Synthesis of microwave-assisted carboxamides in Triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidemic rats: possible hypolipidemic heterocyclic compounds

The hypolipidemic effect of furan carboxamide derivatives was investigated using the Triton WR-1339 rat model. Nineteen compounds were synthesized, including furan-2-carboxamides of benzophenones and acetophenones (a(1-4)), anilines and amine derivatives (a(5-9)), picolinic-2-carboxamide derivatives of benzophenones and acetophenone (a(10-12)) and furan-2-carboxylate esters of benzophenones and acetophenones, substituted phenols and alcohols (b(1-7)). All the necessary steps were taken to synthesize, purify, and characterize these compounds. They were synthesized by reacting acyl chlorides of the heterocycles with their corresponding amines in the presence of pyridine and tert-butyl acetate. While the conventional heating method yielded acceptable yields for some of the reactions under reflux, the microwave synthesis reactor achieved significantly higher yields for others. Rats with hyperlipidemia were induced with Triton WR-1339 and then subjected to in vivo testing via an intraperitoneal injection of 200 mg kg^-1 Triton WR-1339. The model was tested using an oral dose of bezafibrate (100 mg kg^-1). After 7 hours of treatment with Triton, the new derivatives represented by compounds a(1-2), a(4-5), a7, and a(10-12) showed significant activity against the complete lipid profile, including a decrease in triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol plasma levels. At 20 mg kg^-1 dose, these compounds were superior to other lipid-lowering agents in reducing triglyceride levels and slightly increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. These results indicate a mutual mechanism of action of novel compounds with fibrates, where they have a marked effect on triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels; for example, a5 causes a significant reduction (p 0.0001) of triglyceride levels by 86%, and a remarkable increase (p 0.0001) in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol plasma levels by 65% as compared to hyperlipidemic rats.

Recent progress in the nitration of arenes and alkenes

Nitro compounds are a predominant class of synthetic intermediates and building blocks for the preparation of a wide range of nitrogen-containing compounds in the chemical industry. As such, impressive progress has been currently made in the nitration of aromatics and olefins with excellent functional group tolerance and site-selectivity. In this mini review, we intend to highlight the regiospecific nitration of arenes and alkenes in various reaction systems. The involved mechanisms are discussed as well.