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Miao H, Chen L, Xing F, Li H, Baumgartner T, He X. Viologen-based solution-processable ionic porous polymers for electrochromic applications. Chem Sci 2024; 15:7576-7585. [PMID: 38784736 PMCID: PMC11110146 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01408a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrochromic porous thin films are promising for applications in smart windows and energy-efficient optical displays. However, their generally poor processing ability and excessive processing times remain grand challenges. Herein, we report the design and convenient synthesis of core-altered N-arylated viologens with aldehyde groups (πV-CHO) as new building blocks to prepare soluble, viologen-embedded ionic porous polymers. We also demonstrate that these polymers can be easily solution-processed by drop-coating to fabricate high-quality electrochromic films with tunable optoelectronic properties in a cost-effective fashion. The prepared films exhibit excellent electrochromic performance, including a low driving voltage (1.2-1.4 V), fast switching times (0.8-1.7 s), great coloration efficiency (73-268 cm2 C-1), remarkably high optical contrast up to 95.6%, long cycling stability, and tunable oxidation and reduction colors. This work sheds important light on a new molecular engineering approach to produce redox-active polymers with combined properties of intrinsic porosity, reversible and tunable redox activity, and solution processability. This provides the materials with an inherently broad utility in a variety of electrochemical devices for energy storage, sensors, and electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongya Miao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 P. R. China
| | - Ling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 P. R. China
| | - Fangfang Xing
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 P. R. China
| | - Huijie Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 P. R. China
| | - Thomas Baumgartner
- Department of Chemistry, York University 4700 Keele Street Toronto Ontario M3J 1P3 Canada
| | - Xiaoming He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 P. R. China
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Yin H, Rosas R, Viel S, Giorgi M, Monnier V, Charles L, Siri D, Gigmes D, Nassar Y, Chevallier F, Bucher C, Wang R, Kermagoret A, Bardelang D. Internal Dynamics and Modular Peripheral Binding in Stimuli-Responsive 3 : 2 Host:Guest Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315985. [PMID: 38009627 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Now that the chemistry of 1 : 1 host:guest complexes is well-established, it is surprising to note that higher stoichiometry (oligomeric) complexes, especially those with excess host, remain largely unexplored. Yet, proteins tend to oligomerize, affording new functions for cell machinery. Here, we show that cucurbit[n]uril (CB[n]) macrocycles combined with symmetric, linear di-viologens form unusual 3 : 2 host:guest complexes exhibiting remarkable dynamic properties, host self-sorting, and external ring-translocation. These results highlight the structural tunability of cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) based 3 : 2 host:guest complexes in water and their responsiveness toward several stimuli (chemicals, pH, redox).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Roselyne Rosas
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, FSCM, Spectropole, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Viel
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, AMUtech, Marseille, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Michel Giorgi
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, FSCM, Spectropole, Marseille, France
| | - Valerie Monnier
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, FSCM, Spectropole, Marseille, France
| | | | - Didier Siri
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, AMUtech, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, AMUtech, Marseille, France
| | - Youssef Nassar
- Univ Lyon, Ens de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Laboratoire de Chimie, 69342, Lyon, France
| | - Floris Chevallier
- Univ Lyon, Ens de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Laboratoire de Chimie, 69342, Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Bucher
- Univ Lyon, Ens de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Laboratoire de Chimie, 69342, Lyon, France
| | - Ruibing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
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Peng WC, Wang H, Zhang DW, Li ZT. Folding and Aggregation of Oligoviologens in Water and Cucurbit[ n]uril ( n=7, 8) Modulation. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202108025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Chowdhury S, Reynard-Feytis Q, Roizard C, Frath D, Chevallier F, Bucher C, Gibaud T. Light-Controlled Aggregation and Gelation of Viologen-Based Coordination Polymers. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:12063-12071. [PMID: 34677961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c06090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ditopic bis-(triazole/pyridine)viologens are bidentate ligands that self-assemble into coordination polymers. In such photo-responsive materials, light irradiation initiates photo-induced electron transfer to generate π-radicals that can self-associate to form π-dimers. This leads to a cascade of events: processes at the supramolecular scale associated with mechanical and structural transition at the macroscopic scale. By tuning the irradiation power and duration, we evidence the formation of aggregates and gels. Using microscopy, we show that the aggregates are dense, polydisperse, micron-sized, spindle-shaped particles which grow in time. Using microscopy and time-resolved micro-rheology, we follow the gelation kinetics which leads to a gel characterized by a correlation length of a few microns and a weak elastic modulus. The analysis of the aggregates and the gel states vouch for an arrested phase separation process, a new scenario to supramolecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shagor Chowdhury
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Université de Lyon, Ens de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, F69342 Lyon, France
| | - Quentin Reynard-Feytis
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Université de Lyon, Ens de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, F69342 Lyon, France
| | - Clément Roizard
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Université de Lyon, Ens de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, F69342 Lyon, France
| | - Denis Frath
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Université de Lyon, Ens de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, F69342 Lyon, France
| | - Floris Chevallier
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Université de Lyon, Ens de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, F69342 Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Bucher
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Université de Lyon, Ens de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, F69342 Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Gibaud
- Laboratoire de Physique, Université de Lyon, Ens de Lyon, University Claude Bernard, CNRS, F69342 Lyon, France
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Liu F, Chowdhury S, Rosas R, Monnier V, Charles L, Karoui H, Gigmes D, Ouari O, Chevallier F, Bucher C, Kermagoret A, Liu S, Bardelang D. Triple Stack of a Viologen Derivative in a CB[10] Pair. Org Lett 2021; 23:5283-5287. [PMID: 33851849 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A viologen-phenylene-imidazole (VPI) conjugate, previously shown to be singly complexed by CB[7] and doubly bound by CB[8], is herein shown to form antiparallel triple stacks in water with cucurbit[10]uril (CB[10]), pairwise complexing the guest trimer. The quinary host:guest 2:3 complex showed features assignable to charge-transfer interactions. Under reductive conditions, CB[10] could solubilize a VPI radical, even though CB[10] and reduced VPI are almost insoluble, thereby illustrating a possible new application for CB[10].
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengbo Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, People's Republic of China
| | - Shagor Chowdhury
- Université de Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Laboratoire de Chimie, 46 allée d'Italie, F69364 Lyon, France
| | - Roselyne Rosas
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Spectropole, FR 1739, Marseille, France
| | - Valérie Monnier
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Spectropole, FR 1739, Marseille, France
| | | | - Hakim Karoui
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Floris Chevallier
- Université de Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Laboratoire de Chimie, 46 allée d'Italie, F69364 Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Bucher
- Université de Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Laboratoire de Chimie, 46 allée d'Italie, F69364 Lyon, France
| | | | - Simin Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, People's Republic of China
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Yang D, Liu M, Xiao X, Tao Z, Redshaw C. Polymeric self-assembled cucurbit[n]urils: Synthesis, structures and applications. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Yang B, Yu SB, Wang H, Zhang DW, Li ZT. 2:2 Complexes from Diphenylpyridiniums and Cucurbit[8]uril: Encapsulation-Promoted Dimerization of Electrostatically Repulsing Pyridiniums. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:1312-1317. [PMID: 29480650 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201701816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Rigid linear compounds G1 and G2, which contained two 4-phenylpyridinium (PhPy+ ) units, have been prepared to investigate their binding with cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]). X-ray crystallographic structures revealed that in the solid state both compounds were included by CB[8], through antiparallel stacking, to form 2:2 quaternary complexes (G1)2 @(CB[8])2 and (G2)2 @(CB[8])2 . For the former complex, CB[8] entrapped G1 by holding two heterodimers of its Py+ and benzyl units, which were at opposite ends of the backbone. In contrast, for the first time, the second complex disclosed parallel stacking of two cationic Py+ units of G2 in the cavity of CB[8] in the solid state, despite the generation of important electrostatic repulsion. Isothermal titrations in water afforded high apparent association constants of 4.36×106 and 6.43×106 m-1 for 1:1 complexes G1@CB[8] and G2@CB[8], respectively, and 1 H NMR spectroscopy experiments in D2 O confirmed a similar stacking pattern to that observed in the solid state. A previous study and crystal structures of the 2:1 complexes formed between three new controls, G3-5, and CB[8] did not display such unusual stacking of the cationic Py+ unit; this may be attributed to the multivalency of the two CB[8] encapsulation interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Centre of, Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Shanghai Key, Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China
| | - Shang-Bo Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Centre of, Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Shanghai Key, Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Centre of, Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Shanghai Key, Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China
| | - Dan-Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Centre of, Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Shanghai Key, Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China
| | - Zhan-Ting Li
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Centre of, Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Shanghai Key, Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China
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