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Khan S, Khan JA, Shah NS, Sayed M, Ateeq M, Ansar S, Boczkaj G, Farooq U. Determination of lindane in surface water samples and its degradation by hydrogen peroxide and persulfate assisted TiO 2-based photocatalysis. RSC Adv 2023; 13:20430-20442. [PMID: 37435380 PMCID: PMC10331374 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03610c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been used extensively as insecticides and herbicides. This study investigates the occurrence of lindane in surface water from the Peshawar valley (i.e., Peshawar, Charsadda, Nowshera, Mardan and Swabi districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan). Out of 75 samples tested (i.e., 15 samples from each district), 13 samples (including 2 from Peshawar, 3 from Charsadda, 4 from Nowshera, 1 from Mardan, and 3 from Swabi) are found to be contaminated with lindane. Overall, the detection frequency is 17.3%. The maximum concentration of lindane is detected in a water sample from Nowshera and found to be 2.60 μg L-1. Furthermore, the degradation of lindane in the water sample from Nowshera, containing the maximum concentration, is investigated by simulated solar-light/TiO2 (solar/TiO2), solar/H2O2/TiO2 and solar/persulfate/TiO2 photocatalysis. The degradation of lindane by solar/TiO2 photocatalysis is 25.77% after 10 h of irradiation. The efficiency of the solar/TiO2 process is significantly increased in the presence of 500 μM H2O2 and 500 μM persulfate (PS) (separately), represented by 93.85 and 100.00% lindane removal, respectively. The degradation efficiency of lindane is lower in natural water samples as compared to Milli-Q water, attributed to water matrix effect. Moreover, the identification of degradation products (DPs) shows that lindane follows similar degradation pathways in natural water samples as the one in Milli-Q water. The results show that the occurrence of lindane in surface waters of Peshawar valley is a matter of great concern for human beings and the environment. Interestingly, H2O2 and PS assisted solar/TiO2 photocatalysis is an effective method for the removal of lindane from natural water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaullah Khan
- Departmen of Chemistry, Women University Swabi 23430 Pakistan
| | - Javed Ali Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Mardan 23200 Pakistan +92-937-542189 +92-937-929122
| | - Noor S Shah
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus 61100 Pakistan
| | - Murtaza Sayed
- Radiation Chemistry Laboratory, National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar Peshawar 25120 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ateeq
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Mardan 23200 Pakistan +92-937-542189 +92-937-929122
| | - Sabah Ansar
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University P.O. Box 10219 Riyadh 11433 Saudi Arabia
| | - Grzegorz Boczkaj
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology G. Narutowicza St. 11/12 80-233 Gdansk Poland
- EkoTech Center, Gdansk University of Technology G. Narutowicza St. 11/12 80-233 Gdansk Poland
| | - Umar Farooq
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad-Campus 22060 Abbottabad Pakistan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
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Tessema A, Wu CM, Motora KG. Highly Efficient Solar Light Driven g-C 3N 4@Cs 0.33WO 3 Heterojunction for the Photodegradation of Colorless Antibiotics. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:38475-38486. [PMID: 36340061 PMCID: PMC9631413 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study facilitates the synthesis of a graphitic carbon nitride/cesium tungsten oxide (g-C3N4@Cs0.33WO3) heterojunction using a solvothermal method. The photocatalytic activities of the prepared samples were examined for the photodegradation of colorless antibiotics, namely tetracycline, enrofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin, as well as cationic and anionic dyes, such as methyl orange, rhodamine B, neutral red, and methylene blue, under full-spectrum solar light. We have purposely selected different kinds of wastewater pollutants of colorless antibiotics and cationic and anionic organic dyes to investigate the potential application of this heterojunction toward different groups of water pollutants. The results revealed that the g-C3N4@Cs0.33WO3 heterojunction showed an outstanding photocatalytic activity toward all the pollutants with concentrations of 20 ppm each at pH 3 by photocatalytically removing 97% of tetracycline within 3 h, 98% of enrofloxacin within 2 h, 97% of ciprofloxacin within 2.25 h, 98% of methylene blue in 1 h, 99% of rhodamine B within 2 h, 99% of neutral red in 1.25 h, and 95% of methyl orange in 2 h. These findings indicate that the developed photocatalyst possesses excellent photocatalytic properties toward seven different water pollutants that make it a universal photocatalyst. The developed g-C3N4@Cs0.33WO3 oxide heterojunction also presented a photocatalytic performance better than those of reported solar light active photocatalysts for photodegradation of rhodamine B and tetracycline. The efficient photocatalytic performance of the heterojunction can be ascribed to its extended light-absorbing ability, effective charge separation and fast charge transfer properties, and a high surface area. Moreover, an active species detection experiment also confirmed that superoxide radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and holes played significant roles in the photocatalysis of the organic dyes and tetracycline.
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Jahanshahi R, Mohammadi A, Doosti M, Sobhani S, Sansano JM. ZnCo 2O 4/g-C 3N 4/Cu nanocomposite as a new efficient and recyclable heterogeneous photocatalyst with enhanced photocatalytic activity towards the metronidazole degradation under the solar light irradiation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:65043-65060. [PMID: 35484449 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19969-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, ZnCo2O4/g-C3N4/Cu is synthesized as a new and highly effectual solar light-driven heterogeneous photocatalyst. The prepared photocatalyst is characterized using FT-IR, XRD, XPS, DRS, FESEM, TEM, EDS, and elemental mapping techniques. The performance of ZnCo2O4/g-C3N4/Cu is studied towards the metronidazole (MNZ) degradation under solar light irradiation. The kinetics of MNZ degradation and efficacy of the operational parameters comprising the initial MNZ amount (10-30 mg L-1), photocatalyst dosage (0.005-0.05 g L-1), pH (3-11), and contact time (5-30 min) on the MNZ degradation process are investigated. Surprisingly, the ZnCo2O4/g-C3N4/Cu nanocomposite presents a privileged photocatalytic performance towards the MNZ degradation under solar light irradiation. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of this photocatalyst can be ascribed to the synergistic optical effects of ZnCo2O4, g-C3N4, and Cu. The value of band gap energy for ZnCo2O4/g-C3N4/Cu is estimated to be 2.3 eV based on the Tauc plot of (αhν)2 vs. hν. The radical quenching experiments confirm that the superoxide radicals and holes are the principal active species in the photocatalytic degradation of MNZ, whereas the hydroxyl radicals have no major role in such degradation. The as-prepared photocatalyst is simply isolated and recycled for at least eight runs without noticeable loss of the efficiency. Using the natural sunlight source, applying a very low amount of the photocatalyst, neutrality of the reaction medium, short reaction time, high efficiency of the degradation procedure, utilizing air as the oxidant, low operational costs, and easy to recover and reuse of the photocatalyst are the significant highlights of the present method. It is supposed that the current investigation can be a step forward in the representation of an efficacious photocatalytic system in the treatment of a wide range of contaminated aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Jahanshahi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
| | - Alieh Mohammadi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Doosti
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
| | - Sara Sobhani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran.
| | - José Miguel Sansano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) and Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica (ISO), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, 03080, Alicante, Spain
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Ge X, Meng G, Liu B. Ultrasound−assisted preparation of LaFeO3/ polystyrene for efficient photo−Fenton degradation of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Design and Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of TiO2-Lanthanides Systems and Evaluation of Photocatalytic Activity under UV-LED Light Irradiation. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The TiO2-Eu and TiO2-La systems were successfully synthesized using the microwave method. Based on the results of X-ray diffraction analysis, it was found that regardless of the analyzed systems, two crystal structures were noted for the obtained samples: anatase and rutile. The analysis, such as XPS and EDS, proved that the doped lanthanum and europium nano-particles are present only on the TiO2 surface without disturbing the crystal lattice. In the synthesized systems, there were no significant changes in the bandgap energy. Moreover, all the obtained systems were characterized by high thermal stability. One of the key objectives of the work, and a scientific novelty, was the introduction of UV-LED lamps into the metronidazole photo-oxidation pathway. The results of the photo-oxidation study showed that the obtained TiO2 systems doped with selected lanthanides (Eu or La) show high efficiency in the removal of metronidazole, and at the same consuming nearly 10 times less electricity compared to conventional UV lamps (high-pressure mercury lamp). Liquid-chromatography mass-spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of an intermediate solution showed the presence of fragments of the degraded molecule by m/z 114, 83, and 60, prompting the formulation of a plausible photodegradation pathway for metronidazole.
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Stando K, Kasprzyk P, Felis E, Bajkacz S. Heterogeneous Photocatalysis of Metronidazole in Aquatic Samples. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247612. [PMID: 34946687 PMCID: PMC8708392 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metronidazole (MET) is a commonly detected contaminant in the environment. The compound is classified as poorly biodegradable and highly soluble in water. Heterogeneous photocatalysis is the most promoted water purification method due to the possibility of using sunlight and small amounts of a catalyst needed for the process. The aim of this study was to select conditions for photocatalytic removal of metronidazole from aquatic samples. The effect of catalyst type, mass, and irradiance intensity on the efficiency of metronidazole removal was determined. For this purpose, TiO2, ZnO, ZrO2, WO3, PbS, and their mixtures in a mass ratio of 1:1 were used. In this study, the transformation products formed were identified, and the mineralization degree of compound was determined. The efficiency of metronidazole removal depending on the type of catalyst was in the range of 50-95%. The highest MET conversion (95%) combined with a high degree of mineralization (70.3%) was obtained by using a mixture of 12.5 g TiO2-P25 + PbS (1:1; v/v) and running the process for 60 min at an irradiance of 1000 W m-2. Four MET degradation products were identified by untargeted analysis, formed by the rearrangement of the metronidazole and the C-C bond breaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Stando
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 6 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (P.K.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Patrycja Kasprzyk
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 6 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (P.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Ewa Felis
- Centre for Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 8 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Power and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Sylwia Bajkacz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 6 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (P.K.); (S.B.)
- Centre for Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 8 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
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Chahkandi M, Zargazi M, Ahmadi A, Koushki E, Ghasedi A. In situ synthesis of holey g-C 3N 4 nanosheets decorated by hydroxyapatite nanospheres as efficient visible light photocatalyst. RSC Adv 2021; 11:31174-31188. [PMID: 35496852 PMCID: PMC9041532 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05259d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The interesting g-C3N4 nanosheet morphology has drawn huge attention in photocatalytic applications because of its special features. Nonetheless, the relative activity of these nanosheets is still controversial due to the low available active sites and the high recombination probability of photo-induced charge carriers. In this work, in situ sol-gel approach was applied to synthesize holey g-C3N4 nanosheets/hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanospheres with plentiful in-plane holes. Herein, the presence of Ca2+ plays a key role in the formation of holey defects on 2D g-C3N4. In-plane holes provide nanosheets with more active edges and diffusion channelsv, resulting in a tremendous enhanced mass and photo-induced charge transfer speed. Moreover, the holes make highly numbered boundaries, which lead to the prevention of aggregation. On the other hand, distributed nano-HAp spheres on these nanosheets can form effective heterojunctions having high photo-degradation ability of pollutants. Intrinsic O-vacancies inside HAp unit cells mainly affect the capture of photogenerated electrons, pollutant molecules, and O2 gas. The synergistic presence of O-vacancies and holey defects (C-vacancies) on 2D g-C3N4 plays a key role in raising the photocatalytic performance of holey g-C3N4/HAp. It can be concluded that the proposed preparation method is a promising approach for simultaneous synthesis of holey g-C3N4 and surface heterojunctions of Ca-based materials. This new structure has shown significant degradation ability of bisphenol A, a prominent pollutant, with a low amount (0.01 g) and short time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Chahkandi
- Department of Chemistry, Hakim Sabzevari University Sabzevar 96179-76487 Iran +985144012451 +985144013342
| | - Mahboobeh Zargazi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Mashhad 91775 Iran
| | - Afsaneh Ahmadi
- Department of Chemistry, Hakim Sabzevari University Sabzevar 96179-76487 Iran +985144012451 +985144013342
| | - Ehsan Koushki
- Department of Physics, Hakim Sabzevari University Sabzevar 96179-76487 Iran
| | - Arman Ghasedi
- Department of Physics, Hakim Sabzevari University Sabzevar 96179-76487 Iran
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Chahkandi M, Zargazi M. Water EPD based of 2D-Bi2WO6 ultrathin film on innovative designed substrates: Efficient photocatalytic degradation of binary antibiotics. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Advanced Two-Dimensional Heterojunction Photocatalysts of Stoichiometric and Non-Stoichiometric Bismuth Oxyhalides with Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Sustainable Energy and Environmental Applications. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11040426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Semiconductor-based photocatalysis has been identified as an encouraging approach for solving the two main challenging problems, viz., remedying our polluted environment and the generation of sustainable chemical energy. Stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric bismuth oxyhalides (BiOX and BixOyXz where X = Cl, Br, and I) are a relatively new class of semiconductors that have attracted considerable interest for photocatalysis applications due to attributes, viz., high stability, suitable band structure, modifiable energy bandgap and two-dimensional layered structure capable of generating an internal electric field. Recently, the construction of heterojunction photocatalysts, especially 2D/2D systems, has convincingly drawn momentous attention practicably owing to the productive influence of having two dissimilar layered semiconductors in face-to-face contact with each other. This review has systematically summarized the recent progress on the 2D/2D heterojunction constructed between BiOX/BixOyXz with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4). The band structure of individual components, various fabrication methods, different strategies developed for improving the photocatalytic performance and their applications in the degradation of various organic contaminants, hydrogen (H2) evolution, carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction, nitrogen (N2) fixation and the organic synthesis of clean chemicals are summarized. The perspectives and plausible opportunities for developing high performance BiOX/BixOyXz-g-C3N4 heterojunction photocatalysts are also discussed.
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