Synthesis and Ecotoxicological Studies of Ionic Compounds Based on Tolperisone, Diphenhydramine and Trimecaine

Stimulation of B-Lymphopoiesis by Administration of a Trimecaine-Based Ionic Compound in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Hematopoietic-Depressive Model

According to the WHO, the secondary form of hematopoietic-depressive status increases the risk of death in people with oncological, infectious, and hormonal diseases. The choice of drugs that stimulate the hematopoietic activity of B-lymphopoiesis is limited. The current leucopoiesis drugs have a number of side effects: thymic preparations stimulate the production of PGE2, which causes chronic inflammation and various autoimmune diseases through the differentiation of T helper 1 (Th1) cells, the proliferation of Th17 cells, and the production of IL-22 from Th22 cells through EP2 and EP4 receptors; cytokine preparations can cause uncontrolled immune reactions and impaired contractility of smooth and cardiac muscles; drugs based on nucleic acids can stimulate the division of all cells, including bacterial and cancerous ones. The use of oligonucleotides such as ribozymes and antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (AS-ODNs) shows promise as therapeutic moieties, but faces a number of challenges such as nuclease sensitivity, off-target effects, and efficient delivery. The search for substances that stimulate B-lymphopoiesis among ionic compounds was motivated by the discovery of the unique properties of lidocaine docusate, one of the first ionic liquid forms of the known drugs. The lidocaine docusate (protonated form of lidocaine (2-(diethylamino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl) acetamide + docusate-anion (dioctylsulfosuccinate))) suppresses the division of pheochromocytoma cells and activates immunity in rats. The trimecaine-based ionic compound (TIC) demonstrates high B-lymphopoiesis-stimulating activity. The TIC compound stimulates an increase in the volume of transitional B cells, which play an important role for further differentiation and formation of a sufficient number of mature B1 cells and mature B2 cells, where mature B2 cells make up the bulk of the functional population of B lymphocytes. The TIC compound most strongly stimulated the restoration of the number of marginal zone B cells, follicular B cells, and activated germinal center B cells after the cytotoxic emptying of the follicular centers of the spleen induced cyclophosphamide. It significantly exceeds the activity of the comparison drug methyluracil. The TIC compound does not affect the level of pro-B, pre-B-I, or pre-B-II bone marrow cells, which prevents the risk of the formation of immature functionally defective cells.

Synthesis of 1-propargyl-1-(2-methyl-3-oxo-3-(p-tolyl)propyl)-piperidin-1-ium bromide and its plant growth-stimulating activity assessment

The aim of this study was to synthesize novel ionic compound – 1-propargyl-1-(2-methyl-3-oxo-3-(p-tolyl)propyl)-piperidin-1-ium bromide – via the N-alkylation (in conventional conditions and using ultrasound activation), and investigate its influence on the plant growth-stimulating activity using of sweet sorghum seeds. The synthesized compound was fully characterized by infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Regardless of the type of synthesis’ methods, the isolated yield of the produced ionic compound is showed 79-81%, however, the reaction rate was significantly increased by using ultrasonic activation. For the assessment of the growth-stimulating activity of the synthesized ionic compound, parameters such as root length, shoot length, seed energy germination rate, and germination capacity were determined on 10 genotypes of sweet sorghum seeds. The results of samples with low concentration (0.001% vol. solution) were demonstrated the higher intensity for tested genotypes than control samples, especially for process of gemmogenesis and intensity of rhizogenesis. The results of this study can be used as basis for the further development of plant growth stimulants based on ionic compounds.