An Eco‐Friendly and Efficient Approach for the Synthesis of Tetrazoles via Fe 3 O 4 /HT‐GLYMO‐TA as a New Recoverable Heterogeneous Nanostructured Catalyst

Design and synthesis of high performance magnetically separable exfoliated g-C3N4/γ-Fe2O3/ZnO yolk-shell nanoparticles: a novel and eco-friendly photocatalyst toward removal of organic pollutants from water

Herein, a new visible-light active exfoliated g-C3N4/γ-Fe2O3/ZnO yolk-shell nanoparticles (NPs) was synthesized as a magnetically separable photocatalyst. For an in-depth understanding of the magnetic photocatalyst's structural, morphological, and optical properties, the products were extensively characterized with FT-IR, XRD, TEM, HRTEM, FESEM, EDS, EDS-mapping, VSM, DRS, EIS, and photocurrent. The photocatalyst was then utilized to degrade Levofloxacin (LEVO) and Indigo Carmine (IC) by visible light at room temperature. The exfoliated g-C3N4/γ-Fe2O3/ZnO yolk-shell NPs photocatalyst revealed 80% and 95.6% degradation efficiency for Levofloxacin and Indigo Carmine within 25 and 15 min, respectively. In addition, the optimal factors such as concentration, loading of photocatalyst, and pH were also assessed. Levofloxacin degradation mechanistic studies showed that electrons and holes significantly contribute to the photocatalytic process of photocatalyst degradation. In addition, after 5 times regeneration, exfoliated g-C3N4/γ-Fe2O3/ZnO yolk-shell NPs remained as an excellent magnetic photocatalyst for the eco-friendly degradation of Levofloxacin and Indigo Carmine (76% and 90%), respectively. The superior photocatalytic performance of exfoliated g-C3N4/γ-Fe2O3/ZnO yolk-shell nanoparticles (NPs) was mostly ascribed to the synergistic advantages of stronger visible light response, larger specific surface area, and the more effective separation and transfer of photogenerated charge carriers. Based on these results, the highly effective magnetic photocatalyst achieved better results than numerous studied catalysts in the literature. The degradation of Levofloxacin and Indigo Carmine under environmentally friendly conditions can be achieved using exfoliated g-C3N4/γ-Fe2O3/ZnO yolk-shell NPs (V) as an efficient and green photocatalyst. The magnetic photocatalyst was characterized by spectroscopic and microscopic methods, revealing a spherical shape and particle size of 23 nm. Additionally, the magnetic photocatalyst could be separated from the reaction mixture by a magnet without significantly reducing its catalytic activity.

Immobilized Cu(0) nanoparticles on montmorillonite-modified with benzalkonium chloride (MMT-BAC@Cu(0)): as an eco-friendly and proficient heterogeneous nano-catalyst for green synthesis of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles

In this study, Cu(0) nanoparticles supported on organo-modified montmorillonite with benzalkonium chloride (MMT-BAC@Cu(0)) were synthesized and used as an eco-friendly and green heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles in mild media. The structure of the catalyst was investigated using various techniques including XRD, EDX, ICP, TEM, FE-SEM, and FT-IR. The advantages of availability, low cost, non-toxicity, and biocompatibility of clay were our focus in synthesizing this nanoclay catalyst. The method's advantages include good to excellent product yields, mild conditions, easy work-up, short reaction times, and easy reuse of the nanocatalyst.

Nanomaterial catalyzed green synthesis of tetrazoles and its derivatives: a review on recent advancements

Tetrazoles are indispensable nitrogen containing heterocyclic scaffolds that offer a broad spectrum of applications in various domains such as medicinal chemistry, high energy material science, biochemistry, pharmacology etc. Owing to their useful applications, a wide range of catalysts have been explored for green synthesis of tetrazole derivatives. In recent times, nanomaterials have been emerged as extremely efficient catalysts for different organic transformations because of their high surface area-to-volume ratio, easy surface modification, simple fabrications, easy recovery and reusability. In this article, we have presented an overview of utilization of various nano-catalysts, nanocomposites and other solid-supported nanomaterials as an efficient environmental benign catalytic system for green synthesis of tetrazoles and derivatives. This review will provide an exclusive emphasis on boehmite, magnetic, copper, carbon, MCM-41, and composite based nanomaterials that have been developed since the year 2010 for the synthesis of tetrazole derivatives. In addition, we have briefly discussed the fabrication, functionalization and characterization of some novel nanomaterials and their advantages in the synthesis of tetrazole and its derivatives along with the reaction mechanism that involves synthesis of tetrazole derivatives via nanomaterials catalysed reactions.

Nitratoethyl-5H-tetrazoles: improving the oxygen balance through application of organic nitrates in energetic coordination compounds

1- and 2-Nitratoethyl-5H-tetrazole (1-NET and 2-NET) were prepared through nitration of the respective alkyl alcohol using 100% nitric acid. A mixture of 1- and 2-hydroxyethyl-5H-tetrazole was obtained after alkylation of 1,5H-tetrazole. Also, a one-pot synthesis of 1-hydroxyethyl-5H-tetrazole was developed enabling the selective preparation of 1-NET. Both organic nitrates were characterized by ¹H, ¹³C, and ¹H-¹⁵N HMBC NMR spectroscopy. In addition, calculations using the Hirshfeld method and the EXPLO5 code were performed. Principally, 20 energetic coordination compounds involving the d-metals Mn, Cu, Zn, and Ag, each structurally characterized by low temperature single crystal X-ray diffraction, were prepared based on 1-NET and 2-NET. Of these complexes, 18 were obtained as pure bulk materials, and therefore, characterized for impact, friction, and ball drop impact sensitivity, as well as electrostatic discharge and thermal stability using differential thermal analysis. Hot plate and hot needle tests were performed mostly showing strong deflagrations making the complexes candidates for green combustion catalysts. Furthermore, successful PETN initiation experiments were carried out for several complexes and all ECCs were investigated by laser ignition experiments.

The anchoring of a Cu(ii)-salophen complex on magnetic mesoporous cellulose nanofibers: green synthesis and an investigation of its catalytic role in tetrazole reactions through a facile one-pot route

Today, most synthetic methods are aimed at carrying out reactions under more efficient conditions and the realization of the twelve principles of green chemistry. Due to the importance and widespread applications of tetrazoles in various industries, especially in the field of pharmaceutical chemistry, and the expansion of the use of nanocatalysts in the preparation of valuable chemical reaction products, we decided to use an (Fe3O4@NFC@NSalophCu)CO2H nanocatalyst in this project. In this study, the synthesis of the nanocatalyst (Fe3O4@NFC@NSalophCu)CO2H was explained in a step-by-step manner. Confirmation of the structure was obtained based on FT-IR, EDX, FE-SEM, TEM, XRD, VSM, DLS, TGA, H-NMR, and CHNO analyses. The catalyst was applied to the synthesis of 5-substituted-1H-tetrazole and 1-substituted-1H-tetrazole derivatives through multi-component reactions (MCRs), and the performance was assessed. With advances in science and technology and increasing environmental pollution, the use of reagents and methods that are less dangerous for the environment has received much attention. Therefore, following green chemistry principles, with the help of the (Fe3O4@NFC@NSalophCu)CO2H salen complex as a nanocatalyst that is recyclable, cheap, safe, and available, the use of water as a green solvent, and reduced reaction times, the synthesis of tetrazoles can be achieved.