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Choque-Quispe Y, Choque-Quispe D, Ligarda-Samanez CA, Solano-Reynoso AM, Froehner S, Ramos-Pacheco BS, Carhuarupay-Molleda YF, Sumarriva-Bustinza LA. A High Andean Hydrocolloid Extracted by Microatomization: Preliminary Optimization in Aqueous Stability. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1777. [PMID: 39000633 PMCID: PMC11244426 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Aqueous suspensions rely on electrostatic interactions among suspended solids, posing a significant challenge to maintaining stability during storage, particularly in the food and pharmaceutical industries, where synthetic stabilizers are commonly employed. However, there is a growing interest in exploring new materials derived from natural and environmentally friendly sources. This study aimed to optimize the stability parameters of a novel Altoandino Nostoc Sphaericum hydrocolloid (NSH) extracted via micro atomization. Suspensions were prepared by varying the pH, gelatinization temperature and NSH dosage using a 23 factorial arrangement, resulting in eight treatments stored under non-controlled conditions for 20 days. Stability was assessed through turbidity, sedimentation (as sediment transmittance), ζ potential, particle size, color and UV-Vis scanning. Optimization of parameters was conducted using empirical equations, with evaluation based on the correlation coefficient (R2), average relative error (ARE) and X2. The suspensions exhibited high stability throughout the storage period, with optimized control parameters identified at a pH of 4.5, gelatinization temperature of 84.55 °C and NSH dosage of 0.08 g/L. Simulated values included turbidity (99.00%), sedimentation (72.34%), ζ potential (-25.64 mV), particle size (300.00 nm) and color index (-2.00), with simulated results aligning with practical application. These findings suggest the potential use of NSH as a substitute for commercial hydrocolloids, albeit with consideration for color limitations that require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudith Choque-Quispe
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
- Water and Food Treatment Materials Research Laboratory, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru;
- Research Group in the Development of Advanced Materials for Water and Food Treatment, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru;
- Nutraceuticals and Biopolymers Research Group, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
| | - David Choque-Quispe
- Water and Food Treatment Materials Research Laboratory, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru;
- Research Group in the Development of Advanced Materials for Water and Food Treatment, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru;
- Nutraceuticals and Biopolymers Research Group, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
- Department of Agroindustrial Engineering, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
| | - Carlos A. Ligarda-Samanez
- Research Group in the Development of Advanced Materials for Water and Food Treatment, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru;
- Nutraceuticals and Biopolymers Research Group, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
- Department of Agroindustrial Engineering, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
- Food Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
| | - Aydeé M. Solano-Reynoso
- Department of Basic Sciences, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru; (A.M.S.-R.); (Y.F.C.-M.)
| | - Sandro Froehner
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba 80010, Brazil;
| | - Betsy S. Ramos-Pacheco
- Water and Food Treatment Materials Research Laboratory, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru;
- Research Group in the Development of Advanced Materials for Water and Food Treatment, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru;
- Nutraceuticals and Biopolymers Research Group, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
- Department of Agroindustrial Engineering, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
| | | | - Liliana Asunción Sumarriva-Bustinza
- Academic Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universidad Nacional de Educación Enrique Guzman y Valle, Lurigancho-Chosica 15472, Peru;
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Liu XY, Wang N, Lv LY, Wang PF, Gao WF, Sun L, Zhang GM, Ren ZJ. Adsorption-desorption behaviors of ciprofloxacin onto aged polystyrene fragments in aquatic environments. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:139995. [PMID: 37652241 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
As two emerging pollutants of great concern, microplastics (MPs) and antibiotics inevitably cooccur in various aquatic environments and interact with each other, impacting the fate and ecological risks. Aging obviously complicates their interaction and deserves further study. Therefore, the adsorption-desorption behaviors of ciprofloxacin (CIP) onto polystyrene (PS) fragments with various aging extent were investigated, and the key physiochemical properties influencing the interaction and the interaction mechanisms were clarified by redundancy analysis, FTIR and XPS spectra. The physicochemical properties of PS MPs were significantly changed with aging time, and the morphological and chemical changes seemed to occur asynchronously. The adsorption of CIP onto the pristine PS MPs relied on physisorption, especially the ion-involving electrostatic and cation-π interaction. Due to the hydrogen bonding formed by the C-OH, CO, and O-CO groups of PS and CIP, the adsorption capacities of the aged PS MPs were greatly increased. The desorption efficiency of CIP from MPs in the gastric fluid was closely related to the solution ionic strengths, C-OH and CO groups of MPs, while that in the intestinal fluid was associated with O-CO groups of MPs. The different impact factors could be well described by the differences in the chemical components and pHs of the simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. This study gives a comprehensive understanding of the adsorption-desorption behaviors of antibiotics onto MPs at a molecular level and indicates that MPs could act as Trojan horses to transport antibiotics into aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Pollution Control, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, PR China
| | - Ning Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Pollution Control, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, PR China
| | - Long-Yi Lv
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Pollution Control, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, PR China
| | - Peng-Fei Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Pollution Control, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, PR China
| | - Wen-Fang Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Pollution Control, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, PR China
| | - Li Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Pollution Control, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, PR China
| | - Guang-Ming Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Pollution Control, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, PR China.
| | - Zhi-Jun Ren
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Pollution Control, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, PR China
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Mukherjee F, Shi A, Wang X, You F, Abbott NL. Liquid Crystals as Multifunctional Interfaces for Trapping and Characterizing Colloidal Microplastics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207802. [PMID: 36892170 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Identifying and removing microplastics (MPs) from the environment is a global challenge. This study explores how the colloidal fraction of MPs assemble into distinct 2D patterns at aqueous interfaces of liquid crystal (LC) films with the goal of developing surface-sensitive methods for identifying MPs. Polyethylene (PE) and polystyrene (PS) microparticles are measured to exhibit distinct aggregation patterns, with addition of anionic surfactant amplifying differences in PS/PE aggregation patterns: PS changes from a linear chain-like morphology to a singly dispersed state with increasing surfactant concentration whereas PE forms dense clusters at all surfactant concentrations. Statistical analysis of assembly patterns using deep learning image recognition models yields accurate classification, with feature importance analysis confirming that dense, multibranched assemblies are unique features of PE relative to PS. Microscopic characterization of LC ordering at the microparticle surfaces leads to predict LC-mediated interactions (due to elastic strain) with a dipolar symmetry, a prediction consistent with the interfacial organization of PS but not PE. Further analysis leads to conclude that PE microparticles, due to their polycrystalline nature, possess rough surfaces that lead to weak LC elastic interactions and enhanced capillary forces. Overall, the results highlight the potential utility of LC interfaces for rapid identification of colloidal MPs based on their surface properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Mukherjee
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Anye Shi
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Fengqi You
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Nicholas L Abbott
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Leroy P, Maineult A, Li S, Vinogradov J. The zeta potential of quartz. Surface complexation modelling to elucidate high salinity measurements. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Leonard H, Jiang X, Arshavsky-Graham S, Holtzman L, Haimov Y, Weizman D, Halachmi S, Segal E. Shining light in blind alleys: deciphering bacterial attachment in silicon microstructures. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2022; 7:729-742. [PMID: 35616534 DOI: 10.1039/d2nh00130f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With new advances in infectious disease, antifouling surfaces, and environmental microbiology research comes the need to understand and control the accumulation and attachment of bacterial cells on a surface. Thus, we employ intrinsic phase-shift reflectometric interference spectroscopic measurements of silicon diffraction gratings to non-destructively observe the interactions between bacterial cells and abiotic, microstructured surfaces in a label-free and real-time manner. We conclude that the combination of specific material characteristics (i.e., substrate surface charge and topology) and characteristics of the bacterial cells (i.e., motility, cell charge, biofilm formation, and physiology) drive bacteria to adhere to a particular surface, often leading to a biofilm formation. Such knowledge can be exploited to predict antibiotic efficacy and biofilm formation, and enhance surface-based biosensor development, as well as the design of anti-biofouling strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Leonard
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
| | - Sofia Arshavsky-Graham
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
| | - Liran Holtzman
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
| | - Yuri Haimov
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
| | - Daniel Weizman
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
| | - Sarel Halachmi
- Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
- Department of Urology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa, 3104800, Israel
| | - Ester Segal
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
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Smits J, Prasad Giri R, Shen C, Mendonça D, Murphy B, Huber P, Rezwan K, Maas M. Assessment of nanoparticle immersion depth at liquid interfaces from chemically equivalent macroscopic surfaces. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 611:670-683. [PMID: 34974227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.12.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS We test whether the wettability of nanoparticles (NPs) straddling at an air/water surface or oil/water interface can be extrapolated from sessile drop-derived macroscopic contact angles (mCAs) on planar substrates, assuming that both the nanoparticles and the macroscopic substrates are chemically equivalent and feature the same electrokinetic potential. EXPERIMENTS Pure silica (SiO2) and amino-terminated silica (APTES-SiO2) NPs are compared to macroscopic surfaces with extremely low roughness (root mean square [RMS] roughness ≤ 2 nm) or a roughness determined by a close-packed layer of NPs (RMS roughness ∼ 35 nm). Equivalence of the surface chemistry is assessed by comparing the electrokinetic potentials of the NPs via electrophoretic light scattering and of the macroscopic substrates via streaming current analysis. The wettability of the macroscopic substrates is obtained from advancing (ACAs) and receding contact angles (RCAs) and in situ synchrotron X-ray reflectivity (XRR) provided by the NP wettability at the liquid interfaces. FINDINGS Generally, the RCA on smooth surfaces provides a good estimate of NP wetting properties. However, mCAs alone cannot predict adsorption barriers that prevent NP segregation to the interface, as is the case with the pure SiO2 nanoparticles. This strategy greatly facilitates assessing the wetting properties of NPs for applications such as emulsion formulation, flotation, or water remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joeri Smits
- Advanced Ceramics, University of Bremen, Am Biologischen Garten 2, Bremen D-28359, Germany.
| | - Rajendra Prasad Giri
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University, Kiel D-24098, Germany.
| | - Chen Shen
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg D-22607, Germany.
| | - Diogo Mendonça
- Advanced Ceramics, University of Bremen, Am Biologischen Garten 2, Bremen D-28359, Germany; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Bridget Murphy
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University, Kiel D-24098, Germany; Ruprecht-Haensel Laboratory, Kiel University, Kiel 24118, Germany.
| | - Patrick Huber
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg D-22607, Germany; Hamburg University of Technology, Institute for Materials and X-Ray Physics, Eißendorfer Straße 42, Hamburg 21073, Germany; Hamburg University, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures ChyN, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22607, Germany.
| | - Kurosch Rezwan
- Advanced Ceramics, University of Bremen, Am Biologischen Garten 2, Bremen D-28359, Germany; MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, University of Bremen, Bibliothekstraße 1, Bremen D-28359, Germany.
| | - Michael Maas
- Advanced Ceramics, University of Bremen, Am Biologischen Garten 2, Bremen D-28359, Germany; MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, University of Bremen, Bibliothekstraße 1, Bremen D-28359, Germany.
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Ramsperger AFRM, Jasinski J, Völkl M, Witzmann T, Meinhart M, Jérôme V, Kretschmer WP, Freitag R, Senker J, Fery A, Kress H, Scheibel T, Laforsch C. Supposedly identical microplastic particles substantially differ in their material properties influencing particle-cell interactions and cellular responses. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 425:127961. [PMID: 34986564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics and its putative adverse effects on environmental and human health increasingly gain scientific and public attention. Systematic studies on the effects of microplastics are currently hampered by using rather poorly characterised particles, leading to contradictory results for the same particle type. Here, surface properties and chemical composition of two commercially available nominally identical polystyrene microparticles, frequently used in effect studies, were characterised. We show distinct differences in monomer content, ζ-potentials and surface charge densities. Cells exposed to particles showing a lower ζ-potential and a higher monomer content displayed a higher number of particle-cell-interactions and consequently a decrease in cell metabolism and proliferation, especially at higher particle concentrations. Our study emphasises that no general statements can be made about the effects of microplastics, not even for the same polymer type in the same size class, unless the physicochemical properties are well characterised.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F R M Ramsperger
- Animal Ecology I and BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany; Biological Physics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - J Jasinski
- Biomaterials, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - M Völkl
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - T Witzmann
- Leibniz-Institute of Polymer Research e.V., Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics & Physical Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - M Meinhart
- Inorganic Chemistry III and Northern Bavarian NMR Centre, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - V Jérôme
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - W P Kretschmer
- Inorganic Chemistry II and Sustainable Chemistry Centre, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - R Freitag
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - J Senker
- Inorganic Chemistry III and Northern Bavarian NMR Centre, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - A Fery
- Leibniz-Institute of Polymer Research e.V., Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics & Physical Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - H Kress
- Biological Physics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - T Scheibel
- Biomaterials, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - C Laforsch
- Animal Ecology I and BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
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Ban M, Luxbacher T, Lützenkirchen J, Viani A, Bianchi S, Hradil K, Rohatsch A, Castelvetro V. Evolution of calcite surfaces upon thermal decomposition, characterized by electrokinetics, in-situ XRD, and SEM. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Development of a Nanocrystal Formulation of a Low Melting Point API Following a Quality by Design Approach. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9060954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Preparation of nanocrystal formulations by wet media milling and spray-drying is a reliable technique to enhance dissolution and ameliorate absorption limitations of poorly soluble BCS II drugs. However, when thermosensitive compositions are dried at high temperatures, the risks of particle aggregation and thermal degradation must be considered. The present study investigates the effects of nanosuspension formulation variables when performing the spray drying process at equidistant temperatures above and below the melting point. Towards this purpose, Fenofibrate is exploited as a model drug of unfavorable pharmacokinetic profile and low melting point (79–82 °C), properties that render thermal processing a nontrivial task. Rationalizing the system’s behavior by combining molecular simulations with QbD methodology, the preparation of stable nanocrystals can be “steered” in order to avoid undesirable melting. The statistically resolved operational conditions showed that Fenofibrate Critical Quality Attribute–compliant nanosuspensions i.e., bearing hydrodynamic diameter and ζ-potential of 887 nm and −16.49 mV, respectively, were obtained by wet milling drug to Pharmacoat and mannitol weighted optimum ratios of 4.075% and 0.75%, after spray drying at the desired temperature of 77 °C. In conclusion, we present a quality assurance methodology of nano-comminution generally applicable for thermo-labile BCS II drugs.
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Structural Diversity in Early-Stage Biofilm Formation on Microplastics Depends on Environmental Medium and Polymer Properties. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12113216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plastics entering the environment can not only undergo physical degradation and fragmentation processes, but they also tend to be colonized by microorganisms. Microbial colonization and the subsequent biofilm formation on plastics can alter their palatability to organisms and result in a higher ingestion as compared to pristine plastics. To date, the early stage of biofilm formation on plastic materials has not been investigated in context of the environmental medium and polymer properties. We explored the early-stage biofilm formation on polyamide (PA), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) after incubation in freshwater and artificial seawater and categorized the structural diversity on images obtained via scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, by the measurement of the initial ζ-potential of the plastic materials, we found that PA with the highest negative ζ-potential tended to have the highest structural diversity, followed by PET and PVC after incubation in freshwater. However, PVC with the lowest negative ζ-potential showed the highest structural diversity after incubation in seawater, indicating that the structural diversity is additionally dependent on the incubation medium. Our results give insights into how the incubation medium and polymer properties can influence the early-stage biofilm formation of just recently environmentally exposed microplastics. These differences are responsible for whether organisms may ingest microplastic particles with their food or not.
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