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Ali N, Yutong L, Wang F, Qi L. In situ growth of dual-responsive polymer as coating for open tubular capillary electrochromatographic separation of epimedins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:4571-4580. [PMID: 38902347 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05397-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Recently, open tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC) has captured considerable interest; its efficient separation capability hinges on the interactions between analytes and polymer coatings. However, in situ growth of stimuli-responsive polymers as coatings has been rarely studied and is crucial for expanding the OT-CEC technique and its application. Herein, following poly(styrene-maleicanhydride) (PSM) chemically bonded onto the inner surface of the capillary, a dual pH/temperature stimuli-responsive block copolymer, P(SMN-COOH), was prepared by in situ polymerizing poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) carboxylic acid terminated [P(N-COOH)] in PSM. An OT-CEC protocol was first explored using the coated capillary for epimedins separation. As a proof of concept, the developed OT-CEC system facilitated hydrogen bonding and tuning the hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions between the test analytes and the P(SMN-COOH) coating by varying buffer pH and environmental temperature. Four epimedins with similar chemical structures were baseline separated under 40 °C at pH 10.0, exhibiting dramatical improvement in separation efficiency in comparison to its performance under 25 °C at pH 4.0. In addition, the coated capillary showed good repeatability and reusability with relative standard deviations for migration time and peak area between 0.7 and 1.7% and between 2.9 and 4.6%, respectively, and no significant changes after six runs. This work introduces a paradigm for efficient OT-CEC separation of herbal medicines through adjusting the interactions between analytes and smart polymer coatings, addressing polymer coating design and OT-CEC challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasir Ali
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liu Yutong
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Fuyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Li Qi
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Opallage PM, De Silva M, Dunn RC. Dual detection high-speed capillary electrophoresis for simultaneous serum protein analysis and immunoassays. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1951. [PMID: 35121780 PMCID: PMC8817013 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05956-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) separates serum proteins into bands whose shape and amplitude can alert clinicians to a range of disorders. This is followed by more specific immunoassays to quantify important antigens and confirm a diagnosis. Here we develop a high-speed capillary electrophoresis (HSCE) platform capable of simultaneous SPE and immunoassay measurements. A single laser excitation source is focused into the detection zone of the capillary to measure both refractive index (SPE) and fluorescence signals (immunoassays). The refractive index signal measures characteristic SPE profiles for human serum separated in 100 mM boric acid (pH 10), 100 mM arginine (pH 11), and 20 mM CHES (pH 10). For the immunoassay, the fluorescence electropherograms reveal that CHES provides the optimal buffer for measuring the immunocomplex and separating it from the free antigen. Immunoassays in CHES yield a LOD of 23 nM and a LOQ of 70 nM for the detection of fluorescein. The high pH reduces protein adsorption but reduces antibody affinity. Preliminary studies carried out in 50 mM barbital at pH 8 show improved stability of the immunocomplex and better separation for immunoassay quantification. Further optimization will open new capabilities for measuring orthogonal diagnostic signals in seconds with HSCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhavie M Opallage
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - Miyuru De Silva
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - Robert C Dunn
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA.
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Štěpánová S, Kašička V. Applications of capillary electromigration methods for separation and analysis of proteins (2017–mid 2021) – A review. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1209:339447. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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