Synthesis biological evaluation and molecular docking of isatin hybrids as anti-cancer and anti-microbial agents

Isatin, known as 1H-indole-2,3-dione, was originally recognised as a synthetic molecule until its discovery in the fruits of the cannonball tree, Couroupita guianensis. It is naturally occurring in plants of the genus Isatis and serves as a metabolic derivative of adrenaline in humans. Isatin possesses significant pharmacological importance, and its synthetic versatility has prompted extensive interest in its derivative compounds due to their diverse biological and pharmacological properties. These derivatives represent a valuable class of heterocyclic compounds with potential applications as precursors for synthesizing numerous valuable drugs. In the pursuit of advancing our research on isatin hybrids, we investigate the utilisation of readily available hydrazonoindolin-2-one and isatin as starting materials for the synthesis of a wide range of analogues. Characterisation of the synthesized compounds was carried out through various analytical techniques. Furthermore, the obtained compounds were subjected to extensive testing to evaluate their anticancer and antimicrobial activities. Specifically, their efficacy against key proteins, namely Staphylococcus aureus protein (PDB ID: 1JIJ), Escherichia coli protein (PDB ID: 1T9U), Pseudomonas aeruginosa protein (PDB ID: 2UV0), and Acinetobacter baumannii protein (PDB ID: 4HKG), was examined through molecular docking calculations. Several molecules, such as 3, 4, 6, 16, and 19, displayed remarkable activity against the renal cancer cell line UO-31. Additionally, the results of antimicrobial activity testing revealed that compound 16 exhibited significant cytotoxicity against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. Subsequently, ADME/T calculations were performed to gain insights into the potential effects and reactions of these molecules within human metabolism. This comprehensive study provides valuable insights into the potential pharmacological applications of isatin derivatives and underscores their significance in drug development.

Synthesis, biological activities, and molecular docking studies of triazolo[4,3-b]triazine derivatives as a novel class of α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitors

In diabetes mellitus, amylase and glucosidase enzymes are the primary triggers. The main function of these enzymes is to break macromolecules into simple sugar units, which directly affect blood sugar levels by increasing blood permeability. To overcome this metabolic effect, there is a need for a potent and effective inhibitor capable of suppressing the enzymatic conversion of sugar macromolecules into their smaller units. Herein, we reported the discovery of a series of substituted triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazine derivatives as α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitors. All target compounds demonstrated significant inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes compared with acarbose as the positive control. The most potent compound 10k, 2-[(6-phenyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazin-3-yl)thio]-N-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]acetamide, demonstrated IC50 values of 31.87 and 24.64 nM against α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes, respectively. To study their mechanism of action, kinetic studies were also done, which determined the mode of inhibition of both enzymes. Molecular docking was used to confirm the binding interactions of the most active compounds.

Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 1-(2-amino-4-methyl-1,3-thia-zol-5-yl)ethan-1-one

In the title compound, C6H8N2OS, all atoms except for the methyl H atoms are coplanar, with a maximum deviation of 0.026 (4) Å. In the crystal, pairs of mol-ecules are linked by N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming R 2 2(8) ring motifs. Dimers are connected by N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming layers parallel to the (102) plane. Consolidating the mol-ecular packing, these layers are connected by C-H⋯π inter-actions between the center of the 1,3-thia-zole ring and the H atom of the methyl group attached to it, as well as C=O⋯π inter-actions between the center of the 1,3-thia-zole ring and the O atom of the carboxyl group. According to a Hirshfeld surface study, H⋯H (37.6%), O⋯H/H⋯O (16.8%), S⋯H/H⋯S (15.4%), N⋯H/H⋯N (13.0%) and C⋯H/H⋯C (7.6%) inter-actions are the most significant contributors to the crystal packing.

Novel Quinazolinone Derivatives: Potential Synthetic Analogs for the Treatment of Glaucoma, Alzheimer's Disease and Diabetes Mellitus

Quinazolinones, which represent an important part of nitrogen-containing six-membered heterocyclic compounds, are frequently used in drug design due to their wide biological activity properties. Therefore, the novel quinazolinones were synthesized from the reaction of acylated derivatives of 4-hydroxy benzaldehyde with 3-amino-2-alkylquinazolin-4(3H)-ones with good yields (85-94 %) and their structures were characterized using Fourier-transform Infrared (FT-IR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR), and High-Resolution Mass Spectroscopy (HR-MS). As the application of the synthesized compounds, their inhibition properties of the synthesized compounds on α-Glucosidase (α-Glu), Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and Carbonic anhydrase I-II (hCA I-II) metabolic enzymes were investigated. All compounds showed inhibition at nanomolar level with the Ki values in the range of 12.73±1.26-93.42±9.44 nM for AChE, 8.48±0.92-25.84±2.59 nM for BChE, 66.17±5.16-818.06±44.41 for α-Glu, 2.56±0.26-88.23±9.72 nM for hCA I, and 1.68±0.14-85.43±7.41 nM for hCA II. Molecular docking study was performed to understand the interactions of the most potent compounds with corresponding enzymes. Also, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADME/T) properties of the compounds were investigated.

Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 2-amino-5-{(1E)-1-[(carbamo-thioyl-amino)-imino]eth-yl}-4-methyl-1,3-thia-zol-3-ium chloride monohydrate

In the hydrated title salt, C7H12N5S2 +·Cl-·H2O, the asymmetric unit comprises one 2-amino-5-{(1E)-1-[(carbamo-thioyl-amino)-imino]-eth-yl}-4-methyl-1,3-thia-zol-3-ium cation, one chloride anion and one water mol-ecule of crystallization. The cation is nearly flat (r.m.s. deviation of non-H atoms is 0.0814 Å), with the largest deviation of 0.1484 (14) Å observed for one of the methyl C atoms. In the crystal, the cations are linked by O-H⋯Cl, N-H⋯Cl, N-H⋯O, N-H⋯S and C-H⋯S hydrogen bonds, forming a tri-periodic network. The most important contributions to the crystal packing are from H⋯H (35.4%), S⋯H/H⋯S (24.4%), N⋯H/H⋯N (8.7%), Cl⋯H/H⋯Cl (8.2%) and C⋯H/H⋯C (7.7%) inter-actions.

Synthesis, Biological Activity Evaluation and Molecular Docking of Imidazole Derivatives Possessing Hydrazone Moiety

In an attempt to identify potential active anticancer agents with low cytotoxic properties and CA inhibitors, a new series of hybrid compounds incorporating imidazole ring and hydrazone moiety as part of their structure were synthesized by aza-Michael addition reaction followed by intramolecular cyclization. The structure of synthesized compounds was elucidated using various spectral techniques. Synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro anticancer (prostate cell lines; PC3) and CA inhibitory (hCA I and hCA II) activity. Among them, some compound displayed remarkable anticancer activity and CA inhibitory activity with Ki values in range of 17.53±7.19-150.50±68.87 nM against cytosolic hCA I isoform associated with epilepsy, and 28.82±14.26-153.27±55.80 nM against dominant cytosolic hCA II isoforms associated with glaucoma. Furthermore, the theoretical parameters of the bioactive molecules were calculated to establish their drug-likeness qualities. The proteins used for the calculations are prostate cancer protein (PDB ID: 3RUK and 6XXP). ADME/T analysis was carried out to examine the drug properties of the studied molecules.