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Dresler E, Wróblewska A, Jasiński R. Energetic Aspects and Molecular Mechanism of 3-Nitro-substituted 2-Isoxazolines Formation via Nitrile N-Oxide [3+2] Cycloaddition: An MEDT Computational Study. Molecules 2024; 29:3042. [PMID: 38998997 PMCID: PMC11243562 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Regioselectivity and the molecular mechanism of the [3+2] cycloaddition reaction between nitro-substituted formonitrile N-oxide 1 and electron-rich alkenes were explored on the basis of the wb97xd/6-311+G(d) (PCM) quantum chemical calculations. It was established that the thermodynamic factors allow for the formation of stable cycloadducts along all considered models. The analysis of the kinetic parameters of the main processes show that all [3+2] cycloadditions should be realized with full regioselectivity. In all cases, the formation of 5-substituted 3-nitro-2-isoxazolidines is clearly preferred. It is interesting that regiodirection is not determined by the local electrophile/nucleophile interactions but by steric effects. From a mechanistic point of view, all considered reactions should be treated as polar, one-step reactions. All attempts to locate the hypothetical zwitterionic intermediates along the cycloaddition paths were, however, not successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Dresler
- Łukasiewicz Research Network-Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis "Blachownia", Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland
| | - Aneta Wróblewska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
| | - Radomir Jasiński
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
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Galbiati A, Bova S, Pacchiana R, Borsari C, Persico M, Zana A, Bruno S, Donadelli M, Fattorusso C, Conti P. Discovery of a spirocyclic 3-bromo-4,5-dihydroisoxazole covalent inhibitor of hGAPDH with antiproliferative activity against pancreatic cancer cells. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 254:115286. [PMID: 37058971 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), a key glycolytic enzyme, plays a crucial role in the energy metabolism of cancer cells and has been proposed as a valuable target for the development of anticancer agents. Among a series of 5-substituted 3-bromo-4,5-dihydroisoxazole (BDHI) derivatives, we identified the spirocyclic compound 11, which is able to covalently inactivate recombinant human GAPDH (hGAPDH) with a faster reactivity than koningic acid, one of the most potent hGAPDH inhibitors known to date. Computational studies confirmed that conformational rigidification is crucial to stabilize the interaction of the inhibitor with the binding site, thus favoring the subsequent covalent bond formation. Investigation of intrinsic warhead reactivity at different pH disclosed the negligible reactivity of 11 with free thiols, highlighting its ability to selectively react with the activated cysteine of hGAPDH with respect to other sulfhydryl groups. Compound 11 strongly reduced cancer cell growth in four different pancreatic cancer cell lines and its antiproliferative activity correlated well with the intracellular inhibition of hGAPDH. Overall, our results qualify 11 as a potent hGAPDH covalent inhibitor with a moderate drug-like reactivity that could be further exploited to develop anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Galbiati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefania Bova
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125, Parma, Italy
| | - Raffaella Pacchiana
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Borsari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milano, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marco Persico
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Aureliano Zana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Bruno
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Massimo Donadelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Caterina Fattorusso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Paola Conti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milano, Italy.
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Fadeeva AA, Ioffe SL, Tabolin AA. Synthesis of 3‐Haloisoxazolines by Deoxygenation of 3‐Haloisoxazoline
N
‐Oxides under Treatment with Acetyl Bromide. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia A. Fadeeva
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky prosp. 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
- Higher Chemical College D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia Miusskaya sq. 9 Moscow 125047 Russia
| | - Sema L. Ioffe
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky prosp. 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Andrey A. Tabolin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky prosp. 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
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