analysis technologies is rapidly expanding, there remains a strong need for multiparametric analysis with single EV resolution. Nanoprojectile (NP) secondary ion mass spectrometry (NP-SIMS) relies on bombarding a substrate of interest with individual gold NPs resolved in time and space. Each projectile creates an impact crater of 10-20 nm in diameter while molecules emitted from each impact are mass analyzed and recorded as individual mass spectra. We demonstrate the utility of NP-SIMS for analysis of single EVs derived from normal liver cells (hepatocytes) and liver cancer cells. EVs were captured on antibody (Ab)-functionalized gold substrate then labeled with Abs carrying lanthanide (Ln) MS tags (Ab@Ln). These tags targeted four markers selected for identifying all EVs, and specific to hepatocytes or liver cancer. NP-SIMS was used to detect Ab@Ln-tags co-localized on the same EV and to construct scatter plots of surface marker expression for thousands of EVs with the capability of categorizing individual EVs. Additionally, NP-SIMS revealed information about the chemical nano-environment where targeted moieties co-localized. Our approach allowed analysis of population heterogeneity with single EV resolution and distinguishing between hepatocyte and liver cancer EVs based on surface marker expression. NP-SIMS holds considerable promise for multiplexed analysis of single EVs and may become a valuable tool for identifying and validating EV biomarkers of cancer and other diseases.
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Eller MJ, Chandra K, Coughlin EE, Odom TW, Schweikert EA. Label Free Particle-by-Particle Quantification of DNA Loading on Sorted Gold Nanostars. Anal Chem 2019; 91:5566-5572. [PMID: 30932475 PMCID: PMC6896788 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a label free technique for determining ligand loading on metal nanoparticles using a variant of secondary ion mass spectrometry. Au4004+ clusters bombard DNA-functionalized anisotropic gold nanostars and isotropic nanospheres with similar surface areas to determine ligand density. For each projectile impact, co-localized molecules within the emission area of a single impact (diameter of 10-15 nm) were examined for each particle. Individual nanoparticle analysis allows for determination of the relationship between particle geometry and DNA loading. We found that branched particles exhibited increased ligand density versus nanospheres and determined that positive and neutral curvature could facilitate additional loading. This methodology can be applied to optimize loading for any ligand-core interaction independent of nanoparticle core, ligand, or attachment chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Eller
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Kavita Chandra
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Emma E. Coughlin
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Teri W. Odom
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Emile A. Schweikert
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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Fu T, Della-Negra S, Touboul D, Brunelle A. Internal Energy Distribution of Secondary Ions Under Argon and Bismuth Cluster Bombardments: "Soft" Versus "Hard" Desorption-Ionization Process. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:321-328. [PMID: 30421360 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-2090-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The emission/ionization process under massive argon cluster bombardment was investigated by measuring the internal energy distributions of a series of benzylpyridinium ions. Argon clusters with kinetic energies between 10 and 20 keV and cluster sizes ranging from 500 to 10,000 were used to establish the influence of their size, energy, and velocity on the internal energy distribution of the secondary ions. It is shown that the internal energy distribution of secondary ions principally depends on the energy per atom or the velocity of the cluster ion beam (E/n ∝ v2). Under low energy per atom (E/n ˂ 10 eV), the mean internal energy and fragmentation yield increase rapidly with the incident energy of individual constituents. Beyond 10 eV/atom impact (up to 40 eV/atom), the internal energy reaches a plateau and remains constant. Results were compared with those generated from bismuth cluster impacts for which the mean internal energies correspond well to the plateau values for argon clusters. However, a significant difference was found between argon and bismuth clusters concerning the damage or disappearance cross section. A 20 times smaller disappearance cross section was measured under 20 keV Ar2000+ impact compared to 25 keV Bi5+ bombardment, thus quantitatively showing the low damage effect of large argon clusters for almost the same molecular ion yield. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Fu
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire, UMR 8608, IN2P3-CNRS, Université University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 15 rue Georges Clémenceau, 91406, Orsay, France
| | - Serge Della-Negra
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire, UMR 8608, IN2P3-CNRS, Université University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 15 rue Georges Clémenceau, 91406, Orsay, France
| | - David Touboul
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Alain Brunelle
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Eller MJ, Vinjamuri A, Tomlin BE, Schweikert EA. Molecular Colocalization Using Massive Gold Cluster Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2018; 90:12692-12697. [PMID: 30296057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We report on the ion emission from impacts of hypervelocity massive gold clusters for use in secondary ion mass spectrometry. Two massive gold clusters are considered, 520 keV Au4004+ and 1040 keV Au28008+. The emission of fragment ions and molecular ions is evaluated for a series of neat samples, glycine, phenylalanine, arginine, and gramicidin S. A 2 to 4-fold increase of molecular ion emission is observed from impacts of 1040 keV Au28008+ versus 520 keV Au4004+. Compared to impacts of 20 keV Ar2000+ and 20 keV (H2O)7000+ in static conditions, impacts of 1040 keV Au28008+ display a 6 to 9-fold increase in the number of detected molecular ions per projectile impact. To explain the increased emission of molecular species, we examine the size of the impact craters and calculate the ratio of molecular ions to fragment ions. The characterization of Au28008+ and the operating conditions of the gold liquid metal ion source are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Eller
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A and M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Anita Vinjamuri
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A and M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Bryan E Tomlin
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A and M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Emile A Schweikert
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A and M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
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Eller MJ, Verkhoturov SV, Schweikert EA. Testing Molecular Homogeneity at the Nanoscale with Massive Cluster Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2016; 88:7639-46. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Eller
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3144, United States
| | | | - Emile A. Schweikert
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3144, United States
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Yang F, Cho S, Sun G, Verkhoturov SV, Thackeray JW, Trefonas P, Wooley KL, Schweikert EA. Nanodomain analysis with cluster‐SIMS: application to the characterization of macromolecular brush architecture. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University College Station TX 77842 USA
| | - Sangho Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University College Station TX 77842 USA
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering Texas A&M University, College Station TX 77843 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Texas A&M University, College Station TX 77843 USA
- Laboratory for Synthetic–Biologic Interactions Texas A&M University, College Station TX 77842 USA
| | - Guorong Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University College Station TX 77842 USA
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering Texas A&M University, College Station TX 77843 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Texas A&M University, College Station TX 77843 USA
- Laboratory for Synthetic–Biologic Interactions Texas A&M University, College Station TX 77842 USA
| | | | | | | | - Karen L. Wooley
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University College Station TX 77842 USA
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering Texas A&M University, College Station TX 77843 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Texas A&M University, College Station TX 77843 USA
- Laboratory for Synthetic–Biologic Interactions Texas A&M University, College Station TX 77842 USA
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Liang CK, Eller MJ, Verkhoturov SV, Schweikert EA. Mass Spectrometry of Nanoparticles is Different. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:1259-1265. [PMID: 25944367 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1151-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Secondary ion mass spectrometry, SIMS, is a method of choice for the characterization of nanoparticles, NPs. For NPs with large surface-to-volume ratios, heterogeneity is a concern. Assays should thus be on individual nano-objects rather than an ensemble of NPs; however, this may be difficult or impossible. This limitation can be side-stepped by probing a large number of dispersed NPs one-by-one and recording the emission from each NP separately. A large collection of NPs will likely contain subsets of like-NPs. The experimental approach is to disperse the NPs and hit an individual NP with a single massive cluster (e.g., C-60, Au-400). At impact energies of ~1 keV/atom, they generate notable secondary ion (SI) emission. Examination of small NPs (≤20 nm in diameter) shows that the SI emission is size-dependent and impacts are not all equivalent. Accurate identification of the type of impact is key for qualitative assays of core or outer shell composition. For quantitative assays, the concept of effective impacts is introduced. Selection of co-emitted ejecta combined with rejection (anticoincidence) of substrate ions allows refining chemical information within the projectile interaction volume. Last, to maximize the SI signal, small NPs (≤5 nm in diameter) can be examined in the transmission mode where the SI yields are enhanced ~10-fold over those in the (conventional) reflection direction. Future endeavors should focus on schemes acquiring SIs, electrons, and photons concurrently.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-K Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
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DeBord JD, Verkhoturov SV, Perez LM, North SW, Hall MB, Schweikert EA. Measuring the internal energies of species emitted from hypervelocity nanoprojectile impacts on surfaces using recalibrated benzylpyridinium probe ions. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:214301. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4807602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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