1
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Ren S, Zhu J, Liu Y. Trifunctionalization of CC bonds in vinyl azides to access densely functionalized phenanthridines enabled by the NCS/AgNO 2 system. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:5982-5986. [PMID: 38984917 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00905c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
An unprecedented trifunctionalization of CC bonds in 2-(1-azidovinyl)-1,1'-biphenyls has been successfully achieved using the NCS/AgNO2 system, leading to the preparation of 6-(dichloro(nitro)methyl)phenanthridines in moderate to good yields. In this process, the NCS/AgNO2 system serves as a NO2 radical initiator as well as a chloro group source. The present protocol is a rare example of the selective construction of densely functionalized phenanthridine derivatives in a one-pot manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobo Ren
- College of Pharmacy, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, 321007, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Jian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Yunkui Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.
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2
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Plasse KM, Mooney TR, Mastyugin M, Costa M, Török B. Chemo-and regioselective aqueous phase, co-acid free nitration of aromatics using traditional and nontraditional activation methods. Front Chem 2024; 12:1400445. [PMID: 38812614 PMCID: PMC11134367 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1400445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrophilic aromatic nitrations are used for the preparation of a variety of synthetic products including dyes, agrochemicals, high energy materials, fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Traditional nitration methods use highly acidic and corrosive mixed acid systems which present a number of drawbacks. Aside from being hazardous and waste-producing, these methods also often result in poor yields, mostly due to low regioselectivity, and limited functional group tolerance. As a consequence, there is a need for effective and environmentally benign methods for electrophilic aromatic nitrations. In this work, the major aim was to develop reaction protocols that are more environmentally benign while also considering safety issues. The reactions were carried out in dilute aqueous nitric acid, and a broad range of experimental variables, such as acid concentration, temperature, time, and activation method, were investigated. Mesitylene and m-xylene were used as test substrates for the optimization. While the optimized reactions generally occurred at room temperature without any activation under additional solvent-free conditions, slight adjustments in acid concentration, stoichiometric equivalents, and volume were necessary for certain substrates, in addition to the activation. The substrate scope of the process was also investigated using both activated and deactivated aromatics. The concentration of the acid was lowered when possible to improve upon the safety of the process and avoid over-nitration. With some substrates we compared traditional and nontraditional activation methods such as ultrasonic irradiation, microwave and high pressure, respectively, to achieve satisfactory yields and improve upon the greenness of the reaction while maintaining short reaction times.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Béla Török
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States
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3
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Xu B, Liu X, Deng L, Shang Y, Jie X, Su W. Dehydrogenative synthesis of N-functionalized 2-aminophenols from cyclohexanones and amines: Molecular complexities via one-shot assembly. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn7656. [PMID: 38691610 PMCID: PMC11062582 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn7656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Polyfunctionalized arenes are privileged structural motifs in both academic and industrial chemistry. Conventional methods for accessing this class of chemicals usually involve stepwise modification of phenyl rings, often necessitating expensive noble metal catalysts and suffering from low reactivity and selectivity when introducing multiple functionalities. We herein report dehydrogenative synthesis of N-functionalized 2-aminophenols from cyclohexanones and amines. The developed reaction system enables incorporating amino and hydroxyl groups into aromatic rings in a one-shot fashion, which simplifies polyfunctionalized 2-aminophenol synthesis by circumventing issues associated with traditional arene modifications. The wide substrate scope and excellent functional group tolerance are exemplified by late-stage modification of complex natural products and pharmaceuticals that are unattainable by existing methods. This dehydrogenative protocol benefits from using 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl (TEMPO) as oxidant that offers interesting chemo- and regio-selective oxidation processes. More notably, the essential role of in situ generated water is disclosed, which protects aliphatic amine moieties from overoxidation via hydrogen bond-enabled interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian Science and Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Xiaojie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian Science and Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Lei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yaping Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian Science and Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Xiaoming Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian Science and Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Weiping Su
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian Science and Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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4
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Mosiagin I, Fernandes AJ, Budinská A, Hayriyan L, Ylijoki KEO, Katayev D. Catalytic ipso-Nitration of Organosilanes Enabled by Electrophilic N-Nitrosaccharin Reagent. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310851. [PMID: 37632357 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Nitroaromatic compounds represent one of the essential classes of molecules that are widely used as feedstock for the synthesis of intermediates, the preparation of nitro-derived pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials on both laboratory and industrial scales. We herein disclose the efficient, mild, and catalytic ipso-nitration of organotrimethylsilanes, enabled by an electrophilic N-nitrosaccharin reagent and allows chemoselective nitration under mild reaction conditions, while exhibiting remarkable substrate generality and functional group compatibility. Additionally, the reaction conditions proved to be orthogonal to other common functionalities, allowing programming of molecular complexity via successive transformations or late-stage nitration. Detailed mechanistic investigation by experimental and computational approaches strongly supported a classical electrophilic aromatic substitution (SE Ar) mechanism, which was found to proceed through a highly ordered transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Mosiagin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Anthony J Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alena Budinská
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Liana Hayriyan
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kai E O Ylijoki
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary's University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3 C3, Canada
| | - Dmitry Katayev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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5
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Jia F, Li A, Hu X. Dinitro-5,5-Dimethylhydantoin: An Arene Nitration Reagent. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 37318208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of a new N-nitro type compound, dinitro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DNDMH), has been reported as an arene nitration reagent. The exploration demonstrated that arene nitration with DNDMH exhibited good tolerance with diverse functional groups. It is notable that, among the two N-nitro units of DNDMH, only the N-nitro unit on N1 was delivered to the nitroarene products. The N-nitro type compound with a single N-nitro unit on N2 cannot promote the arene nitration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqiang Jia
- Department of Chemistry & Material Science, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education of China, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Ao Li
- Department of Chemistry & Material Science, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education of China, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Xiangdong Hu
- Department of Chemistry & Material Science, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education of China, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
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6
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Chen XH, Ma DD, Gao X, Li YM, Jiang DB, Ma C, Cui HL. Nitration of Pyrrolo[2,1- a]isoquinolines. J Org Chem 2023; 88:4649-4661. [PMID: 36947692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
We have successfully modified a series of pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines via direct nitration under mild reaction conditions. Easily accessible nitrates including CAN, Cu(NO3)2·H2O, and Fe(NO3)3·9H2O all can serve as effective nitrating reagents for functionalizing pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines. Various nitro-bearing pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines have been efficiently prepared in acceptable to good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Chen
- Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Ave., Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, P. R. China
| | - Dan-Dan Ma
- Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Ave., Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Xin Gao
- Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Ave., Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Meng Li
- Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Ave., Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, P. R. China
| | - Da-Bo Jiang
- Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Ave., Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, P. R. China
| | - Chao Ma
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Lei Cui
- Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Ave., Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, P. R. China
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7
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Patel SS, Patel DB, Poddar AK, Patel JB, Rana DN, Patel KP, Thakar SP, Patel HD. Copper phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid (CuPcS) as an efficient recyclable catalyst for aromatic nitration using sodium nitrate. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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8
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Yang T, Li X, Deng S, Qi X, Cong H, Cheng HG, Shi L, Zhou Q, Zhuang L. From N-H Nitration to Controllable Aromatic Mononitration and Dinitration-The Discovery of a Versatile and Powerful N-Nitropyrazole Nitrating Reagent. JACS AU 2022; 2:2152-2161. [PMID: 36186553 PMCID: PMC9516713 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitroaromatics are tremendously valuable organic compounds with a long history of being used as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and explosives as well as vital intermediates to a wide variety of chemicals. Consequently, the exploration of aromatic nitration has become an important endeavor in both academia and industry. Herein, we report the identification of a powerful nitrating reagent, 5-methyl-1,3-dinitro-1H-pyrazole, from the N-nitro-type reagent library constructed using a practical N-H nitration method. This nitrating reagent behaves as a controllable source of the nitronium ion, enabling mild and scalable nitration of a broad range of (hetero)arenes with good functional group tolerance. Of note, our nitration method could be controlled by manipulating the reaction conditions to furnish mononitrated or dinitrated product selectively. The value of this method in medicinal chemistry has been well established by its efficient late-stage C-H nitration of complex biorelevant molecules. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and preliminary mechanistic studies reveal that the powerfulness and versatility of this nitrating reagent are due to the synergistic "nitro effect" and "methyl effect".
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- The
Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- Sauvage
Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon
Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Lab on
Organic and Polymeric OptoElectronic Materials, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shuang Deng
- Sauvage
Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon
Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Lab on
Organic and Polymeric OptoElectronic Materials, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaotian Qi
- Sauvage
Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon
Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Lab on
Organic and Polymeric OptoElectronic Materials, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hengjiang Cong
- Sauvage
Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon
Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Lab on
Organic and Polymeric OptoElectronic Materials, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hong-Gang Cheng
- Sauvage
Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon
Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Lab on
Organic and Polymeric OptoElectronic Materials, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Liangwei Shi
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Energy Regulation Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qianghui Zhou
- The
Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, China
- Sauvage
Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon
Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Lab on
Organic and Polymeric OptoElectronic Materials, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, China
- TaiKang
Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan
University, 430072 Wuhan, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, 345 Lingling
Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lin Zhuang
- The
Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, China
- Sauvage
Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon
Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Lab on
Organic and Polymeric OptoElectronic Materials, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, China
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9
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Experimental investigation of mononitrotoluene preparation in a continuous-flow microreactor. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-022-04813-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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10
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Guo S, Zhu GK, Zhan LW, Li BD. Process design of two-step mononitration of m-xylene in a microreactor. J Flow Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-022-00228-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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11
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Patra S, Mosiagin I, Katayev D, Giri R. Organic Nitrating Reagents. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1719905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNitro compounds are vital raw chemicals that are widely used in academic laboratories and industries for the preparation of various drugs, agrochemicals, and materials. Thus, nitrating reactions are of great importance for chemists and are even taught in schools as one of the fundamental transformations in organic synthesis. Since the discovery of the first nitrating reactions in the 19th century, progress in this field has been constant. Yet, for many years the classical electrophilic nitration approach using a mixture of strong mineral acids dominated the field. However, in recent decades, the attention of researchers has focused on new reactivity and new reagents that can provide access to nitro compounds in a practical and straightforward way under mild reaction conditions. Organic nitrating reagents have played a special role in this field since they have enhanced reactivity. They also allow nitration to be carried out in an ecofriendly and sustainable manner. This review examines the development and application of organic nitrating reagents.1 Introduction2 Organic Nitrating Reagents2.1 Alkyl Nitrites2.2 Nitroalkanes2.3 Alkyl Nitrates2.4 N-Nitroamides2.5 N-Nitropyrazole2.6 N-Nitropyridinium Salts3 Organic Nitrating Reagents Generated In Situ3.1 Acyl Nitrates3.2 Trimethylsilyl Nitrate3.3 Nitro Onium Salts4 Organic Nitronium Salts5 Organic Nitrates and Nitrites5.1 Ammonium Nitrates5.2 Heteroarylium Nitrates5.3 Other Organic Nitrates5.4 Organic Nitrites6 Conclusion and Outlook
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12
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Li WP, Cheng G, Li SY, Lin CZ, Guan XY, Bing DX, Cao J, Zhu D, Deng QH. Acid-Free Copper-Catalyzed Electrophilic Nitration of Electron-Rich Arenes with Guanidine Nitrate. J Org Chem 2022; 87:3834-3840. [PMID: 35168320 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c03020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A practical copper-catalyzed nitration of electron-rich arenes with trimethylsilyl chloride and guanidine nitrate is reported. A variety of nitrated products were generated in moderate to excellent yields (32-99%) at ambient temperature under acid-free, open-flask, and operationally simple conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Pei Li
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Joint International Research Laboratory of Resource Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, and Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Biomimetic Catalysis, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Guo Cheng
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Joint International Research Laboratory of Resource Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, and Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Biomimetic Catalysis, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Si-Yuan Li
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Joint International Research Laboratory of Resource Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, and Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Biomimetic Catalysis, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Cheng-Zhou Lin
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Joint International Research Laboratory of Resource Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, and Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Biomimetic Catalysis, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Guan
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Joint International Research Laboratory of Resource Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, and Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Biomimetic Catalysis, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - De-Xian Bing
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Joint International Research Laboratory of Resource Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, and Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Biomimetic Catalysis, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Jing Cao
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Joint International Research Laboratory of Resource Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, and Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Biomimetic Catalysis, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Di Zhu
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Joint International Research Laboratory of Resource Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, and Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Biomimetic Catalysis, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Qing-Hai Deng
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Joint International Research Laboratory of Resource Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, and Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Biomimetic Catalysis, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
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13
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Guo S, Zhu G, Zhan L, Li B. Continuous kilogram-scale process for the synthesis strategy of 1,3,5-trimethyl-2-nitrobenzene in microreactor. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2021.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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14
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Mohammadi M, Ghorbani-Choghamarani A. Hercynite silica sulfuric acid: a novel inorganic sulfurous solid acid catalyst for one-pot cascade organic transformations. RSC Adv 2022; 12:26023-26041. [PMID: 36199605 PMCID: PMC9469644 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03481f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we delignated the synthesis of a novel inorganic sulfurous magnetic solid acid catalyst by the immobilization of an extremely high content of sulfuric acid functionalities on the amorphous silica-modified hercynite nanomagnetic core–shell via a simple method. Silica sulfuric acid (SSA) modified hercynite nanocomposite (hercynite@SSA) combines excellent recoverability and stability characteristics of hercynite (which can be regarded as a ferro spinel with Fd3m space group and cubic crystal structure) with the strong Brønsted acid properties of –SO3H groups. This nanomagnetic solid acid was found to be an efficient and facile strong solid acid catalyst for the synthesis of bis(pyrazolyl)methanes via two different one-pot multicomponent methodologies under green conditions. The hercynite@SSA catalyst shows excellent catalytic activity and reusability in the ethanolic medium among different solid acid materials. A plausible reaction mechanism is proposed for this synthesis. A novel inorganic sulfurous nanomagnetic solid acid composite was synthesized and its catalytic activity was evaluated in the synthesis of bis(pyrazolyl)methane derivatives. The catalyst displayed excellent activity and recoverability under green conditions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Mohammadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ilam University, P. O. Box 69315516, Ilam, Iran
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15
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Rooney CL, Wu Y, Tao Z, Wang H. Electrochemical Reductive N-Methylation with CO 2 Enabled by a Molecular Catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:19983-19991. [PMID: 34784216 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The development of benign methylation reactions utilizing CO2 as a one-carbon building block would enable a more sustainable chemical industry. Electrochemical CO2 reduction has been extensively studied, but its application for reductive methylation reactions remains out of the scope of current electrocatalysis. Here, we report the first electrochemical reductive N-methylation reaction with CO2 and demonstrate its compatibility with amines, hydroxylamines, and hydrazine. Catalyzed by cobalt phthalocyanine molecules supported on carbon nanotubes, the N-methylation reaction proceeds in aqueous media via the chemical condensation of an electrophilic carbon intermediate, proposed to be adsorbed or near-electrode formaldehyde formed from the four-electron reduction of CO2, with nucleophilic nitrogenous reactants and subsequent reduction. By comparing various amines, we discover that the nucleophilicity of the amine reactant is a descriptor for the C-N coupling efficacy. We extend the scope of the reaction to be compatible with cheap and abundant nitro-compounds by developing a cascade reduction process in which CO2 and nitro-compounds are reduced concurrently to yield N-methylamines with high monomethylation selectivity via the overall transfer of 12 electrons and 12 protons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor L Rooney
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States.,Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Yueshen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States.,Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Zixu Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States.,Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Hailiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States.,Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
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Blum SP, Nickel C, Schäffer L, Karakaya T, Waldvogel SR. Electrochemical Nitration with Nitrite. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:4936-4940. [PMID: 34583423 PMCID: PMC9298355 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic nitration has tremendous importance in organic chemistry as nitroaromatic compounds serve as versatile building blocks. This study represents the electrochemical aromatic nitration with NBu4 NO2 , which serves a dual role as supporting electrolyte and as a safe, readily available, and easy-to-handle nitro source. Stoichiometric amounts of 1,1,1-3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropan-2-ol (HFIP) in MeCN significantly increase the yield by solvent control. The reaction mechanism is based on electrochemical oxidation of nitrite to NO2 , which initiates the nitration reaction in a divided electrolysis cell with inexpensive graphite electrodes. Overall, the reaction is demonstrated for 20 examples with yields of up to 88 %. Scalability is demonstrated by a 13-fold scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan P. Blum
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Christean Nickel
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Lukas Schäffer
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Tarik Karakaya
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
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Moon J, Ji HK, Ko N, Oh H, Park MS, Kim S, Ghosh P, Mishra NK, Kim IS. Site-selective and metal-free C-H nitration of biologically relevant N-heterocycles. Arch Pharm Res 2021; 44:1012-1023. [PMID: 34664211 PMCID: PMC8685193 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-021-01351-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The site-selective and metal-free C-H nitration reaction of quinoxalinones and pyrazinones as biologically important N-heterocycles with t-butyl nitrite is described. A wide range of quinoxalinones were efficiently applied in this transformation, providing C7-nitrated quinoxalinones without undergoing C3-nitration. From the view of mechanistic point, the radical addition reaction exclusively occurred at the electron-rich aromatic region beyond electron-deficient N-heterocycle ring. This is a first report on the C7-H functionalization of quinoxalinones under metal-free conditions. In contrast, the nitration reaction readily takes place at the C3-position of pyrazinones. This transformation is characterized by the scale-up compatibility, mild reaction conditions, and excellent functional group tolerance. The applicability of the developed method is showcased by the selective reduction of NO2 functionality on the C7-nitrated quinoxalinone product, providing aniline derivatives. Combined mechanistic investigations aided the elucidation of a plausible reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyea Moon
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ku Ji
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Nayoung Ko
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Harin Oh
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Seo Park
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Suho Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Prithwish Ghosh
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Neeraj Kumar Mishra
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - In Su Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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