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Pal M, Bera A, Masarkar N, Upadhyay A, Mukherjee S, Roy M. Targeted Chemo-Phototherapy in Red Light with Novel Doxorubicin and Iron(III) Complex-Functionalized Gold Nanoconjugate (Dox-Fe@FA-AuNPs). Chem Asian J 2024:e202400616. [PMID: 38923831 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The anticancer efficacy of doxorubicin, an anthracycline-based and FDA-approved chemotherapeutic drug, is significantly hindered by acquired chemoresistance and severe side effects despite its potent anticancer properties. To overcome these challenges, we developed an innovative therapeutic formulation that integrates targeted chemotherapy and phototherapy within a single platform using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). This novel nanoconjugate, designated as Dox-Fe@FA-AuNPs, is co-functionalized with folic acid, doxorubicin, and an iron(III)-phenolate/carboxylate complex, enabling cancer-specific drug activation. Here, we report the synthesis, characterization, and comprehensive physico-chemical and biological evaluations of Dox-Fe@FA-AuNPs. The nanoconjugate exhibited excellent solubility, stability, and enhanced cellular uptake in folate receptor-positive cancer cells. The nanoconjugate was potently cytotoxic against HeLa and MDA-MB-231 cancer cells (HeLa: 105.5±16.52 μg mL-1; MDA-MB-231: 112.0±12.31 μg mL-1; MDA-MB-231 (3D): 156.31±19.35 μg mL-1) while less cytotoxic to the folate(-) cancer cells (MCF-7, A549 and HepG2). The cytotoxicity was attributed to the pH-dependent release of doxorubicin, which preferentially occurs in the acidic tumor microenvironment. Additionally, under red light irradiation, the nanoconjugate generated ROS, inducing caspase-3/7-dependent apoptosis with a photo-index (PI) >50, and inhibited cancer cell migration. Our findings underscore the potential of Dox-Fe@FA-AuNPs as a highly effective and sustainable platform for targeted chemo-phototherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maynak Pal
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, 795004, Imphal West, Manipur
| | - Arpan Bera
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, Bangalore, 560012, Karnataka
| | - Neha Masarkar
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS Bhopal, Saket Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh
| | - Aarti Upadhyay
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, Bangalore, 560012, Karnataka
| | - Sukhes Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS Bhopal, Saket Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh
| | - Mithun Roy
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, 795004, Imphal West, Manipur
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Agartala, Jirania, 799046, Tripura West
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Musib D, Upadhyay A, Pal M, Raza MK, Saha I, Kunwar A, Roy M. Red light-activable biotinylated copper(II) complex-functionalized gold nanocomposite (Biotin-Cu@AuNP) towards targeted photodynamic therapy. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 243:112183. [PMID: 36933341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of red-light activable gold nanoparticle functionalized with biotinylated copper(II) complex of general molecular formula, [Cu(L3)(L6)]-AuNPs (Biotin-Cu@AuNP), where L3 = N-(3-((E)-3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzylideneamino)-4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-((3aS,4S,6aR)-2-oxo-hexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl)pentanamide, L6 = 5-(1,2-dithiolan-3-yl)-N-(1,10-phenanthrolin-5-yl)pentanamide, which was explored for their photophysical, theoretical and photo-cytotoxic potentials. The nanoconjugate exhibits differential uptake in biotin positive and biotin negative cancer cells as well as normal cells. The nanoconjugate also shows remarkable photodynamic activity against biotin positive A549 (IC50: 13 μg/mL in red light; >150 μg/mL in dark) and HaCaT (IC50: 23 μg/mL in red light; >150 μg/mL in dark) cells under red light (600-720 nm, 30 Jcm-2) irradiation, with significantly high photo-indices (PI>15). The nanoconjugate is less toxic to HEK293T (biotin negative) and HPL1D (normal) cells. Confocal microscopy confirms preferential mitochondrial and partly cytoplasmic localization of Biotin-Cu@AuNP in A549 cells. Several photo-physical and theoretical studies reveal the red light-assisted generation of singlet oxygen (1O2) (Ф (1O2) =0.68) as a reactive oxygen species (ROS) which results in remarkable oxidative stress and mitochondrial membrane damage, leading to caspase 3/7-dependent apoptosis of A549 cells. Overall, the nanocomposite (Biotin-Cu@AuNP) exhibiting red light-assisted targeted photodynamic activity has emerged as the ideal next generation PDT agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulal Musib
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal West, 795004, India
| | - Aarti Upadhyay
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, CV Raman Avenue, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Maynak Pal
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal West, 795004, India
| | - Md Kausar Raza
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, CV Raman Avenue, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Indranil Saha
- Department of Physics, GLA University, Mathura 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Kunwar
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400085, India.
| | - Mithun Roy
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal West, 795004, India.
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Musib D, Ramu V, Raza MK, Upadhyay A, Pal M, Kunwar A, Roy M. La(iii)–curcumin-functionalized gold nanocomposite as a red light-activatable mitochondria-targeting PDT agent. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qi01045j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Functionalization of La(iii)–curcumin to gold nanoparticles resulted in remarkable red-shifted UV-visible absorption and exhibited remarkable differential photodynamic ability towards cancer cells upon red-light activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulal Musib
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal West, 795004, Manipur, India
| | - Vanitha Ramu
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Md Kausar Raza
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Aarti Upadhyay
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Maynak Pal
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal West, 795004, Manipur, India
| | - Amit Kunwar
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhaba Atomic Research Centre, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai-400094, India
| | - Mithun Roy
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal West, 795004, Manipur, India
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Pal M, Musib D, Zade AJ, Chowdhury N, Roy M. Computational Studies of Selected Transition Metal Complexes as Potential Drug Candidates against the SARS-CoV-2 Virus. ChemistrySelect 2021; 6:7429-7435. [PMID: 34541296 PMCID: PMC8441708 DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The earth has witnessed the greatest global health crisis due to the outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in late 2019, resulting in the pandemic COVID-19 with 3.38 million mortality and 163 million infections across 222 nations. Therefore, there is an urgent need for an effective therapeutic option against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Transition metal complexes with unique chemical, kinetic and thermodynamic properties have recently emerged as the viable alternative for medicinal applications. Herein, the potential application of selected antiviral transition metal-based compounds against the SARS-CoV-2 virus was explored in silico. Initially, the transition metal-based antiviral compounds (1-5) were identified based on the structural similarity of the viral proteins (proteases, reverse transcriptase, envelop glycoproteins, etc.) of HIV, HCV, or Influenza virus with the proteins (S-protein, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, proteases, etc) of SARS-CoV-2 virus. Hence the complexes (1-5) were subjected to ADME analysis for toxicology and pharmacokinetics report and further for the molecular docking calculations, selectively with the viral proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The molecular docking studies revealed that the iron-porphyrin complex (1) and antimalarial drug, ferroquine (2) could be the potential inhibitors of Main protease (Mpro) and spike proteins respectively of SARS-CoV-2 virus. The complex 1 exhibited high binding energy of -11.74 kcal/mol with the Mpro of SARS-CoV-2. Similarly ferroquine exhibitred binding energy of -7.43 kcal/mol against spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. The complex 5 also exhibited good binding constants values of -7.67, -8.68 and -7.82 kcal/mol with the spike protein, Mpro and RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) proteins respectively. Overall, transition metal complexes could provide an alternative and viable therapeutic solution for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maynak Pal
- Department of ChemistryNational Institute of Technology ManipurLangol, Imphal West, Pin795004
| | - Dulal Musib
- Department of ChemistryNational Institute of Technology ManipurLangol, Imphal West, Pin795004
| | - Aniket J. Zade
- Department of ChemistryNational Institute of Technology ManipurLangol, Imphal West, Pin795004
| | - Neeta Chowdhury
- Department of ChemistryNational Institute of Technology ManipurLangol, Imphal West, Pin795004
| | - Mithun Roy
- Department of ChemistryNational Institute of Technology ManipurLangol, Imphal West, Pin795004
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Pal M, Ramu V, Musib D, Kunwar A, Biswas A, Roy M. Iron(III) Complex-Functionalized Gold Nanocomposite as a Strategic Tool for Targeted Photochemotherapy in Red Light. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:6283-6297. [PMID: 33887143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Iron(III)-phenolate/carboxylate complexes exhibiting photoredox chemistry and photoactivated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation at their ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (LMCT) bands have emerged as potential strategic tools for photoactivated chemotherapy. Herein, the synthesis, in-depth characterization, photochemical assays, and remarkable red light-induced photocytotoxicities in adenocarcinomic human immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells of iron(III)-phenolate/carboxylate complex of molecular formula, [Fe(L1)(L2)] (1), where L1 is bis(3,5 di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzyl)glycine and L2 is 5-(1,2-dithiolan-3-yl)-N-(1,10-phenanthroline-5-yl)pentanamide, and the gold nanocomposite functionalized with complex 1 (1-AuNPs) are reported. There was a significant red shift in the UV-visible absorption band on functionalization of complex 1 to the gold nanoparticles (λmax: 573 nm, 1; λmax: 660 nm, 1-AuNPs), rendering the nanocomposite an ideal candidate for photochemotherapeutic applications. The notable findings in our present studies are (i) the remarkable cytotoxicity of the nanocomposite (1-AuNPs) to A549 (IC50: 0.006 μM) and HaCaT (IC50: 0.0075 μM) cells in red light (600-720 nm, 30 J/cm2) while almost nontoxic (IC50 > 500 μg/mL, 0.053 μM) in the dark, (ii) the nontoxicity of 1-AuNPs to normal human diploid fibroblasts (WI-38) or human peripheral lung epithelial (HPL1D) cells (IC50 > 500 μg/mL, 0.053 μM) both in the dark and red light signifying the target-specific anticancer activity of the nanocomposite, (iii) localization of 1-AuNPs in mitochondria and partly nucleus, (iv) remarkable red light-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS: 1O2, •OH) in vitro, (v) disruption of the mitochondrial membrane due to enhanced oxidative stress, and (vi) caspase 3/7-dependent apoptosis. A similar cytotoxic profile of complex 1 was another key finding of our studies. Overall, our current investigations show a new red light-absorbing iron(III)-phenolate/carboxylate complex-functionalized gold nanocomposite (1-AuNPs) as the emerging next-generation iron-based photochemotherapeutic agent for targeted cancer treatment modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maynak Pal
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal West 795004, India
| | - Vanitha Ramu
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, CV Raman Avenue, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Dulal Musib
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal West 795004, India
| | - Amit Kunwar
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhaba Atomic Research Center, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Arunima Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal West 795004, India
| | - Mithun Roy
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal West 795004, India
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Musib D, Raza MK, Devi SS, Roy M. A reversible, benzothiazole-based “Turn-on” fluorescence sensor for selective detection of Zn2+ ions in vitro. J CHEM SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-020-1745-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sanasam B, Raza MK, Musib D, Pal M, Pal M, Roy M. Photodynamic Applications of New Imidazo[4,5‐f][1,10]phenanthroline Oxidovanadium(IV) Complexes: Synthesis, Photochemical, and Cytotoxic Evaluation. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202003334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bandana Sanasam
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Manipur Langol 795004, Imphal, Manipur India
| | - Md K. Raza
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Bangalore Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Dulal Musib
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Manipur Langol 795004, Imphal, Manipur India
| | - Maynak Pal
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Manipur Langol 795004, Imphal, Manipur India
| | - Mrityunjoy Pal
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Manipur Langol 795004, Imphal, Manipur India
| | - Mithun Roy
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Manipur Langol 795004, Imphal, Manipur India
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Chanu SB, Raza MK, Musib D, Pal M, Pal M, Roy M. Potent Photochemotherapeutic Activity of Iron(III) Complexes on Visible Light-induced Ligand to Metal Charge Transfer. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Binita Chanu
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Manipur, Langol 795004, Imphal (Manipur), India
| | - Md Kausar Raza
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, Bangalore-560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Dulal Musib
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Manipur, Langol 795004, Imphal (Manipur), India
| | - Mrityunjoy Pal
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Manipur, Langol 795004, Imphal (Manipur), India
| | - Maynak Pal
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Manipur, Langol 795004, Imphal (Manipur), India
| | - Mithun Roy
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Manipur, Langol 795004, Imphal (Manipur), India
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Musib D, Devi LR, Raza MK, Chanu SB, Roy M. A New Thiophene-based Aggregation-induced Emission Chemosensor for Selective Detection of Zn2+ Ions and Its Turn Off. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dulal Musib
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Manipur, Langol 795004, Imphal (Manipur), India
| | - L. Reena Devi
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Manipur, Langol 795004, Imphal (Manipur), India
| | - Md Kausar Raza
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, Bangalore-560012, Karnataka, India
| | - S. Binita Chanu
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Manipur, Langol 795004, Imphal (Manipur), India
| | - Mithun Roy
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Manipur, Langol 795004, Imphal (Manipur), India
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Musib D, Pal M, Raza MK, Roy M. Photo-physical, theoretical and photo-cytotoxic evaluation of a new class of lanthanide(iii)–curcumin/diketone complexes for PDT application. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:10786-10798. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02082f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Improved ISC in La(iii) complex of curcumin, on activation with visible light, has resulted in high yield of 1O2 in HeLa/MCF-7 cells, leading to the oxidative stress which was responsible for remarkable caspase 3/7-dependent apoptotic photocytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulal Musib
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology Manipur
- Imphal
- India
| | - Mrityunjoy Pal
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology Manipur
- Imphal
- India
| | - Md Kausar Raza
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012
- India
| | - Mithun Roy
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology Manipur
- Imphal
- India
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Mn(I)-based photoCORMs for trackable, visible light-induced CO release and photocytotoxicity to cancer cells. Polyhedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Binita Chanu S, Raza MDK, Banerjee S, Mina PR, Musib D, Roy M. ROS dependent antitumour activity of photo-activated iron(III) complexes of amino acids. J CHEM SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-018-1584-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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