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Liu X, Yu D, Luo H, Li C. Catalytic Upgrading of Lignocellulosic Biomass Sugars Toward Biofuel 5-Ethoxymethylfurfural. Front Chem 2022; 9:831102. [PMID: 35174143 PMCID: PMC8841350 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.831102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The conversion of biomass into high-value chemicals through biorefineries is a requirement for sustainable development. Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) contains polysaccharides and aromatic polymers and is one of the important raw materials for biorefineries. Hexose and pentose sugars can be obtained from LCB by effective pretreatment methods, and further converted into high-value chemicals and biofuels, such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), levulinic acid (LA), γ-valerolactone (GVL), ethyl levulinate (EL), and 5-ethoxymethylfurfural (EMF). Among these biofuels, EMF has a high cetane number and superior oxidation stability. This mini-review summarizes the mechanism of several important processes of EMF production from LCB-derived sugars and the research progress of acid catalysts used in this reaction in recent years. The influence of the properties and structures of mono- and bi-functional acid catalysts on the selectivity of EMF from glucose were discussed, and the effect of reaction conditions on the yield of EMF was also introduced.
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Zhang L, Xing X, Sun R, Hu M. Catalytic conversion of carbohydrates into 5-ethoxymethylfurfural using γ-AlOOH and CeO 2@B 2O 3 catalyst synergistic effect. RSC Adv 2022; 12:23118-23128. [PMID: 36090408 PMCID: PMC9380190 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01866g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective catalytic conversion of carbohydrates to 5-ethoxymethylfurfural (EMF) is a critical approach to the biorefinery. In this work, solid acid catalysts of γ-AlOOH and CeO2@B2O3 were used to convert carbohydrates to EMF in a one-pot process, performed in an ethanol/DMSO solvent system. The synergistic effect of γ-AlOOH and CeO2@B2O3 was studied. Furthermore, the morpho-structural properties of the catalysts were characterized, and the effects of reaction time, reaction temperature, catalyst load, and the amount of cosolvent on the conversion of glucose to EMF were examined and optimized. Under the reaction conditions of 170 °C for 20 h, glucose, sucrose, cellobiose, inulin and starch were used as raw materials, and the EMF yield range was 9.2–27.7%. The results showed that the synergistic effect of γ-AlOOH and CeO2@B2O3 further causes the combination of multiple acid sites with different types and strength distributions. Particularly, the collaboration between weak, medium-strong, and strong acid, as well as between Lewis and Brønsted acidity, is of great significance for EMF generation. The reusability experiments showed that the combined catalytic system was easily separated and maintained catalytic activity for five successive reactions without further intermediate regeneration steps. This work provides a promising route for the catalytic conversion of biomass-derived carbohydrates into EMF. γ-AlOOH and CeO2@B2O3 solid acid catalysts were synthesized for the one-pot selective conversion of carbohydrates into 5-ethoxymethylfurfural under their synergistic catalysis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Luxin Zhang
- College of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, P. R. China
| | - Xu Xing
- College of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, P. R. China
| | - Ruijun Sun
- College of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, P. R. China
| | - Meng Hu
- College of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, P. R. China
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Wang S, Chen Y, Jia Y, Xu G, Chang C, Guo Q, Tao H, Zou C, Li K. Experimental and theoretical studies on glucose conversion in ethanol solution to 5-ethoxymethylfurfural and ethyl levulinate catalyzed by a Brønsted acid. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:19729-19739. [PMID: 34524307 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02986j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The fundamental understanding of glucose conversion to 5-ethoxymethylfurfural (EMF) and ethyl levulinate (EL) (value-added chemicals from biomass) in ethanol solution catalyzed by a Brønsted acid is limited at present. Consequently, here, the reaction pathways and mechanism of glucose conversion to EMF and EL catalyzed by a Brønsted acid were studied, using an experimental method and quantum chemical calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G(D) and B2PLYPD3/Def2TZVP level under a polarized continuum model (PCM-SMD). By further verification through GC/MS tests, the mechanism and reaction pathways of glucose conversion in ethanol solution catalyzed by a Brønsted acid were revealed, showing that glucose is catalyzed by proton and ethanol, and ethanol plays a bridging role in the process of proton transfer. There are three main reaction pathways: through glucose and ethyl glucoside (G/EG), through fructose, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), levulinic acid (LA), and EL (G/F/H/L/EL), and through fructose, HMF, EMF, and EL (G/F/H/E/EL). The G/F/H/E/EL pathway with an energy barrier of 20.8 kcal mol-1 is considered as the thermodynamic and kinetics primary way, in which the reaction rate of this is highly related to the proton transfer in the isomerization of glucose to fructose. The intermediate HMF was formed from O5 via a ring-opening reaction and by the dehydration of fructose, and was further converted to the main product of EMF by etherification or by LA through hydrolysis. EMF and LA are both unstable, and can partially be transformed to EL. This study is beneficial for the insights aiding the understanding of the process and products controlling biomass conversion in ethanol solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Wang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Yihang Chen
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Yu Jia
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Guizhuan Xu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Chun Chang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Green Manufacturing of Biobased Chemicals, Puyang 457000, China
| | - Qianhui Guo
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Hongge Tao
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Caihong Zou
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Kai Li
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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Heo JB, Lee YS, Chung CH. Seagrass-based platform strategies for sustainable hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) production: toward bio-based chemical products. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 41:902-917. [PMID: 33648387 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1892580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Today, sustainable chemistry is a key trend in the chemical manufacturing industry due mainly to concerns over the global environment and resource security. In sustainable chemical manufacture, the choice of a bio-based feedstock plays a pivotal pillar. In terms of feedstock utilization for producing HMF, which is a multivalent platform intermediate easily convertible to valuable chemical products; biopolymers, biofuels, and other important chemicals, seagrass biomasses can be more favorable feedstocks compared with land plant resources due primarily to easy availability and no systematic farming. Moreover, seagrass feedstocks could contribute cost-effectively and sustainably producing HMF by exploiting the beach-cast seagrasses on seagrass-prairies with no feedstock cost, indicating that seagrass biomasses could be a most promising biofeedstock source for sustainable HMF production. We afford a platform bioprocessing technology that has not been attempted before for sustainable HMF production using raw seagrass biomass. This bioprocess can be operated by simple reaction conditions using inorganic Brønsted acids (mainly HCl) and ionic liquid solvents at relatively low temperatures (120-130 °C). In addition, some bioengineering strategies for improving the growth of seagrass biomass and the quantity/quality of nonstructural carbohydrates (starch, sucrose) that can be used as the feeding substrates for HMF production are also discussed. The main aim of this review is to provide some important information about breakthrough bio/technologies conducive to cost-effective and sustainable HMF production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Bok Heo
- Department of Molecular Genetic Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Yong-Suk Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Chung-Han Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
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Chen Y, Peng L, Zhang J, He L. Synergy of Al2(SO4)3 and H3PO4 in co-solvents converts starch to 5-ethoxymethylfurfural. CATAL COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2020.105947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Chen B, Yan G, Chen G, Feng Y, Zeng X, Sun Y, Tang X, Lei T, Lin L. Recent progress in the development of advanced biofuel 5-ethoxymethylfurfural. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s42500-020-00012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractBiomass-derived 5-ethoxymethylfurfural (EMF) with excellent energy density and satisfactory combustion performance holds great promise to meet the growing demands for transportation fuels and fuel additives to a certain extent. In this review, we summarized the relative merits of the EMF preparation from different feedstocks, such as platform chemicals, biomass sugars and lignocellulosic biomass. Advances for EMF synthesis over homogeneous (i.e. inorganic acids and soluble metal salts), heterogeneous catalysts (i.e. zeolites, heteropolyacid-based hybrids, sulfonic acid-functionalized catalysts, and others) or mixed-acid catalysts were performed as well. Additionally, the emerging development for the EMF production was also evaluated in terms of the different solvents system (i.e. single-phase solvents, biphasic solvents, ionic liquids, and deep eutectic solvents). It is concluded with current challenges and prospects for advanced biofuel EMF preparation in the future.
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Gupta D, Mukesh C, Pant KK. Topotactic transformation of homogeneous phosphotungastomolybdic acid materials to heterogeneous solid acid catalyst for carbohydrate conversion to alkyl methylfurfural and alkyl levulinate. RSC Adv 2020; 10:705-718. [PMID: 35494434 PMCID: PMC9048189 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03300a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The strong interaction of higher transition metal oxides with inorganic non-metals can be promising for generating highly acidic three-dimensional materials by design. A comprehensive controlled acidity of heteropolyacid-like catalyst and interpretation of the microstructure and mechanism of the formation of a versatile heterogeneous solid acid catalyst, HPW4Mo10Ox has been heterogenized by biomass-derived cystine as organic linkers to control the acidity of as-synthesized materials, which have greater acidity and complexity in separation from the reaction mixture. The new and unique results obtained in catalysis done in biphasic reaction. Cystine binds to the surface of HPW4Mo10Ox, and the topotactic transition occurred, change the morphology and lattice parameter. We described here a sustainable transformation of highly acidic (0.84 mmol g−1) heteropoly acid (HPW4Mo10Ox) to cystine anchored on the active surface of the heteropoly acid and controlled the acidity (0.63 mmol g−1) and heterogenized the materials. As synthesized materials have been showing that for the direct formation of alkyl levulinate and furanics intermediate from carbohydrates. HPW4Mo10Ox and HPW4Mo10Ox-Cys, act as acidic catalyst, and catalyse the mono- and disaccharides that are dissolved in primary and secondary alcohols to alkyl levulinate (AL) and alkyl methylfurfural at 170 °C under microwave irradiation with glucose as the substrate, AL yield reaches 62% with 84.95% selectivity. The catalyst can be easily recovered by filtration and minimum five times reused after calcination without any substantial change in the product selectivity. The analytical analysis of as-synthesis materials done by NH3-TPD, BET, XRD, FESEM, TEM, HRTEM, FTIR, ATR, TGA, DTA to stabilized the morphology and acidity controlled mechanism. The strong interaction of higher transition metal oxides with inorganic non-metals can be promising for generating highly acidic three-dimensional materials by design.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Gupta
- Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi 110 016
- India
| | - Chandrakant Mukesh
- Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi 110 016
- India
| | - Kamal K. Pant
- Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi 110 016
- India
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Mori Y, Katayama Y, Shikata T, Kasuya N. Synthesis of 5-ethoxymethylfurfural from saccharides using combined metal–surfactant catalyst in ethanol/dimethyl sulfoxide. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-019-03980-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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