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Scheelje FCM, Meier MAR. Non-isocyanate polyurethanes synthesized from terpenes using thiourea organocatalysis and thiol-ene-chemistry. Commun Chem 2023; 6:239. [PMID: 37925584 PMCID: PMC10625552 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01041-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The depletion of fossil resources as well as environmental concerns contribute to an increasing focus on finding more sustainable approaches for the synthesis of polymeric materials. In this work, a synthesis route towards non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs) using renewable starting materials is presented. Based on the terpenes limonene and carvone as renewable resources, five-membered cyclic carbonates are synthesized and ring-opened with allylamine, using thiourea compounds as benign and efficient organocatalysts. Thus, five renewable AA monomers are obtained, bearing one or two urethane units. Taking advantage of the terminal double bonds of these AA monomers, step-growth thiol-ene polymerization is performed using different dithiols, to yield NIPUs with molecular weights of above 10 kDa under mild conditions. Variation of the dithiol and amine leads to polymers with different properties, with Mn of up to 31 kDa and Tg's ranging from 1 to 29 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frieda Clara M Scheelje
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Straße am Forum 7, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael A R Meier
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Straße am Forum 7, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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2
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Claude G, Puccio D, Roca Jungfer M, Hagenbach A, Spreckelmeyer S, Abram U. Technetium Complexes with an Isocyano-alkyne Ligand and Its Reaction Products. Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 37494664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The attachment of an ethyne substituent in the para position of phenylisocyanide, CNPhpC≡CH, enables the isocyanide to replace carbonyl ligands in the coordination sphere of common technetium(I) starting materials such as (NBu4)[Tc2(μ-Cl)3(CO)6]. The ligand exchange proceeds under thermal conditions and finally forms the corresponding hexakis(isocyanide)technetium(I) complex. The product undergoes a copper-catalyzed cycloaddition ("Click" reaction), e.g., with benzyl azide, which gives the [Tc(CNPhazole)6]+ cation. The free, uncoordinated "Click" product is obtained from a reaction of the corresponding tetrakis(CNPhazole)copper(I) complex and NaCN. It readily reacts with mer-[Tc(CO)3(tht)(PPh3)2](BF4) (tht = tetrahydrothiophene) under exchange of the thioether ligand. Alternatively, [Cu(CNPhazole)4]+ can be used as a transmetalation reagent for the synthesis of the hexakis(isocyanide)technetium(I) complex, which is the preferable approach for the synthesis of the technetium complex with the short-lived nuclear isomer 99mTc, and a corresponding protocol for [99mTc(CNPhazole)6]+ is reported. The 99Tc and copper complexes have been studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and/or spectroscopic methods including IR and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilhem Claude
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fabeckstr. 34/36, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Denis Puccio
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fabeckstr. 34/36, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maximilian Roca Jungfer
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fabeckstr. 34/36, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Adelheid Hagenbach
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fabeckstr. 34/36, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Spreckelmeyer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, a corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Abram
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fabeckstr. 34/36, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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González-Cuesta M, Herrera-González I, García-Moreno MI, Ashmus RA, Vocadlo DJ, García Fernández JM, Nanba E, Higaki K, Ortiz Mellet C. sp 2-Iminosugars targeting human lysosomal β-hexosaminidase as pharmacological chaperone candidates for late-onset Tay-Sachs disease. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:1364-1374. [PMID: 35575117 PMCID: PMC9126592 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2073444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The late-onset form of Tay-Sachs disease displays when the activity levels of human β-hexosaminidase A (HexA) fall below 10% of normal, due to mutations that destabilise the native folded form of the enzyme and impair its trafficking to the lysosome. Competitive inhibitors of HexA can rescue disease-causative mutant HexA, bearing potential as pharmacological chaperones, but often also inhibit the enzyme O-glucosaminidase (GlcNAcase; OGA), a serious drawback for translation into the clinic. We have designed sp2-iminosugar glycomimetics related to GalNAc that feature a neutral piperidine-derived thiourea or a basic piperidine-thiazolidine bicyclic core and behave as selective nanomolar competitive inhibitors of human Hex A at pH 7 with a ten-fold lower inhibitory potency at pH 5, a good indication for pharmacological chaperoning. They increased the levels of lysosomal HexA activity in Tay-Sachs patient fibroblasts having the G269S mutation, the highest prevalent in late-onset Tay-Sachs disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel González-Cuesta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Irene Herrera-González
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, Sevilla, Spain
| | - M Isabel García-Moreno
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Roger A Ashmus
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - David J Vocadlo
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - José M García Fernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Eiji Nanba
- Organization for Research Initiative and Promotion, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Katsumi Higaki
- Organization for Research Initiative and Promotion, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Carmen Ortiz Mellet
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, Sevilla, Spain
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Nickisch R, Conen P, Meier MAR. Polythiosemicarbazones by Condensation of Dithiosemicarbazides and Dialdehydes. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Nickisch
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Straße am Forum 7, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter Conen
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Straße am Forum 7, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael A. R. Meier
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Straße am Forum 7, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Nickisch R, Conen P, Gabrielsen SM, Meier MAR. A more sustainable isothiocyanate synthesis by amine catalyzed sulfurization of isocyanides with elemental sulfur. RSC Adv 2021; 11:3134-3142. [PMID: 35424261 PMCID: PMC8693870 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10436a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Isothiocyanates (ITCs) are typically prepared using amines and highly toxic reagents such as thiophosgene, its derivatives, or CS2. In this work, an investigation of a multicomponent reaction (MCR) using isocyanides, elemental sulfur and amines revealed that isocyanides can be converted to isothiocyanates using sulfur and catalytic amounts of amine bases, especially DBU (down to 2 mol%). This new catalytic reaction was optimized in terms of sustainability, especially considering benign solvents such as Cyrene™ or γ-butyrolactone (GBL) under moderate heating (40 °C). Purification by column chromatography was further optimized to generate less waste by maintaining high purity of the product. Thus, E-factors as low as 0.989 were achieved and the versatility of this straightforward procedure was shown by converting 20 different isocyanides under catalytic conditions, while obtaining moderate to high yields (34-95%).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nickisch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Straße am Forum 7 76131 Karlsruhe Germany http://www.meier-michael.com
| | - P Conen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Straße am Forum 7 76131 Karlsruhe Germany http://www.meier-michael.com
| | - S M Gabrielsen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Straße am Forum 7 76131 Karlsruhe Germany http://www.meier-michael.com
| | - M A R Meier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Straße am Forum 7 76131 Karlsruhe Germany http://www.meier-michael.com
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Straße am Forum 7 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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Continuous-Flow Synthesis of Thioureas, Enabled by Aqueous Polysulfide Solution. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020303. [PMID: 33435580 PMCID: PMC7827778 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed the continuous-flow synthesis of thioureas in a multicomponent reaction starting from isocyanides, amidines, or amines and sulfur. The aqueous polysulfide solution enabled the application of sulfur under homogeneous and mild conditions. The crystallized products were isolated by simple filtration after the removal of the co-solvent, and the sulfur retained in the mother liquid. Presenting a wide range of thioureas synthesized by this procedure confirms the utility of the convenient continuous-flow application of sulfur.
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