1
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Afonso ACP, González-Berdullas P, Esteves da Silva JCG, Pinto da Silva L. Combined Experimental and Theoretical Investigation into the Photophysical Properties of Halogenated Coelenteramide Analogs. Molecules 2022; 27:8875. [PMID: 36558008 PMCID: PMC9781228 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine Coelenterazine is one of the most well-known chemi-/bioluminescent systems, and in which reaction the chemi-/bioluminophore (Coelenteramide) is generated and chemiexcited to singlet excited states (leading to light emission). Recent studies have shown that the bromination of compounds associated with the marine Coelenterazine system can provide them with new properties, such as anticancer activity and enhanced emission. Given this, our objective is to characterize the photophysical properties of a previously reported brominated Coelenteramide analog, by employing a combined experimental and theoretical approach. To better analyze the potential halogen effect, we have also synthesized and characterized, for the first time, two new fluorinated and chlorinated Coelenteramide analogs. These compounds show similar emission spectra in aqueous solution, but with different fluorescence quantum yields, in a trend that can be correlated with the heavy-atom effect (F > Cl > Br). A blue shift in emission in other solvents is also verified with the F−Cl−Br trend. More relevantly, the fluorescence quantum yield of the brominated analog is particularly sensitive to changes in solvent, which indicates that this compound has potential use as a microenvironment fluorescence probe. Theoretical calculations indicate that the observed excited state transitions result from local excitations involving the pyrazine ring. The obtained information should be useful for the further exploration of halogenated Coelenteramides and their luminescent properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina P. Afonso
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Patricia González-Berdullas
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joaquim C. G. Esteves da Silva
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- LACOMEPHI, GreenUPorto, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Pinto da Silva
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- LACOMEPHI, GreenUPorto, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Abstract
Chemiluminescence (CL) utilizing chemiexcitation for energy transformation is one of the most highly sensitive and useful analytical techniques. The chemiexcitation is a chemical process of a ground-state reactant producing an excited-state product, in which a nonadiabatic event is facilitated by conical intersections (CIs), the specific molecular geometries where electronic states are degenerated. Cyclic peroxides, especially 1,2-dioxetane/dioxetanone derivatives, are the iconic chemiluminescent substances. In this Perspective, we concentrated on the CIs in the CL of cyclic peroxides. We first present a computational overview on the role of CIs between the ground (S0) state and the lowest singlet excited (S1) state in the thermolysis of cyclic peroxides. Subsequently, we discuss the role of the S0/S1 CI in the CL efficiency and point out misunderstandings in some theoretical studies on the singlet chemiexcitations of cyclic peroxides. Finally, we address the challenges and future prospects in theoretically calculating S0/S1 CIs and simulating the dynamics and chemiexcitation efficiency in the CL of cyclic peroxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yue
- Key Laboratory for Non-equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi710049, China
| | - Ya-Jun Liu
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai519087, China
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100875, China
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3
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Sousa J, Magalhães CM, González-Berdullas P, Esteves da Silva JCG, Pinto da Silva L. Comparative Investigation of the Chemiluminescent Properties of a Dibrominated Coelenterazine Analog. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158490. [PMID: 35955625 PMCID: PMC9369366 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemi- and bioluminescence are remarkable light-emitting phenomena, in which thermal energy is converted into excitation energy due to a (bio)chemical reaction. Among a wide variety of chemi-/bioluminescent systems, one of the most well-known and studied systems is that of marine imidazopyrazinones, such as Coelenterazine and Cypridina luciferin. Due to the increasing usefulness of their chemi-/bioluminescent reactions in terms of imaging and sensing applications, among others, significant effort has been made over the years by researchers to develop new derivatives with enhanced properties. Herein, we report the synthesis and chemiluminescent characterization of a novel dibrominated Coelenterazine analog. This novel compound consistently showed superior luminescence, in terms of total light output and emission lifetime, to natural imidazopyrazinones and commercially available analogs in aprotic media, while being capable of yellow light emission. Finally, this new compound showed enhanced chemiluminescence in an aqueous solution when triggered by superoxide anion, showing potential to be used as a basis for optimized probes for reactive oxygen species. In conclusion, bromination of the imidazopyrazinone scaffold appears to be a suitable strategy for obtaining Coelenterazines with enhanced properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Sousa
- Centro de Investigação em Química (CIQUP), Instituto de Ciências Moleculares (IMS), Departamento de Geociências, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Território, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (J.S.); (C.M.M.); (P.G.-B.); (J.C.G.E.d.S.)
| | - Carla M. Magalhães
- Centro de Investigação em Química (CIQUP), Instituto de Ciências Moleculares (IMS), Departamento de Geociências, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Território, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (J.S.); (C.M.M.); (P.G.-B.); (J.C.G.E.d.S.)
| | - Patricia González-Berdullas
- Centro de Investigação em Química (CIQUP), Instituto de Ciências Moleculares (IMS), Departamento de Geociências, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Território, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (J.S.); (C.M.M.); (P.G.-B.); (J.C.G.E.d.S.)
| | - Joaquim C. G. Esteves da Silva
- Centro de Investigação em Química (CIQUP), Instituto de Ciências Moleculares (IMS), Departamento de Geociências, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Território, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (J.S.); (C.M.M.); (P.G.-B.); (J.C.G.E.d.S.)
- LACOMEPHI, GreenUPorto, Departamento de Geociências, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Território, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Pinto da Silva
- Centro de Investigação em Química (CIQUP), Instituto de Ciências Moleculares (IMS), Departamento de Geociências, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Território, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (J.S.); (C.M.M.); (P.G.-B.); (J.C.G.E.d.S.)
- LACOMEPHI, GreenUPorto, Departamento de Geociências, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Território, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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4
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Discovery of the Anticancer Activity for Lung and Gastric Cancer of a Brominated Coelenteramine Analog. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158271. [PMID: 35955406 PMCID: PMC9368541 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is still a challenging disease to treat, both in terms of harmful side effects and therapeutic efficiency of the available treatments. Herein, to develop new therapeutic molecules, we have investigated the anticancer activity of halogenated derivatives of different components of the bioluminescent system of marine Coelenterazine: Coelenterazine (Clz) itself, Coelenteramide (Clmd), and Coelenteramine (Clm). We have found that Clz derivatives possess variable anticancer activity toward gastric and lung cancer. Interestingly, we also found that both brominated Clmd (Br-Clmd) and Clm (Br-Clm) were the most potent anticancer compounds toward these cell lines, with this being the first report of the anticancer potential of these types of molecules. Interestingly, Br-Clm possessed some safety profile towards noncancer cells. Further evaluation revealed that the latter compound induced cell death via apoptosis, with evidence for crosstalk between intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Finally, a thorough exploration of the chemical space of the studied Br-Clm helped identify the structural features responsible for its observed anticancer activity. In conclusion, a new type of compounds with anticancer activity toward gastric and lung cancer was reported and characterized, which showed interesting properties to be considered as a starting point for future optimizations towards obtaining suitable chemotherapeutic agents.
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5
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Magalhães C, Esteves da Silva JCG, Pinto da Silva L. Theoretical Study of the Thermolysis Reaction and Chemiexcitation of Coelenterazine Dioxetanes. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:3486-3494. [PMID: 35612291 PMCID: PMC9776548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c01835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Coelenterazine and other imidazopyrazinones are important bioluminescent substrates widespread in marine species and can be found in eight phyla of luminescent organisms. Light emission from these systems is caused by the formation and subsequent thermolysis of a dioxetanone intermediate, whose decomposition allows for efficient chemiexcitation to singlet excited states. Interestingly, some studies have also reported the involvement of unexpected dioxetane intermediates in the chemi- and bioluminescent reactions of Coelenterazine, albeit with little information on the underlying mechanisms of these new species. Herein, we have employed a theoretical approach based on density functional theory to study for the first time the thermolysis reaction and chemiexcitation profile of two Coelenterazine dioxetanes. We have found that the thermolysis reactions of these species are feasible but with relevant energetic differences. More importantly, we found that the singlet chemiexcitation profiles of these dioxetanes are significantly less efficient than the corresponding dioxetanones. Furthermore, we identified triplet chemiexcitation pathways for the Coelenterazine dioxetanes. Given this, the chemiexcitation of these dioxetanes should lead only to minimal luminescence. Thus, our theoretical investigation of these systems indicates that the thermolysis of these dioxetanes should only provide "dark" pathways for the formation of nonluminescent degradation products of the chemi- and bioluminescent reactions of Coelenterazine and other imidazopyrazinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla
M. Magalhães
- Chemistry
Research Unit (CIQUP), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joaquim C. G. Esteves da Silva
- Chemistry
Research Unit (CIQUP), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal,LACOMEPHI,
GreenUPorto, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial
Planning, Faculty of Sciences of University
of Porto (FCUP), Rua
do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Pinto da Silva
- Chemistry
Research Unit (CIQUP), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal,LACOMEPHI,
GreenUPorto, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial
Planning, Faculty of Sciences of University
of Porto (FCUP), Rua
do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal,
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6
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Development of a Coelenterazine Derivative with Enhanced Superoxide Anion-Triggered Chemiluminescence in Aqueous Solution. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10050174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Superoxide anion is a reactive oxygen species (ROS) of biological interest. More specifically, it plays a role in intra- and intercellular signaling, besides being associated with conditions such as inflammation and cancer. Given this, efforts have been made by the research community to devise new sensing strategies for this ROS species. Among them, the chemiluminescent reaction of marine Coelenterazine has been employed as a sensitive and dynamic probing approach. Nevertheless, chemiluminescent reactions are typically associated with lower emissions in aqueous solutions. Herein, here we report the synthesis of a new Coelenterazine derivative with the potential for superoxide anion sensing. Namely, this novel compound is capable of chemiluminescence in a dose-dependent manner when triggered by this ROS species. More importantly, the light-emission intensities provided by this derivative were relevantly enhanced (intensities 2.13 × 101 to 1.11 × 104 times higher) in aqueous solutions at different pH conditions when compared to native Coelenterazine. The half-life of the chemiluminescent signal is also greatly increased for the derivative. Thus, a new chemiluminescence molecule with significant potential for superoxide anion sensing was discovered and reported for the first time.
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7
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Magalhães CM, González-Berdullas P, Duarte D, Correia AS, Rodríguez-Borges JE, Vale N, Esteves da Silva JCG, Pinto da Silva L. Target-Oriented Synthesis of Marine Coelenterazine Derivatives with Anticancer Activity by Applying the Heavy-Atom Effect. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091199. [PMID: 34572385 PMCID: PMC8467094 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an anticancer therapeutic modality with remarkable advantages over more conventional approaches. However, PDT is greatly limited by its dependence on external light sources. Given this, PDT would benefit from new systems capable of a light-free and intracellular photodynamic effect. Herein, we evaluated the heavy-atom effect as a strategy to provide anticancer activity to derivatives of coelenterazine, a chemiluminescent single-molecule widespread in marine organisms. Our results indicate that the use of the heavy-atom effect allows these molecules to generate readily available triplet states in a chemiluminescent reaction triggered by a cancer marker. Cytotoxicity assays in different cancer cell lines showed a heavy-atom-dependent anticancer activity, which increased in the substituent order of hydroxyl < chlorine < bromine. Furthermore, it was found that the magnitude of this anticancer activity is also dependent on the tumor type, being more relevant toward breast and prostate cancer. The compounds also showed moderate activity toward neuroblastoma, while showing limited activity toward colon cancer. In conclusion, the present results indicate that the application of the heavy-atom effect to marine coelenterazine could be a promising approach for the future development of new and optimized self-activating and tumor-selective sensitizers for light-free PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla M. Magalhães
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (C.M.M.); (P.G.-B.); (J.C.G.E.d.S.)
| | - Patricia González-Berdullas
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (C.M.M.); (P.G.-B.); (J.C.G.E.d.S.)
| | - Diana Duarte
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (D.D.); (A.S.C.); (N.V.)
- Department of Community Medicine, Health Information and Decision (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Salomé Correia
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (D.D.); (A.S.C.); (N.V.)
- Department of Community Medicine, Health Information and Decision (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - José E. Rodríguez-Borges
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Nuno Vale
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (D.D.); (A.S.C.); (N.V.)
- Department of Community Medicine, Health Information and Decision (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joaquim C. G. Esteves da Silva
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (C.M.M.); (P.G.-B.); (J.C.G.E.d.S.)
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (D.D.); (A.S.C.); (N.V.)
| | - Luís Pinto da Silva
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (C.M.M.); (P.G.-B.); (J.C.G.E.d.S.)
- LACOMEPHI, GreenUPorto, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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8
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Magalhães CM, González-Berdullas P, Esteves da Silva JCG, Pinto da Silva L. Elucidating the chemiexcitation of dioxetanones by replacing the peroxide bond with S–S, N–N and C–C bonds. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj03440e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Replacing the peroxide bond of dioxetanone prevents chemiluminescence by making its thermolysis energetically unfavorable and without a singlet chemiexcitation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla M. Magalhães
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patricia González-Berdullas
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joaquim C. G. Esteves da Silva
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
- LACOMEPHI, GreenUPorto, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Pinto da Silva
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
- LACOMEPHI, GreenUPorto, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
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9
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Min CG, Liu QB, Leng Y, Magalhães CM, Huang SJ, Liu CX, Yang XK, da Silva LP. Mechanistic Insight into the Chemiluminescent Decomposition of Cypridina Dioxetanone and the Chemiluminescent, Fluorescent Properties of the Light Emitter of Cypridina Bioluminescence. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 59:4393-4401. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Gang Min
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, P. R. China
- Research Center for Analysis and Measurement, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, P. R. China
- Analysis and Test Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650093, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Bo Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, P. R. China
- Research Center for Analysis and Measurement, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, P. R. China
- Analysis and Test Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650093, P. R. China
| | - Yan Leng
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, PR China
| | - Carla M. Magalhães
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Shao-Jun Huang
- Research Center for Analysis and Measurement, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, P. R. China
- Analysis and Test Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650093, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Xia Liu
- Research Center for Analysis and Measurement, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, P. R. China
- Analysis and Test Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650093, P. R. China
| | - Xi-Kun Yang
- Research Center for Analysis and Measurement, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, P. R. China
- Analysis and Test Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650093, P. R. China
| | - Luís Pinto da Silva
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- LACOMEPHI, GreenUPorto, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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10
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Pinto da Silva L, Magalhães CM, Núñez-Montenegro A, Ferreira PJO, Duarte D, Rodríguez-Borges JE, Vale N, Esteves da Silva JCG. Study of the Combination of Self-Activating Photodynamic Therapy and Chemotherapy for Cancer Treatment. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9080384. [PMID: 31434290 PMCID: PMC6722738 DOI: 10.3390/biom9080384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a very challenging disease to treat, both in terms of treatment efficiency and side-effects. To overcome these problems, there have been extensive studies regarding the possibility of improving treatment by employing combination therapy, and by exploring therapeutic modalities with reduced side-effects (such as photodynamic therapy (PDT)). Herein, this work has two aims: (i) to develop self-activating photosensitizers for use in light-free photodynamic therapy, which would eliminate light-related restrictions that this therapy currently possesses; (ii) to assess their co-treatment potential when combined with reference chemotherapeutic agents (Tamoxifen and Metformin). We synthesized three new photosensitizers capable of self-activation and singlet oxygen production via a chemiluminescent reaction involving only a cancer marker and without requiring a light source. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated the cytotoxic activity of all photosensitizers for prostate and breast tumor cell lines. Analysis of co-treatment effects revealed significant improvements for breast cancer, producing better results for all combinations than just for the individual photosensitizers and even Tamoxifen. By its turn, co-treatment for prostate cancer only presented better results for one combination than for just the isolated photosensitizers and Metformin. Nevertheless, it should be noted that the cytotoxicity of the isolated photosensitizers in prostate tumor cells was already very appreciable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Pinto da Silva
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
- LACOMEPHI, GreenUPorto, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Carla M Magalhães
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ara Núñez-Montenegro
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo J O Ferreira
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Diana Duarte
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- I3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - José E Rodríguez-Borges
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- I3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joaquim C G Esteves da Silva
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- LACOMEPHI, GreenUPorto, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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11
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Pinto
da Silva L, Green O, Gajst O, Simkovitch R, Shabat D, Esteves da Silva JCG, Huppert D. Excited-State Proton Transfer of Phenol Cyanine Picolinium Photoacid. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:2058-2073. [PMID: 31458515 PMCID: PMC6641337 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence techniques as well as quantum-mechanical calculations were used to study the photophysics and photochemistry of a newly synthesized photoacid-the phenol cyanine picolinium salt. We found that the nonradiative rate constant k nr of the excited protonated form of the photoacid is larger than that of the excited-state proton transfer (ESPT) to the solvent, k ESPT. We estimate that the quantum efficiency of the ESPT process is about 0.16. The nonradiative process is explained by a partial trans-cis isomerization reaction, which leads to the formation of a "dark" excited state that can cross to the ground state by nonadiabatic coupling. Moreover, the ESPT process is coupled to the photo-isomerization reaction, as this latter reaction enhances the photoacidity of the studied compound, as a result of photoinduced charge transfer. To prevent trans-cis isomerization of the cyanine bridge, we conducted experiments of PCyP adsorbed on cellulose in the presence of water. We found that the steady-state fluorescence intensity increased by about a factor of 50 and the lifetime of the ROH band increased by the same factor. The fluorescence intensity of the RO- band with respect to that of the ROH band was the same as in aqueous solution. This explains why inhibiting the photo-isomerization reaction by adsorbing the PCyP on cellulose does not lead to a higher ESPT rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Pinto
da Silva
- Chemistry
Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- LACOMEPHI,
Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ori Green
- Raymond
and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Oren Gajst
- Raymond
and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ron Simkovitch
- Raymond
and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Doron Shabat
- Raymond
and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Joaquim C. G. Esteves da Silva
- Chemistry
Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- LACOMEPHI,
Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Dan Huppert
- Raymond
and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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12
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Min CG, Ferreira PJ, Pinto da Silva L. Theoretically obtained insight into the mechanism and dioxetanone species responsible for the singlet chemiexcitation of Coelenterazine. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 174:18-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Pinto da Silva L, Pereira RFJ, Magalhães CM, Esteves da Silva JCG. Mechanistic Insight into Cypridina Bioluminescence with a Combined Experimental and Theoretical Chemiluminescent Approach. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:7862-7871. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b06295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luís Pinto da Silva
- Chemistry
Research Unit (CIQUP), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- LACOMEPHI,
Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui F. J. Pereira
- Chemistry
Research Unit (CIQUP), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla M. Magalhães
- Chemistry
Research Unit (CIQUP), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joaquim C. G. Esteves da Silva
- LACOMEPHI,
Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Chemistry
Research Unit (CIQUP), Department of Geosciences, Environment and
Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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14
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Theoretical Analysis of the Effect Provoked by Bromine-Addition on the Thermolysis and Chemiexcitation of a Model Dioxetanone. J CHEM-NY 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/1903981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemi-/bioluminescence are phenomena in which chemical energy is converted into electronically excited singlet states, which decay with light emission. Given this feature, along with high quantum yields and other beneficial characteristics, these systems have gained numerous applications in bioanalysis, in biomedicine, and in the pharmaceutical field. Singlet chemiexcitation is made possible by the formation of cyclic peroxides (as dioxetanones) as thermolysis provides a route for a ground state reaction to produce singlet excited states. However, such thermolysis can also lead to the formation of triplet states. While triplet states are not desired in the typical applications of chemi-/bioluminescence, the efficient production of such states can open the door for the use of these systems as sensitizers in photocatalysis and triplet-triplet annihilation, among other fields. Thus, the goal of this study is to assess the effect of heavy atom addition on the thermolysis and triplet chemiexcitation of a model dioxetanone. Monobromination does not affect the thermolysis reaction but can improve the efficiency of intersystem crossing, depending on the position of monobromination. Addition of bromine atoms to the triplet state reaction product has little effect on its properties, except on its electron affinity, in which monobromination can increase between 3.1 and 8.8 kcal mol−1.
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15
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Pinto da Silva L, Magalhães CM, Crista DMA, Esteves da Silva JCG. Theoretical modulation of singlet/triplet chemiexcitation of chemiluminescent imidazopyrazinone dioxetanone via C8-substitution. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2017; 16:897-907. [PMID: 28430271 DOI: 10.1039/c7pp00012j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
DFT analysis of the thermolysis of C8-substituted imidazopyrazinone dioxetanone allows the rational tuning of the activation barrier and singlet/triplet chemiexcitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Pinto da Silva
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto
- 4169-007 Porto
- Portugal
| | - C. M. Magalhães
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto
- 4169-007 Porto
- Portugal
| | - D. M. A. Crista
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto
- 4169-007 Porto
- Portugal
| | - J. C. G. Esteves da Silva
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto
- 4169-007 Porto
- Portugal
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16
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Farahani P, Oliveira MA, Galván IF, Baader WJ. A combined theoretical and experimental study on the mechanism of spiro-adamantyl-1,2-dioxetanone decomposition. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra26575h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study on the unimolecular decomposition of a relatively stable 1,2-dioxetanone derivative, model compound for bioluminescence processes, indicates the existence of different reaction pathways for ground and excited state formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooria Farahani
- Instituto de Química
- Departamento de Química Fundamental
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Paulo
- Brazil
| | - Marcelo A. Oliveira
- Instituto de Química
- Departamento de Química Fundamental
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Paulo
- Brazil
| | - Ignacio Fdez. Galván
- Department of Chemistry – Ångström Laboratory
- Theoretical Chemistry Programme
- Uppsala University
- Uppsala
- Sweden
| | - Wilhelm J. Baader
- Instituto de Química
- Departamento de Química Fundamental
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Paulo
- Brazil
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17
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Min C, Pinto da Silva L, Esteves da Silva JCG, Yang X, Huang S, Ren A, Zhu Y. A Computational Investigation of the Equilibrium Constants for the Fluorescent and Chemiluminescent States of Coelenteramide. Chemphyschem 2016; 18:117-123. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun‐Gang Min
- Research Center for Analysis and Measurement Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 P. R. China
| | - Luís Pinto da Silva
- Centro de Investigaçäo em Química (CIQ-UP), Departamento de Química e Bioquímica Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto Rua Campo Alegra 687 4169-007 Porto Portugal
| | - Joaquim C. G. Esteves da Silva
- Centro de Investigaçäo em Química (CIQ-UP), Departamento de Química e Bioquímica Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto Rua Campo Alegra 687 4169-007 Porto Portugal
| | - Xi‐Kun Yang
- Research Center for Analysis and Measurement Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 P. R. China
| | - Shao‐Jun Huang
- Research Center for Analysis and Measurement Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 P. R. China
| | - Ai‐Min Ren
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry Jilin University Changchun 130023 P. R. China
| | - Yan‐Qin Zhu
- Research Center for Analysis and Measurement Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 P. R. China
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