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Kazim M, Feng Z, Vemulapalli S, Siegler MA, Chopra A, Minh Nguyen P, Gargiulo Holl M, Guan L, Dudding T, Tantillo DJ, Lectka T. Through-Space, Lone-Pair Promoted Aromatic Substitution: A Relay Mechanism Can Beat Out Direct Activation. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301550. [PMID: 37219499 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report a detailed experimental and theoretical analysis of through-space arene activation with halogens, tetrazoles and achiral esters and amides. Contrary to previously assumed direct activation through σ-complex stabilization, our results suggest that these reactions proceed by a relay mechanism wherein the lone pair-containing activators form exothermic π-complexes with electrophilic nitronium ion before transferring it to the probe ring through low barrier transition states. Noncovalent interactions (NCI) plots and Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM) analyses depict favorable interactions between the Lewis base (LB) and the nitronium ion in the precomplexes and the transition states, suggesting directing group participation throughout the mechanism. The regioselectivity of substitution also comports with a relay mechanism. In all, these data pave the way for an alternate platform of electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Kazim
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Current address: Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Zhitao Feng
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Srini Vemulapalli
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Maxime A Siegler
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Anant Chopra
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Phuong Minh Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Maxwell Gargiulo Holl
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Liangyu Guan
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Travis Dudding
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Thomas Lectka
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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Duhan M, Sindhu J, Kumar P, Devi M, Singh R, Kumar R, Lal S, Kumar A, Kumar S, Hussain K. Quantitative structure activity relationship studies of novel hydrazone derivatives as α-amylase inhibitors with index of ideality of correlation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:4933-4953. [PMID: 33357037 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1863861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The present manuscript describes the synthesis, α-amylase inhibition, in silico studies and in-depth quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) of a library of aroyl hydrazones based on benzothiazole skeleton. All the compounds of the developed library are characterized by various spectral techniques. α-Amylase inhibitory potential of all compounds has been explored, where compound 7n exhibits remarkable α-amylase inhibition of 87.5% at 50 µg/mL. Robust QSAR models are made by using the balance of correlation method in CORAL software. The chemical structures at different concentration with optimal descriptors are represented by SMILES. A data set of 66 SMILES of 22 hydrazones at three distinct concentrations are prepared. The significance of the index of ideality of correlation (IIC) with applicability domain (AD) is also studied at depth. A QSAR model with best Rvalidation2 = 0.8587 for split 1 is considered as a leading model. The outliers and promoters of increase and decrease of endpoint are also extracted. The binding modes of the most active compound, that is, 7n in the active site of Aspergillus oryzae α-amylase (PDB ID: 7TAA) are also explored by in silico molecular docking studies. Compound 7n displays high resemblance in binding mode and pose with the standard drug acarbose. Molecular dynamics simulations performed on protein-ligand complex for 100 ns, the protein gets stabilised after 20 ns and remained below 2 Å for the remaining simulation. Moreover, the deviation observed in RMSF during simulation for each amino acid residue with respect to Cα carbon atom is insignificant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Duhan
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
| | - Jayant Sindhu
- Department of Chemistry, COBS&H, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India
| | - Parvin Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
| | - Meena Devi
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
| | - Rahul Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
| | - Sohan Lal
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambeshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Department of MBB&B, COBS&H, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India
| | - Khalid Hussain
- Department of Applied Sciences and Humanities, Mewat Engineering College, Nuh, India
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Quantitative structure toxicity analysis of ionic liquids toward acetylcholinesterase enzyme using novel QSTR models with index of ideality of correlation and correlation contradiction index. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Kumar A, Sindhu J, Kumar P. In-silico identification of fingerprint of pyrazolyl sulfonamide responsible for inhibition of N-myristoyltransferase using Monte Carlo method with index of ideality of correlation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:5014-5025. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1784286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwani Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambeshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Jayant Sindhu
- Department of Chemistry, COBS&H, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Parvin Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
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