1
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Agrawal N, Goswami R, Pathak S. Synthetic Methods for Various Chromeno-fused Heterocycles and their Potential as Antimicrobial Agents. Med Chem 2024; 20:115-129. [PMID: 37855281 DOI: 10.2174/0115734064274748231005074100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Chromenes are a significant family of heterocyclic chemicals that have a wide range of biological applications, a simple chemical structure, and only mildly undesirable side effects. The synthesis of a wide range of chromene analogs that displayed unexpected behaviors via numerous mechanisms was investigated by a number of different research teams, which led to the discovery of multiple pathways for their synthesis. In addition, different chromene-fused heterocycles exhibit a wide variety of fascinating biological actions, including those that are anticancer, anticonvulsant, antibacterial, anticholinesterase, antituberculosis, and anti-diabetic. In light of this, the purpose of this study is to highlight the many synthesis techniques and antibacterial activity associated with chromene-fused heterocyclic compounds. Moreover, such research can open avenues for exploring other therapeutic applications of these compounds in various disease areas, as their biological activities extend beyond antibacterial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Agrawal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, UP, India
| | - Radhika Goswami
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, UP, India
| | - Shilpi Pathak
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, UP, India
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2
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Guo JD, Chen YJ, Wang CH, He Q, Yang XL, Ding TY, Zhang K, Ci RN, Chen B, Tung CH, Wu LZ. Direct Excitation of Aldehyde to Activate the C(sp 2 )-H Bond by Cobaloxime Catalysis toward Fluorenones Synthesis with Hydrogen Evolution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214944. [PMID: 36510781 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A new way to form fluorenones via the direct excitation of substrates instead of photocatalyst to activate the C(sp2 )-H bond under redox-neutral condition is reported. Our design relies on the photoexcited aromatic aldehyde intermediates that can be intercepted by cobaloxime catalyst through single electron transfer for following β-H elimination. The generation of acyl radical and successful interception by a metal catalyst cobaloxime avoid the use of a photocatalyst and stoichiometric external oxidants, affording a series of highly substituted fluorenones, including six-membered ketones, such as xanthone and thioxanthone derivatives in good to excellent yields, and with hydrogen as the only byproduct. This catalytic system features a readily available metal catalyst, mild reaction conditions and broad substrate scope, in which sunlight reaction and scale-up experiments by continuous-flow approach make the new methodology sustainable and amenable for potentially operational procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Dong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chen-Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qiao He
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiu-Long Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Tian-Yu Ding
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Rui-Nan Ci
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Bin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Li-Zhu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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3
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Sosnovskikh VY. Synthesis of 2,3-heterofused chromones, hetero analogues of xanthone. Russ Chem Bull 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-022-3658-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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4
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Mal S, Jana M. Recent Advances on Synthesis of Fused Chromeno‐Quinoline Heterocycles under Transition Metal‐Free Condition. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Mal
- Department of Chemistry University of Kalyani Kalyani 741235
| | - Manoranjan Jana
- Department of Chemistry University of Kalyani Kalyani 741235
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5
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Benny AT, Arikkatt SD, Vazhappilly CG, Kannadasan S, Thomas R, Leelabaiamma MSN, Radhakrishnan EK, Shanmugam P. Chromone a Privileged Scaffold in Drug Discovery: Developments on the Synthesis and Bioactivity. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:1030-1063. [PMID: 34819000 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666211124141859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chromones are the class of secondary metabolites broadly occurred in the plant kingdom in a noticeable quantity. This rigid bicyclic system has been categorized "as privileged scaffolds in compounds" in medicinal chemistry. The wide biological responses made them an important moiety in a drug discovery program. This review provides updates on the various methods of synthesis of chromones and biological applications in medicinal chemistry. Various synthetic strategies for the construction of chromones include readily available phenols, salicylic acid and its derivatives, ynones, chalcones, enaminones, chalcones and 2-hydroxyarylalkylketones as starting materials. Synthesis of chromones by using metal, metal free, nanomaterials and different catalysts are included. Details of diverse biological activities such as anti-cancer agents, antimicrobial agents, anti-viral property, anti-inflammatory agents, antioxidants, Monoamine Oxidase-B (MAO-B) Inhibitors, anti-Alzheimer's agents, anti-diabetic agent, antihistaminic potential, antiplatelet agents of chromone derivatives are diecussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjitha Theres Benny
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT, Vellore-632014. India
| | - Sonia D Arikkatt
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT, Vellore-632014. India
| | - Cijo George Vazhappilly
- Department of Biotechnology, American University of Ras Al Khaimah, Ras Al Khaimah. United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Renjan Thomas
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Strand Lifesciences, HCG Hospital, Bangalore - 560 0270. India
| | | | | | - Ponnusamy Shanmugam
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai-600020. India
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6
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7
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Baruah B, Deb ML. Catalyst-free and additive-free reactions enabling C-C bond formation: a journey towards a sustainable future. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:1191-1229. [PMID: 33480947 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02149k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the catalyst- and additive-free C-C bond forming reactions reported mostly from the year 2005 to date. C-C bond forming reactions are highly important as large and complex organic molecules can be derived from simpler ones via these reactions. On the other hand, catalyst- and additive-free reactions are economical, environmentally friendly and less sensitive to air/moisture, allow easy separation of products and are operationally simple. Hence, a large number of research articles have been published in this area. Though a few reviews are available on the catalyst-free organic reactions, most of them were published a few years ago. The current review excludes catalysts as well as additives and is specific to only C-C bond formation. Besides many organic name reactions, catalyst/additive-free C-H functionalizations, coupling reactions and UV-visible-light-promoted reactions are also discussed. Undoubtedly, the contents of this review will motivate readers to do more novel work in this area which will accelerate the journey towards a sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajita Baruah
- Department of Chemistry, Pandu College, Guwahati-12, Assam, India
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8
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Verma SK, Prajapati A, Saini MK, Basak AK. Lewis Acid Catalyzed Reductive Cyclization of 2‐Aryloxybenzaldehydes and 2‐(Arylthio)benzaldehydes to Unsubstituted 9
H
‐Xanthenes and Thioxanthenes in Diisopropyl Ether. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Kant Verma
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Science Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 India
| | | | - Manoj Kumar Saini
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Science Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 India
| | - Ashok K. Basak
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Science Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 India
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9
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Milišiūnaitė V, Kadlecová A, Žukauskaitė A, Doležal K, Strnad M, Voller J, Arbačiauskienė E, Holzer W, Šačkus A. Synthesis and anthelmintic activity of benzopyrano[2,3-c]pyrazol-4(2H)-one derivatives. Mol Divers 2019; 24:1025-1042. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-019-10010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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10
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Prajapati A, Kumar M, Thakuria R, Basak AK. In(OTf)3 catalyzed reductive etherification of 2-aryloxybenzaldehydes and 2-(arylthio)benzaldehydes. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.150955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Cu(0)/Selectfluor system-catalyzed intramolecular Csp2-H/Csp2-H cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC). Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.130533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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12
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Chen J, Sheykhahmad FR. Intramolecular cross‐dehydrogenative coupling of benzaldehyde derivatives: A novel and efficient route to benzocyclic ketones. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201900214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Donlinks School of Economics and ManagementUniversity of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
- School of BusinessJiangxi University of Science and Technology Nanchang 330013 China
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13
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Gupta T, Singh JB, Singh R, Singh RM. Palladium-Catalyzed Reaction of MBH Acetates and Terminal Alkynes: Cascade Synthesis of Phenanthridine and 6-Arylethynylphenanthridine. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanu Gupta
- Department of Chemistry; Centre of Advanced Study; Institute of Science; Banaras Hindu University; Varanasi India
- Department of Chemistry; Rajendra College; Jai Prakash University; -841301 Chapra Bihar India
| | - Jay Bahadur Singh
- Department of Chemistry; Centre of Advanced Study; Institute of Science; Banaras Hindu University; Varanasi India
| | - Rashmi Singh
- Department of Chemistry; Centre of Advanced Study; Institute of Science; Banaras Hindu University; Varanasi India
| | - Radhey M. Singh
- Department of Chemistry; Centre of Advanced Study; Institute of Science; Banaras Hindu University; Varanasi India
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14
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Gupta T, Singh JB, Mishra K, Maiti B, Singh RM. Facile Metal-Free Synthesis of Phenanthridines by SN
2′ Reaction/C-H Functionalization/Aromatization through the Reaction of Morita-Baylis-Hillman Acetates with Nitroalkanes. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanu Gupta
- Department of Chemistry; Centre of Advanced Study; Institute of Science; Banaras Hindu University; Varanasi India
| | - Jay Bahadur Singh
- Department of Chemistry; Centre of Advanced Study; Institute of Science; Banaras Hindu University; Varanasi India
| | - Kalpana Mishra
- Department of Chemistry; Centre of Advanced Study; Institute of Science; Banaras Hindu University; Varanasi India
| | - Biswajit Maiti
- Department of Chemistry; Centre of Advanced Study; Institute of Science; Banaras Hindu University; Varanasi India
| | - Radhey M. Singh
- Department of Chemistry; Centre of Advanced Study; Institute of Science; Banaras Hindu University; Varanasi India
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15
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TBHP-promoted oxidative cyclization of o-alkynylquinoline aldehydes: Metal/additive-free domino synthesis of pyrano[4,3-b]quinolin-1-ones. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.01.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Singh JB, Mishra K, Gupta T, Singh RM. Copper-catalyzed cascade reaction: synthesis of pyrimido[4,5- b]quinolinones from 2-chloroquinoline-3-carbonitriles with (aryl)methanamines. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj04689h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cu-catalyzed cascade reaction of 2-chloroquinoline-3-carbonitriles with benzyl amines using sodium hydroxide in aerobic atmosphere has been developed for the synthesis of pyrimido[4,5-b]quinoline-4-ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Bahadur Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- Centre of Advanced Study
- Institute of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi
| | - Kalpana Mishra
- Department of Chemistry
- Centre of Advanced Study
- Institute of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi
| | - Tanu Gupta
- Department of Chemistry
- Centre of Advanced Study
- Institute of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi
| | - Radhey M. Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- Centre of Advanced Study
- Institute of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi
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17
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Santos CMM, Silva VLM, Silva AMS. Synthesis of Chromone-Related Pyrazole Compounds. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101665. [PMID: 28981465 PMCID: PMC6151840 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromones, six-membered oxygen heterocycles, and pyrazoles, five-membered two-adjacent-nitrogen-containing heterocycles, represent two important classes of biologically active compounds. Certain derivatives of these scaffolds play an important role in medicinal chemistry and have been extensively used as versatile building blocks in organic synthesis. In this context, we will discuss the most relevant advances on the chemistry that involves both chromone and pyrazole rings. The methods reviewed include the synthesis of chromone-pyrazole dyads, synthesis of chromone-pyrazole-fused compounds, and chromones as starting materials in the synthesis of 3(5)-(2-hydroxyaryl)pyrazoles, among others. This review will cover the literature on the chromone and pyrazole dual chemistry and their outcomes in the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clementina M M Santos
- Department of Chemistry & QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
- School of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal.
| | - Vera L M Silva
- School of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal.
| | - Artur M S Silva
- School of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal.
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18
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Singh RM, Nandini D, Bharadwaj KC, Gupta T, Singh RP. Na2S-mediated synthesis of terminal alkynes from gem-dibromoalkenes. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:9979-9982. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02431b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Na2S-mediated facile synthesis of terminal alkynes from gem-dibromoalkenes, at 20/40 °C under open flask conditions has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhey M. Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi
- India
| | - Durgesh Nandini
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi
- India
| | | | - Tanu Gupta
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi
- India
| | - Raj Pal Singh
- Centre for Fire Explosive and Environment Safety
- Defence Research Development Organization
- Delhi
- India
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19
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Gupta T, Singh JB, Mishra K, Singh RM. Active methylene compounds (AMCs) controlled facile synthesis of acridine and phenanthridine from morita Baylis–Hillman acetate. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09447g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We carried out simple and facile syntheses of acridines and phenanthridines from MBH acetates of 2-chloro-quinoline-3-carbaldehyde with active methylene compounds (AMCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanu Gupta
- Department of Chemistry
- Centre of Advanced Study
- Institute of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi
| | - Jay Bahadur Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- Centre of Advanced Study
- Institute of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi
| | - Kalpana Mishra
- Department of Chemistry
- Centre of Advanced Study
- Institute of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi
| | - Radhey M. Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- Centre of Advanced Study
- Institute of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi
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20
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Mishra K, Singh JB, Gupta T, Singh RM. TBAB-catalyzed cascade reactions: facile synthesis of 1-trifluoromethyl-3-alkylidene-1,3-dihydrofuro[3,4-b]quinolines via 5-exo-dig cyclization of o-arylalkynylquinoline aldehydes. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00273d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
TBAB-catalyzed cascade reaction condition is developed for the synthesis of 1-trifluoromethyl-3-alkylidene-1,3-dihydrofuro[3,4-b]quinolines from o-arylalkynylquinoline aldehydes via 5-exo-dig cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Mishra
- Department of chemistry
- Centre of Advanced studies
- Institute of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi-221005
| | - Jay Bahadur Singh
- Department of chemistry
- Centre of Advanced studies
- Institute of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi-221005
| | - Tanu Gupta
- Department of chemistry
- Centre of Advanced studies
- Institute of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi-221005
| | - Radhey M. Singh
- Department of chemistry
- Centre of Advanced studies
- Institute of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi-221005
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