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Fonseca P, Goethel MF, Vilas-Boas JP, Gutierres M, Correia MV. The Effect of the TiO 2 Anodization Layer in Pedicle Screw Conductivity: An Analytical, Numerical, and Experimental Approach. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:634. [PMID: 39061716 PMCID: PMC11273483 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11070634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The electrical stimulation of pedicle screws is a technique used to ensure its correct placement within the vertebrae pedicle. Several authors have studied these screws' electrical properties with the objective of understanding if they are a potential source of false negatives. As titanium screws are anodized with different thicknesses of a high electrical resistance oxide (TiO2), this study investigated, using analytical, numerical, and experimental methods, how its thickness may affect pedicle screw's resistance and conductivity. Analytical results have demonstrated that the thickness of the TiO2 layer does result in a significant radial resistance increase (44.21 mΩ/nm, for Ø 4.5 mm), and a decrease of conductivity with layers thicker than 150 nm. The numerical approach denotes that the geometry of the screw further results in a decrease in the pedicle screw conductivity, especially after 125 nm. Additionally, the experimental results demonstrate that there is indeed an effective decrease in conductivity with an increase in the TiO2 layer thickness, which is also reflected in the screw's total resistance. While the magnitude of the resistance associated with each TiO2 layer thickness may not be enough to compromise the ability to use anodized pedicle screws with a high-voltage electrical stimulator, pedicle screws should be the subject of more frequent electrical characterisation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Fonseca
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Márcio Fagundes Goethel
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Vilas-Boas
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Gutierres
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel Velhote Correia
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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2
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Whangdee P, Saenrang W, Pongkao Kashima D. Effect of fluoride and hydroxyl group on bioactivity of the anodized films prepared by two‐step anodization at low current density. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.7085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phanawan Whangdee
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Liberal Arts Rajamangala University of Technology Isan Nakhon Ratchasima Thailand
- Advanced Materials and Renewable Energy Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences and Liberal Arts Rajamangala University of Technology Isan Nakhon Ratchasima Thailand
| | - Wittawat Saenrang
- Research Network NANOTEC ‐ SUT on Advanced Nanomaterials and Characterization, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand and School of Physics, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology Nakhon Ratchasima Thailand
| | - Dujreutai Pongkao Kashima
- Research Unit of Advanced Ceramics, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
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3
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Winiarski J, Niciejewska A, Górnik M, Jakubowski J, Tylus W, Szczygieł B. Titanium anodizing in a choline dihydrogencitrate salt-oxalic acid deep eutectic solvent: a step towards green chemistry in surface finishing of titanium and its alloys. RSC Adv 2021; 11:21104-21115. [PMID: 35479357 PMCID: PMC9034025 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01655e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) are “green” competitors for some conventional plating baths and electrolytes used for surface modification. Their use allows a material to be obtained with a structure different from that observed in conventional plating or finishing technologies. In this work the titanium anodizing process was investigated in a bath based on a choline dihydrogencitrate salt and oxalic acid (1 : 1 molar ratio) green solvent. Titanium anodized at the lowest voltage applied (10 V) was a deep yellow color, which turned to deep blue at 30 V. The surface morphology and topography of titanium, both anodized and untreated, were monitored by optical, scanning electron (SEM and HR-SEM) and atomic force (AFM) microscopy. Anodizing at 10 V produced a fine granular morphology of the oxide layer, while anodizing at 30 V led to the formation of a probably thicker and quite uneven oxide layer, characterized by a distinct and coarse granular morphology. The average size of the micro-nodules was higher than those at 10 V and porous structures have been also identified. According to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) the stoichiometric TiO2, regardless of the applied voltage during anodizing, was practically the only component of the oxide layer produced on titanium in the DES bath. At 10 V, the oxide layer was thicker (>10 nm) than the natural Ti passive layer (approx. 2.2 nm), which, apart from TiO2, also contained oxides of titanium at lower oxidation states, i.e. +2 and +3. Moreover, the XPS technique was supported by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), especially in the context of the structure of the oxide layer and its interaction with a corrosive environment. The corrosion resistance of anodized titanium was assessed in 0.05 mol dm−3 solution of NaCl by the linear polarization resistance (LPR) technique and polarization curves. During interpretation of the impedance spectra, the layers produced by the anodizing process were described using the two-layer model. It was assumed that the inner layer formed directly on the surface of metallic titanium was responsible for the barrier properties (resistance of 2.8 MΩ cm2). The porous outer layer formed on it has a much lower corrosion resistance, i.e. 800–1300 Ω cm2. Fabrication of nanometric color TiO2 layers through polarization of titanium in a choline dihydrogencitrate–oxalic acid DES anodizing bath.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliusz Winiarski
- Group of Surface Technology, Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland +48-713280425 +48-713203193
| | - Anna Niciejewska
- Group of Surface Technology, Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland +48-713280425 +48-713203193
| | - Monika Górnik
- Group of Surface Technology, Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland +48-713280425 +48-713203193
| | - Jakub Jakubowski
- Technolutions Miłosz Czajkowski Otolice 38, 99-400 Łowicz Poland
| | - Włodzimierz Tylus
- Group of Surface Technology, Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland +48-713280425 +48-713203193
| | - Bogdan Szczygieł
- Group of Surface Technology, Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland +48-713280425 +48-713203193
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Gomez Sanchez A, Katunar MR, Pastore JI, Tano de la Hoz MF, Ceré S. Evaluation of annealed titanium oxide nanotubes on titanium: From surface characterization to in vivo assays. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 109:1088-1100. [PMID: 32959510 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The entire route from anodic oxidation and surface characterization, including in vitro experiments and finally in vivo osseointegration assays were performed with the aim to evaluate nanotubular and crystalline annealed titanium oxides as a suitable surface for grade 2 titanium permanent implants. Polished titanium (T0) was compared with anodized surfaces obtained in acidic media with fluoride, leading to an ordered nanotubular structure of titanium oxide on the metal surface, characterized by tube diameter of 89 ± 24 nm (Tnts). Samples were thermally treated in air (TntsTT) to increase the anatase crystalline phase on nanotubes, with minor alteration of the structure. Corrosion tests were performed to evaluate the electrochemical response after 1, 14, and 28 days of immersion in simulated body fluid. Based on the in vitro results, heat-treated titanium nanotubes (TntsTT) were selected as a promissory candidate to continue with the osseointegration in vivo assays. The in vivo results showed no major improvement in the osseointegration process when compared with untreated Ti after 30 days of implantation and there also was a lower increase in the development of new osseous tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gomez Sanchez
- CIT Villa María - CONICET, Villa María, Argentina.,National Technological University (UTN)-FRVM-Mechanical Eng.Department, UTN-FRVM, Villa María, Argentina
| | - María R Katunar
- División Electroquímica Aplicada, Material's Science and Technology Research Institute (INTEMA), UNMdP - CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Juan Ignacio Pastore
- Laboratorio de Procesamiento de Imágenes ICYTE UNMDP, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Florencia Tano de la Hoz
- División Electroquímica Aplicada, Material's Science and Technology Research Institute (INTEMA), UNMdP - CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Silvia Ceré
- División Electroquímica Aplicada, Material's Science and Technology Research Institute (INTEMA), UNMdP - CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
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Saldanha RL, Gomes BC, da Rocha Torres G, de Lima BR, de Castro JA, da Silva L, Ferreira EA. Inhibition of the oxygen evolution reaction during titanium passivation in aqueous phosphoric acid solution. J Solid State Electrochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-020-04497-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Huang X, Liu Y, Yu H, Yang X, Wang Y, Hang R, Tang B. One-step fabrication of cytocompatible micro/nano-textured surface with TiO2 mesoporous arrays on titanium by high current anodization. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.03.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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7
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Abdelrahim RA, Badr NA, Baroudi K. Effect of anodization and alkali-heat treatment on the bioactivity of titanium implant material (an in vitro study). J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2016; 6:189-95. [PMID: 27382532 PMCID: PMC4916790 DOI: 10.4103/2231-0762.183107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was aimed to assess the effect of anodized and alkali-heat surface treatment on the bioactivity of titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) after immersion in Hank's solution for 7 days. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifteen titanium alloy samples were used in this study. The samples were divided into three groups (five for each), five samples were anodized in 1M H3PO4 at constant voltage value of 20 v and another five samples were alkali-treated in 5 M NaOH solution for 25 min at temperature 60°C followed by heat treatment at 600°C for 1 h. All samples were then immersed in Hank's solution for 7 days to assess the effect of surface modifications on the bioactivity of titanium alloy. The different treated surfaces and control one were characterized by X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Fourier transformation infra-red spectroscopy. Statistical analysis was performed with PASW Statistics 18.0(®) (Predictive Analytics Software). RESULTS Anodization of Ti-alloy samples (Group B) led to the formation of bioactive titanium oxide anatase phase and PO4 (3-) group on the surface. The alkali-heat treatment of titanium alloy samples (Group C) leads to the formation of bioactive titania hydrogel and supplied sodium ions. The reaction between the Ti sample and NaOH alkaline solution resulted in the formation of a layer of amorphous sodium titania on the Ti surface, and this layer can induce apatite deposition. CONCLUSIONS The surface roughness and surface chemistry had an excellent ability to induce bioactivity of titanium alloy. The anodization in H3PO4 produced anatase titanium oxide on the surface with phosphate originated from electrolytes changed the surface topography and allowed formation of calcium-phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy A. Abdelrahim
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, Al-Azhar University, Egypt, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Alfarabi Colleges, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadia A. Badr
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Kusai Baroudi
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Alfarabi Colleges, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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8
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Anodisation and Sol–Gel Coatings as Surface Modification to Promote Osseointegration in Metallic Prosthesis. MODERN ASPECTS OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-31849-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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9
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Hall DJ, Urban RM, Pourzal R, Turner TM, Skipor AK, Jacobs JJ. Nanoscale surface modification by anodic oxidation increased bone ingrowth and reduced fibrous tissue in the porous coating of titanium-alloy femoral hip arthroplasty implants. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2015; 105:283-290. [PMID: 26477322 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hip arthroplasty femoral stems coated with Ti6Al4V beads were treated by anodic oxidation in H3 PO4 for enhanced bioactivity and were studied in a 6-month canine model to determine the effects of the treated surface on the ingrowth of bone and soft tissues. The area fractions of bone, marrow, and fibrous tissue in the porous coating of seven treated and seven untreated control implants were determined using histomorphological techniques. The area fraction of bone within the porous coating was greater for anodic oxide treated (23.6 ± 8.3%) compared to control implants (l2.7 ± 4.7%) (p = 0.013), and there was less fibrous tissue in the treated implants (18.0 ± 9.5%) compared to the controls (33.1 ± 7.9%) (p = 0.006). XPS, XRD, TEM, and SEM analyses of the treated implants revealed a 400 nm-thick titanium oxide layer of low crystallinity with an undulating surface, populated with more than 25 nm-size pores per square micrometer. There was no detectable increase in serum titanium or in generation of particulates locally compared to the control implants. Micro and nanoscale surface modification by anodic oxidation increased bone ingrowth and reduced fibrous tissue, which may extend the longevity of fixation, limiting pathways for particle migration, and impeding the progression of osteolysis and aseptic loosening of arthroplasty components. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 283-290, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Hall
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Robert M Urban
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Robin Pourzal
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Thomas M Turner
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Anastasia K Skipor
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joshua J Jacobs
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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10
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Micro-Raman spectroscopic analysis of TiO2 phases on the root surfaces of commercial dental implants. Dent Mater 2014; 30:861-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2014.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Chen Z, Zhou K, Lu X, Lam YC. Influence of hydrothermal exposure on surface characteristics and corrosion behaviors of anodized titanium. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxiang Chen
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; 50 Nanyang Avenue Singapore 6389798 Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; 50 Nanyang Avenue Singapore 6389798 Singapore
| | - Kun Zhou
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; 50 Nanyang Avenue Singapore 6389798 Singapore
| | - Xuehong Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; 50 Nanyang Avenue Singapore 6389798 Singapore
| | - Yee Cheong Lam
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; 50 Nanyang Avenue Singapore 6389798 Singapore
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Hoerth RM, Katunar MR, Gomez Sanchez A, Orellano JC, Ceré SM, Wagermaier W, Ballarre J. A comparative study of zirconium and titanium implants in rat: osseointegration and bone material quality. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2014; 25:411-422. [PMID: 24170339 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-013-5074-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Permanent metal implants are widely used in human medical treatments and orthopedics, for example as hip joint replacements. They are commonly made of titanium alloys and beyond the optimization of this established material, it is also essential to explore alternative implant materials in view of improved osseointegration. The aim of our study was to characterize the implant performance of zirconium in comparison to titanium implants. Zirconium implants have been characterized in a previous study concerning material properties and surface characteristics in vitro, such as oxide layer thickness and surface roughness. In the present study, we compare bone material quality around zirconium and titanium implants in terms of osseointegration and therefore characterized bone material properties in a rat model using a multi-method approach. We used light and electron microscopy, micro Raman spectroscopy, micro X-ray fluorescence and X-ray scattering techniques to investigate the osseointegration in terms of compositional and structural properties of the newly formed bone. Regarding the mineralization level, the mineral composition, and the alignment and order of the mineral particles, our results show that the maturity of the newly formed bone after 8 weeks of implantation is already very high. In conclusion, the bone material quality obtained for zirconium implants is at least as good as for titanium. It seems that the zirconium implants can be a good candidate for using as permanent metal prosthesis for orthopedic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Hoerth
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424, Potsdam, Germany,
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Gomez Sanchez A, Schreiner W, Ballarre J, Cisilino A, Duffó G, Ceré S. Surface modification of titanium by anodic oxidation in phosphoric acid at low potentials. Part 2. In vitro and in vivo study. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Gomez Sanchez
- INTEMA; Universidad Nacional del Mar del Plata - CONICET; Juan B. Justo 4302 (7600) Mar del Plata Argentina
| | - W. Schreiner
- LSI - LANSEN; Departamento de Física; UFPR. Curitiba Brazil
| | - J. Ballarre
- INTEMA; Universidad Nacional del Mar del Plata - CONICET; Juan B. Justo 4302 (7600) Mar del Plata Argentina
| | - A. Cisilino
- INTEMA; Universidad Nacional del Mar del Plata - CONICET; Juan B. Justo 4302 (7600) Mar del Plata Argentina
| | - G. Duffó
- Departamento de Materiales; Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica - CONICET; Av. Gral. Paz 1499 (1650) San Martín Buenos Aires Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de Gral. San Martín; Av. Gral. Paz 1499, (1650) San Martín; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - S. Ceré
- INTEMA; Universidad Nacional del Mar del Plata - CONICET; Juan B. Justo 4302 (7600) Mar del Plata Argentina
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