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Ali A, Chowdhury S, Janorkar A, Marquart M, Griggs JA, Bumgardner J, Roach MD. A novel single-step anodization approach for PANI-doping oxide surfaces to improve the photocatalytic activity of titanium implants. Biomed Mater 2022; 18:015010. [PMID: 36384042 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aca37d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Crystalline titanium oxides have shown photocatalytic activity (PCA) and the formation of antibacterial reactive oxygen species (ROS) when stimulated with UV light. Polyaniline (PANI) is a conductive polymer that has shown antibacterial effects. Previously, titanium oxides have been PANI-doped using a multi-step approach. In the present study, we compared PANI-doped specimens produced with a two-step method (ACV), to PANI-doped specimens produced by a novel single-step direct anodization (AAn) method, and a control group of anodized un-doped specimens. The surface morphology, oxide crystallinity, surface elemental composition, surface roughness, surface wettability, oxide adhesion, corrosion resistance, PCA, and ROS generation of each oxide group were evaluated. All groups exhibited mixed anatase and rutile phase oxides. The AAn group revealed less anatase and rutile, but more PANI-surface coverage. The AAn group exhibited significantly increased PCA after 60 minutes of direct UVA illumination compared to the ACV group, despite containing lower amounts of anatase and rutile. The ACV and AAn groups showed significant increases in ROS production after 4 hours UVA illumination while the control group showed similar ROS production. These findings suggested that PANI doping using the novel direct anodization technique significantly improved PCA even for oxides containing less crystallinity. The S. aureus attachment response to each oxide group was also compared under UVA pre-illumination, UVA direct illumination, and no illumination (dark) lighting conditions. Although no significant differences were shown in the bacterial response, both PANI-doped groups exhibited less average bacterial attachment compared to the control group. The response of MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast cells to each oxide group was evaluated using MTT and live/dead assays, and no evidence of cytotoxicity was found. Since many, if not most, titanium implant devices are routinely anodized as a part of the manufacturing processes, these study findings are applicable to a wide variety of implant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Ali
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, D528, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, Mississippi, 39216-4505, UNITED STATES
| | - Sheetal Chowdhury
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, D528, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, Mississippi, 39216-4505, UNITED STATES
| | - Amol Janorkar
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, D528, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Dentistry, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, Mississippi, 39216-4505, UNITED STATES
| | - Mary Marquart
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, Mississippi, 39216-4505, UNITED STATES
| | - Jason A Griggs
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, D528, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Dentistry, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, Mississippi, 39216-4505, UNITED STATES
| | - Joel Bumgardner
- Biomedical Engineering Department, The University of Memphis Herff College of Engineering, Engineering Technology Building, 330, Memphis, Tennessee, 38152, UNITED STATES
| | - Michael D Roach
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, D528, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, School of Dentistry, Jackson, Mississippi, 39216, UNITED STATES
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