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Raczyńska ED, Gal JF, Maria PC. Strong Bases and beyond: The Prominent Contribution of Neutral Push-Pull Organic Molecules towards Superbases in the Gas Phase. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5591. [PMID: 38891779 PMCID: PMC11172071 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In this review, the principles of gas-phase proton basicity measurements and theoretical calculations are recalled as a reminder of how the basicity PA/GB scale, based on Brønsted-Lowry theory, was constructed in the gas-phase (PA-proton affinity and/or GB-gas-phase basicity in the enthalpy and Gibbs energy scale, respectively). The origins of exceptionally strong gas-phase basicity of some organic nitrogen bases containing N-sp3 (amines), N-sp2 (imines, amidines, guanidines, polyguanides, phosphazenes), and N-sp (nitriles) are rationalized. In particular, the role of push-pull nitrogen bases in the development of the gas-phase basicity in the superbasicity region is emphasized. Some reasons for the difficulties in measurements for poly-functional nitrogen bases are highlighted. Various structural phenomena being in relation with gas-phase acid-base equilibria that should be considered in quantum-chemical calculations of PA/GB parameters are discussed. The preparation methods for strong organic push-pull bases containing a N-sp2 site of protonation are briefly reviewed. Finally, recent trends in research on neutral organic superbases, leaning toward catalytic and other remarkable applications, are underlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Daniela Raczyńska
- Department of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), ul. Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jean-François Gal
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272, Université Côte d’Azur, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice, France;
| | - Pierre-Charles Maria
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272, Université Côte d’Azur, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice, France;
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2
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Farzin B, Saeidian H, Mirjafary Z, Aliabad JM. Gas-phase acidities of organic acids based on 9H-fluorene scaffold: a DFT study. Struct Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-021-01819-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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3
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Golpayegani F, Mirjafary Z, Saeidian H, Mokhtari J. Substituted ketenes offer exceptional carbon bases in gas phase: Computational study by density functional theory method. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Golpayegani
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Zohreh Mirjafary
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Hamid Saeidian
- Department of Science Payame Noor University (PNU) Tehran Iran
| | - Javad Mokhtari
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
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4
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Rowlands GJ, Severinsen RJ, Buchanan JK, Shaffer KJ, Jameson HT, Thennakoon N, Leito I, Lõkov M, Kütt A, Vianello R, Despotović I, Radić N, Plieger PG. Synthesis and Basicity Studies of Quinolino[7,8- h]quinoline Derivatives. J Org Chem 2020; 85:11297-11308. [PMID: 32786648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Quinolino[7,8-h]quinoline is a superbasic compound, with a pKaH in acetonitrile greater than that of 1,8-bis(dimethylaminonaphthalene) (DMAN), although its synthesis and the synthesis of its derivatives can be problematic. The use of halogen derivatives 4,9-dichloroquinolino[7,8-h]quinoline (16) and 4,9-dibromoquinolino[7,8-h]quinoline (17) as precursors has granted the formation of a range of substituted quinolinoquinolines. The basicity and other properties of quinolinoquinolines can be modified by the inclusion of suitable functionalities. The experimentally obtained pKaH values of quinolino[7,8-h]quinoline derivatives show that N4,N4,N9,N9-tetraethylquinolino[7,8-h]quinoline-4,9-diamine (26) is more superbasic than quinolino[7,8-h]quinoline. Computationally derived pKaH values of quinolinoquinolines functionalized with dimethylamino (NMe2), 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidino (N═C(NMe2)2) or N,N,N',N',N″,N″-hexamethylphosphorimidic triamido (N═P(NMe2)3) groups are significantly greater than those of quinolino[7,8-h]quinoline. Overall, electron-donating functionalities are observed to increase the basicity of the quinolinoquinoline moiety, while the substitution of electron-withdrawing groups lowers the basicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth J Rowlands
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca J Severinsen
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Jenna K Buchanan
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Karl J Shaffer
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Heather T Jameson
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Nishani Thennakoon
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Ivo Leito
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Märt Lõkov
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Agnes Kütt
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Robert Vianello
- Rud̵er Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Ines Despotović
- Rud̵er Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Nena Radić
- Rud̵er Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Paul G Plieger
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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Khademloo E, Saeidian H, Mirjafary Z, Aliabad JM. Design of Robust Organosuperbases and Anion Receptors by Combination of Azine Heterocycle Skeleton and Phosphazene Motif. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Khademloo
- Department of ChemistryScience and Research BranchIslamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Hamid Saeidian
- Department of SciencePayame Noor University (PNU) P.O. Box: 19395–4697 Tehran Iran
| | - Zohreh Mirjafary
- Department of ChemistryScience and Research BranchIslamic Azad University Tehran Iran
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Saeidian H, Barfinejad E. Design of Exceptional Strong Organosuperbases Based on Iminophosphorane and Azaphosphiridine Derivatives: Harnessing Ring Strain and Aromaticity to Engineer Neutral Superbases. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201804025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Saeidian
- Department of SciencePayame Noor University (PNU), P.O. Box 19395–4697 Tehran Iran
| | - Ehsan Barfinejad
- Department of SciencePayame Noor University (PNU), P.O. Box 19395–4697 Tehran Iran
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9
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Tandarić T, Vianello R. Design of Exceptionally Strong Organic Superbases Based on Aromatic Pnictogen Oxides: Computational DFT Analysis of the Oxygen Basicity in the Gas Phase and Acetonitrile Solution. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:1464-1471. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b11945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tana Tandarić
- Computational Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Group, Rud̵er Bošković Institute, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Robert Vianello
- Computational Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Group, Rud̵er Bošković Institute, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
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