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Wang C, Zhang S. Two-dimensional metal organic frameworks in cancer treatment. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024. [PMID: 38779943 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00068d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
With large specific surface area, controllable pore size, increased active sites, and structural stability, two-dimensional metal organic frameworks (2D MOFs) have emerged as promising nanomedicines in cancer therapy. These distinctive features make 2D MOFs particularly advantageous in cancer treatment and the corresponding application has gained considerable popularity, signifying significant application potential. Herein, recent advances in various applications including drug delivery and chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, sonodynamic therapy, chemodynamic therapy, catalytic therapy, and combined therapy were summarized, with emphasis on the latest progress of new materials and mechanisms for these processes. Moreover, the current challenges, potential solutions, and possible future directions are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2625, USA.
| | - Shan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
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2
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Sun B, Yang H, Li Y, Scheerstra JF, van Stevendaal MHME, Li S, van Hest JCM. Targeted pH-Activated Peptide-Based Nanomaterials for Combined Photodynamic Therapy with Immunotherapy. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:3044-3054. [PMID: 38662992 PMCID: PMC11094723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has demonstrated efficacy in eliminating local tumors, yet its effectiveness against metastasis is constrained. While immunotherapy has exhibited promise in a clinical context, its capacity to elicit significant systemic antitumor responses across diverse cancers is often limited by the insufficient activation of the host immune system. Consequently, the combination of PDT and immunotherapy has garnered considerable attention. In this study, we developed pH-responsive porphyrin-peptide nanosheets with tumor-targeting capabilities (PRGD) that were loaded with the IDO inhibitor NLG919 for a dual application involving PDT and immunotherapy (PRGD/NLG919). In vitro experiments revealed the heightened cellular uptake of PRGD/NLG919 nanosheets in tumor cells overexpressing αvβ3 integrins. The pH-responsive PRGD/NLG919 nanosheets demonstrated remarkable singlet oxygen generation and photocytotoxicity in HeLa cells in an acidic tumor microenvironment. When treating HeLa cells with PRGD/NLG919 nanosheets followed by laser irradiation, a more robust adaptive immune response occurred, leading to a substantial proliferation of CD3+CD8+ T cells and CD3+CD4+ T cells compared to control groups. Our pH-responsive targeted PRGD/NLG919 nanosheets therefore represent a promising nanosystem for combination therapy, offering effective PDT and an enhanced host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Sun
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology Helix, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Haowen Yang
- Laboratory
of Immunoengineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Yudong Li
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology Helix, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jari F. Scheerstra
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology Helix, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen H. M. E. van Stevendaal
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology Helix, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Shukun Li
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology Helix, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C. M. van Hest
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology Helix, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Mezzina L, Nicosia A, Barone L, Vento F, Mineo PG. Water-Soluble Star Polymer as a Potential Photoactivated Nanotool for Lysozyme Degradation. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:301. [PMID: 38276709 PMCID: PMC10819795 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of nanotools for chemical sensing and macromolecular modifications is a new challenge in the biomedical field, with emphasis on artificial peptidases designed to cleave peptide bonds at specific sites. In this landscape, metal porphyrins are attractive due to their ability to form stable complexes with amino acids and to generate reactive oxygen species when irradiated by light of appropriate wavelengths. The issues of hydrophobic behavior and aggregation in aqueous environments of porphyrins can be solved by using its PEGylated derivatives. This work proposes the design of an artificial photo-protease agent based on a PEGylated mercury porphyrin, able to form a stable complex with l-Tryptophan, an amino acid present also in the lysozyme structure (a well-known protein model). The sensing and photodegradation features of PEGylated mercury porphyrin were exploited to detect and degrade both l-Trp and lysozyme using ROS, generated under green (532 nm) and red (650 nm) light lasers. The obtained system (Star3600_Hg) and its behavior as a photo-protease agent were studied by means of several spectroscopies (UV-Vis, fluorescence and circular dichroism), and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, showing the cleavage of lysozyme and the appearance of several short-chain residues. The approach of this study paves the way for potential applications in theranostics and targeted bio-medical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Mezzina
- Department of Chemical Sciences and INSTM UdR of Catania, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy; (L.M.); (L.B.); (F.V.)
| | - Angelo Nicosia
- Department of Chemical Sciences and INSTM UdR of Catania, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy; (L.M.); (L.B.); (F.V.)
| | - Laura Barone
- Department of Chemical Sciences and INSTM UdR of Catania, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy; (L.M.); (L.B.); (F.V.)
| | - Fabiana Vento
- Department of Chemical Sciences and INSTM UdR of Catania, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy; (L.M.); (L.B.); (F.V.)
| | - Placido Giuseppe Mineo
- Department of Chemical Sciences and INSTM UdR of Catania, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy; (L.M.); (L.B.); (F.V.)
- Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes, National Research Council (IPCF-CNR), Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 37, I-98158 Messina, Italy
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council (IPCB-CNR), Via P. Gaifami 18, I-95126 Catania, Italy
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Akbar A, Khan S, Chatterjee T, Ghosh M. Unleashing the power of porphyrin photosensitizers: Illuminating breakthroughs in photodynamic therapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2023; 248:112796. [PMID: 37804542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2023.112796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
This comprehensive review provides the current trends and recent developments of porphyrin-based photosensitizers. We discuss their evolution from first-generation to third-generation compounds, including cutting-edge nanoparticle-integrated derivatives, and explores their pivotal role in advancing photodynamic therapy (PDT) for enhanced cancer treatment. Integrating porphyrins with nanoparticles represents a promising avenue, offering improved selectivity, reduced toxicity, and heightened biocompatibility. By elucidating recent breakthroughs, innovative methodologies, and emerging applications, this review provides a panoramic snapshot of the dynamic field, addressing challenges and charting prospects. With a focus on harnessing reactive oxygen species (ROS) through light activation, PDT serves as a minimally invasive therapeutic approach. This article offers a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and PDT enthusiasts, highlighting the potential of porphyrin photosensitizers to improve the future of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alibasha Akbar
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Syamantak Khan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tanmay Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Kapra Mandal, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana, India
| | - Mihir Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India.
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Shirvalilou S, Tavangari Z, Parsaei MH, Sargazi S, Sheervalilou R, Shirvaliloo M, Ghaznavi H, Khoei S. The future opportunities and remaining challenges in the application of nanoparticle-mediated hyperthermia combined with chemo-radiotherapy in cancer. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 15:e1922. [PMID: 37778031 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
A pivotal cause of death in the modern world, cancer is an insidious pathology that should be diagnosed at an early stage for successful treatment. Development of therapeutic interventions with minimal invasiveness and high efficacy that can discriminate between tumor and normal cells is of particular interest to the clinical science, as they can enhance patient survival. Nanoparticles are an invaluable asset that can be adopted for development of such diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, since they come in very small sizes with modifiable surface, are highly safe and stable, and can be synthesized in a controlled fashion. To date, different nanoparticles have been incorporated into numerous modalities such as tumor-targeted therapy, thermal therapy, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. This review article seeks to deliver a brief account of recent advances in research and application of nanoparticles in hyperthermia-based cancer therapies. The most recent investigations are summarized to highlight the latest advances in the development of combined thermo-chemo-radiotherapy, along with the challenges associated with the application of nanoparticles in cancer therapy. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakine Shirvalilou
- Finetech in Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahed Tavangari
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Parsaei
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saman Sargazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | | | - Milad Shirvaliloo
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Habib Ghaznavi
- Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Samideh Khoei
- Finetech in Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Das KP, J C. Nanoparticles and convergence of artificial intelligence for targeted drug delivery for cancer therapy: Current progress and challenges. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 4:1067144. [PMID: 36688144 PMCID: PMC9853978 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2022.1067144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a life-threatening disease, resulting in nearly 10 million deaths worldwide. There are various causes of cancer, and the prognostic information varies in each patient because of unique molecular signatures in the human body. However, genetic heterogeneity occurs due to different cancer types and changes in the neoplasms, which complicates the diagnosis and treatment. Targeted drug delivery is considered a pivotal contributor to precision medicine for cancer treatments as this method helps deliver medication to patients by systematically increasing the drug concentration on the targeted body parts. In such cases, nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery and the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) can help bridge the gap and enhance localized drug delivery systems capable of biomarker sensing. Diagnostic assays using nanoparticles (NPs) enable biomarker identification by accumulating in the specific cancer sites and ensuring accurate drug delivery planning. Integrating NPs for cancer targeting and AI can help devise sophisticated systems that further classify cancer types and understand complex disease patterns. Advanced AI algorithms can also help in biomarker detection, predicting different NP interactions of the targeted drug, and evaluating drug efficacy. Considering the advantages of the convergence of NPs and AI for targeted drug delivery, there has been significantly limited research focusing on the specific research theme, with most of the research being proposed on AI and drug discovery. Thus, the study's primary objective is to highlight the recent advances in drug delivery using NPs, and their impact on personalized treatment plans for cancer patients. In addition, a focal point of the study is also to highlight how integrating AI, and NPs can help address some of the existing challenges in drug delivery by conducting a collective survey.
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Recent Trends and Developments in Multifunctional Nanoparticles for Cancer Theranostics. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248659. [PMID: 36557793 PMCID: PMC9780934 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Conventional anticancer treatments, such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy, have significantly improved cancer therapy. Nevertheless, the existing traditional anticancer treatments have been reported to cause serious side effects and resistance to cancer and even to severely affect the quality of life of cancer survivors, which indicates the utmost urgency to develop effective and safe anticancer treatments. As the primary focus of cancer nanotheranostics, nanomaterials with unique surface chemistry and shape have been investigated for integrating cancer diagnostics with treatment techniques, including guiding a prompt diagnosis, precise imaging, treatment with an effective dose, and real-time supervision of therapeutic efficacy. Several theranostic nanosystems have been explored for cancer diagnosis and treatment in the past decade. However, metal-based nanotheranostics continue to be the most common types of nonentities. Consequently, the present review covers the physical characteristics of effective metallic, functionalized, and hybrid nanotheranostic systems. The scope of coverage also includes the clinical advantages and limitations of cancer nanotheranostics. In light of these viewpoints, future research directions exploring the robustness and clinical viability of cancer nanotheranostics through various strategies to enhance the biocompatibility of theranostic nanoparticles are summarised.
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Development of Double Hydrophilic Block Copolymer/Porphyrin Polyion Complex Micelles towards Photofunctional Nanoparticles. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235186. [PMID: 36501582 PMCID: PMC9735875 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrostatic complexation between double hydrophilic block copolymers (DHBCs) and a model porphyrin was explored as a means for the development of polyion complex micelles (PICs) that can be utilized as photosensitive porphyrin-loaded nanoparticles. Specifically, we employed a poly(2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate)-b-poly[(oligo ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate] (PDMAEMA-b-POEGMA) diblock copolymer, along with its quaternized polyelectrolyte copolymer counterpart (QPDMAEMA-b-POEGMA) and 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-21H,23H-porphine-p,p',p″,p'''-tetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium hydrate (TPPS) porphyrin. The (Q)PDMAEMA blocks enable electrostatic binding with TPPS, thus forming the micellar core, while the POEGMA blocks act as the corona of the micelles and impart solubility, biocompatibility, and stealth properties to the formed nanoparticles. Different mixing charge ratios were examined aiming to produce stable nanocarriers. The mass, size, size distribution and effective charge of the resulting nanoparticles, as well as their response to changes in their environment (i.e., pH and temperature) were investigated by dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering (DLS and ELS). Moreover, the photophysical properties of the complexed porphyrin along with further structural insight were obtained through UV-vis (200-800 nm) and fluorescence spectroscopy measurements.
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Sajjadinezhad SM, Tanner K, Harvey PD. Metal-porphyrinic framework nanotechnologies in modern agricultural management. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:9054-9080. [PMID: 36321474 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01516a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Metal-porphyrinic frameworks are an important subclass of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). These porous materials exhibit a large number of applications for sustainable development and related environmental considerations. Their attractive features include (1) as a free base or metalated with zinc(II) or iron(II or III), they are environmentally benign, and (2) they absorb visible light and are emissive and semi-conducting, making them convenient tools for sensing agrochemicals. But the key feature that makes these nano-sized pristine materials or their composites in many ways superior to most MOFs is their ability to photo-generate reactive oxygen species with visible light, including singlet oxygen. This review describes important issues related to agriculture, including controlled delivery of pesticides and agrochemicals, detection of pesticides and pathogenic metals, elimination of pesticides and toxic metals, and photodynamic antimicrobial activity, and has an important implication for food safety. This comprehensive review presents the progress of the rather rapid developments of these functional and increasingly nano-sized materials and composites in the area of sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Tanner
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, PQ, J1K 2R1, Canada.
| | - Pierre D Harvey
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, PQ, J1K 2R1, Canada.
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Liu Z, Zeng N, Yu J, Huang C, Huang Q. A novel dual MoS 2/FeGA quantum dots endowed injectable hydrogel for efficient photothermal and boosting chemodynamic therapy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:998571. [PMID: 36110320 PMCID: PMC9468328 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.998571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its responsiveness to the tumour microenvironment (TME), chemodynamic therapy (CDT) based on the Fenton reaction to produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) to destroy tumor has drawn more interest. However, the Fenton's reaction potential for therapeutic use is constrained by its modest efficacy. Here, we develop a novel injectable hydrogel system (FMH) on the basis of FeGA/MoS2 dual quantum dots (QDs), which uses near-infrared (NIR) laser in order to trigger the synergistic catalysis and photothermal effect of FeGA/MoS2 for improving the efficiency of the Fenton reaction. Mo4+ in MoS2 QDs can accelerate the conversion of Fe3+ to Fe2+, thereby promoting the efficiency of Fenton reaction, and benefiting from the synergistically enhanced CDT/PTT, FMH combined with NIR has achieved good anti-tumour effects in vitro and in vivo experiments. Furthermore, the quantum dots are easily metabolized after treatment because of their ultrasmall size, without causing any side effects. This is the first report to study the co-catalytic effect of MoS2 and Fe3+ at the quantum dot level, as well as obtain a good PTT/CDT synergy, which have implications for future anticancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeming Liu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ning Zeng
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunyu Huang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qinqin Huang
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Design Principles Governing the Development of Theranostic Anticancer Agents and Their Nanoformulations with Photoacoustic Properties. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020362. [PMID: 35214094 PMCID: PMC8877540 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The unmet need to develop novel approaches for cancer diagnosis and treatment has led to the evolution of theranostic agents, which usually include, in addition to the anticancer drug, an imaging agent based mostly on fluorescent agents. Over the past few years, a non-invasive photoacoustic imaging modality has been effectively integrated into theranostic agents. Herein, we shed light on the design principles governing the development of theranostic agents with photoacoustic properties, which can be formulated into nanocarriers to enhance their potency. Specifically, we provide an extensive analysis of their individual constituents including the imaging dyes, drugs, linkers, targeting moieties, and their formulation into nanocarriers. Along these lines, we present numerous relevant paradigms. Finally, we discuss the clinical relevance of the specific strategy, as also the limitations and future perspectives, and through this review, we envisage paving the way for the development of theranostic agents endowed with photoacoustic properties as effective anticancer medicines.
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Sangam S, Jindal S, Agarwal A, Banerjee BD, Prasad P, Mukherjee M. Graphene quantum dots-porphyrins/phthalocyanines multifunctional hybrid systems: from interfacial dialogue to applications. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:1647-1679. [DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00016d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Engineered well-ordered hybrid nanomaterials are at a symbolically pivotal point, just ahead of a long-anticipated human race transformation. Incorporating newer carbon nanomaterials like graphene quantum dots (GQDs) with tetrapyrrolic porphyrins...
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