1
|
Li J, Li Z, Xie Y, Cai T, Shin D, Chen C, Mirkin C. Non-Centrosymmetric Single Crystalline Biomolecular Nano-Arrays for Responsive Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2408153. [PMID: 39128135 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202408153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Herein, a novel strategy is reported for synthesizing libraries of single crystalline amino acid (AA) nanocrystals with control over size, anisotropy, and polymorphism by leveraging dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) and recrystallization via solvent vapor annealing. The crystals are prepared by first depositing nanoreactors consisting of a solvent with AAs, followed by water vapor-induced recrystallization. This leads to isotropic structures that are non-centrosymmetric with strong piezoelectric (g33 coefficients >1000 mVm N-1), ferroelectric, and non-linear optical properties. However, recrystallizing arrays of isotropic DL-alanine nanodot features with a binary solvent (water and ethanol) leads to arrays of 1D piezoelectric nanorods with their long axis coincident with the polar axis. Moreover, positioning nanoreactors containing AAs (the nanodot features) between micro electrodes leads to capillary formation, making the reactors anisotropic and facilitating piezoelectric nanorod formation between the electrodes. This offers a facile route to device fabrication. These as-fabricated devices respond to ultrasonic stimulation in the form of a piezoelectric response. The technique described herein is significant as it provides a rapid way of investigating non-centrosymmetric nanoscale biocrystals, potentially pivotal for fabricating a new class of stimuli-responsive devices such as sensors, energy harvesters, and stimulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yi Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Tong Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Donghoon Shin
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Chaojian Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Chad Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu G, Petrosko SH, Zheng Z, Mirkin CA. Evolution of Dip-Pen Nanolithography (DPN): From Molecular Patterning to Materials Discovery. Chem Rev 2020; 120:6009-6047. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Liu
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textile and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Sarah Hurst Petrosko
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textile and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Chad A. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu G, Hirtz M, Fuchs H, Zheng Z. Development of Dip-Pen Nanolithography (DPN) and Its Derivatives. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1900564. [PMID: 30977978 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201900564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) is a unique nanofabrication tool that can directly write a variety of molecular patterns on a surface with high resolution and excellent registration. Over the past 20 years, DPN has experienced a tremendous evolution in terms of applicable inks, a remarkable improvement in fabrication throughput, and the development of various derivative technologies. Among these developments, polymer pen lithography (PPL) is the most prominent one that provides a large-scale, high-throughput, low-cost tool for nanofabrication, which significantly extends DPN and beyond. These developments not only expand the scope of the wide field of scanning probe lithography, but also enable DPN and PPL as general approaches for the fabrication or study of nanostructures and nanomaterials. In this review, a focused summary and historical perspective of the technological development of DPN and its derivatives, with a focus on PPL, in one timeline, are provided and future opportunities for technological exploration in this field are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Liu
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michael Hirtz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe, Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe, Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Physical Institute and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), University of Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Krizkova S, Heger Z, Zalewska M, Moulick A, Adam V, Kizek R. Nanotechnologies in protein microarrays. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:2743-55. [PMID: 26039143 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein microarray technology became an important research tool for study and detection of proteins, protein-protein interactions and a number of other applications. The utilization of nanoparticle-based materials and nanotechnology-based techniques for immobilization allows us not only to extend the surface for biomolecule immobilization resulting in enhanced substrate binding properties, decreased background signals and enhanced reporter systems for more sensitive assays. Generally in contemporarily developed microarray systems, multiple nanotechnology-based techniques are combined. In this review, applications of nanoparticles and nanotechnologies in creating protein microarrays, proteins immobilization and detection are summarized. We anticipate that advanced nanotechnologies can be exploited to expand promising fields of proteins identification, monitoring of protein-protein or drug-protein interactions, or proteins structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sona Krizkova
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic, European Union.,Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic, European Union
| | - Zbynek Heger
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic, European Union.,Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic, European Union
| | - Marta Zalewska
- Department of Biomedical & Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland, European Union
| | - Amitava Moulick
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic, European Union.,Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic, European Union
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic, European Union.,Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic, European Union
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic, European Union.,Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic, European Union
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu G, Zhou Y, Banga RS, Boya R, Brown KA, Chipre AJ, Nguyen ST, Mirkin CA. The role of viscosity on polymer ink transport in dip-pen nanolithography. Chem Sci 2013; 4:2093-2099. [PMID: 23641313 PMCID: PMC3638971 DOI: 10.1039/c3sc50423a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how ink transfers to a surface in dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) is crucial for designing new ink materials and developing the processes to pattern them. Herein, we investigate the transport of block copolymer inks with varying viscosities, from an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip to a substrate. The size of the patterned block copolymer features was determined to increase with dwell time and decrease with ink viscosity. A mass transfer model is proposed to describe this behaviour, which is fundamentally different from small molecule transport mechanisms due to entanglement of the polymeric chains. The fundamental understanding developed here provides mechanistic insight into the transport of large polymer molecules, and highlights the importance of ink viscosity in controlling the DPN process. Given the ubiquity of polymeric materials in semiconducting nanofabrication, organic electronics, and bioengineering applications, this study could provide an avenue for DPN to expand its role in these fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| | - Resham S. Banga
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| | - Radha Boya
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| | - Keith A. Brown
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| | - Anthony J. Chipre
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| | - SonBinh T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| | - Chad A. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lu G, Li H, Zhang H. Gold-nanoparticle-embedded polydimethylsiloxane elastomers for highly sensitive Raman detection. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:1336-1340. [PMID: 22378684 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201102258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A simple, convenient, and efficient method for highly sensitive Raman detection is made by using a Au nanoparticle (AuNP)-embedded polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer, referred to as AuNP-PDMS. When this AuNP-PDMS layer is applied to a surface, it can dramatically enhance the Raman signal of detected molecules. Moreover, it can be used for sensitive chemical imaging on solid substrates. As a proof of concept, patterned chemical images of p-aminothiophenol and methylene blue on a Ag substrate are obtained after this chemically patterned Ag substrate is covered by AuNP-PDMS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xie Z, Zhou X, Tao X, Zheng Z. Polymer Nanostructures Made by Scanning Probe Lithography: Recent Progress in Material Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 33:359-73. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201100761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
8
|
Zhou X, Tan J, Zheng L, Pillai S, Li B, Xu P, Zhang B, Zhang Y. The opposite effects of Cu(ii) and Fe(iii) on the assembly of glucagon amyloid fibrils. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra20651j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
|
9
|
Yang G, Wong MK, Lin LE, Yip CM. Nucleation and growth of elastin-like peptide fibril multilayers: an in situ atomic force microscopy study. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:494018. [PMID: 22101911 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/49/494018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Controlling how molecules assemble into complex supramolecular architectures requires careful consideration of the subtle inter- and intra-molecular interactions that control their association. This is particularly crucial in the context of assembly at interfaces, where both surface chemistry and structure can play a role in directing structure formation. We report here the results of a study into the self-assembly of the elastin-like peptide EP I on structurally modified highly ordered pyrolytic graphite, including the role of spatial confinement on fibril nucleation and the growth of oriented fibril multilayers. In situ atomic force microscopy performed in fluid and at elevated temperature provided direct evidence of frustrated fibril nuclei and oriented growth of independent fibril domains. These results portend the application of this in situ strategy for studies of the nucleation and growth mechanisms of other fibril- and amyloid-forming proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guocheng Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhou X, Boey F, Huo F, Huang L, Zhang H. Chemically functionalized surface patterning. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:2273-89. [PMID: 21678549 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201002381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Patterning substrates with versatile chemical functionalities from micro- to nanometer scale is a long-standing and interesting topic. This review provides an overview of a range of techniques commonly used for surface patterning. The first section briefly introduces conventional micropatterning tools, such as photolithography and microcontact printing. The second section focuses on the currently used nanolithographic techniques, for example, scanning probe lithography (SPL), and their applications in surface patterning. Their advantages and disadvantages are also demonstrated. In the last section, dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) is emphatically illustrated, with a particular stress on the patterning and applications of biomolecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhu Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Huang X, Yin Z, Wu S, Qi X, He Q, Zhang Q, Yan Q, Boey F, Zhang H. Graphene-based materials: synthesis, characterization, properties, and applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:1876-902. [PMID: 21630440 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201002009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1148] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Graphene, a two-dimensional, single-layer sheet of sp(2) hybridized carbon atoms, has attracted tremendous attention and research interest, owing to its exceptional physical properties, such as high electronic conductivity, good thermal stability, and excellent mechanical strength. Other forms of graphene-related materials, including graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and exfoliated graphite, have been reliably produced in large scale. The promising properties together with the ease of processibility and functionalization make graphene-based materials ideal candidates for incorporation into a variety of functional materials. Importantly, graphene and its derivatives have been explored in a wide range of applications, such as electronic and photonic devices, clean energy, and sensors. In this review, after a general introduction to graphene and its derivatives, the synthesis, characterization, properties, and applications of graphene-based materials are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Woo CG, Shin H, Jeong C, Jun K, Lee J, Lee JR, Lee H, You S, Son Y, Choi M. Selective nanopatterning of protein via ion-induced focusing and its application to metal-enhanced fluorescence. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:1790-1794. [PMID: 21567946 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201100543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Gyu Woo
- National CRI Center for Nano Particle Control, Division of WCU Multiscale Mechanical Design, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhou X, Wang X, Shen Y, Xie Z, Zheng Z. Fabrication of Arbitrary Three-Dimensional Polymer Structures by Rational Control of the Spacing between Nanobrushes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201102518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
14
|
Zhou X, Wang X, Shen Y, Xie Z, Zheng Z. Fabrication of Arbitrary Three-Dimensional Polymer Structures by Rational Control of the Spacing between Nanobrushes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:6506-10. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201102518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
15
|
Irvine EJ, Hernandez-Santana A, Faulds K, Graham D. Fabricating protein immunoassay arrays on nitrocellulose using dip-pen lithography techniques. Analyst 2011; 136:2925-30. [PMID: 21647488 DOI: 10.1039/c1an15178a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Advancements in lithography methods for printing biomolecules on surfaces are proving to be potentially beneficial for disease screening and biological research. Dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) is a versatile micro and nanofabrication technique that has the ability to produce functional biomolecule arrays. The greatest advantage, with respect to the printing mechanism, is that DPN adheres to the sensitive mild conditions required for biomolecules such as proteins. We have developed an optimised, high-throughput printing technique for fabricating protein arrays using DPN. This study highlights the fabrication of a prostate specific antigen (PSA) immunoassay detectable by fluorescence. Spot sizes are typically no larger than 8 μm in diameter and limits of detection for PSA are comparable with a commercially available ELISA kit. Furthermore, atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis of the array surface gives great insight into how the nitrocellulose substrate functions to retain protein integrity. This is the first report of protein arrays being printed on nitrocellulose using the DPN technique and the smallest feature size yet to be achieved on this type of surface. This method offers a significant advance in the ability to produce dense protein arrays on nitrocellulose which are suitable for disease screening using standard fluorescence detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanore Jane Irvine
- Centre for Nanometrology, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ilnytskyi JM, Patsahan T, Sokołowski S. Nanostructures in a binary mixture confined in slit-like pores with walls decorated with tethered polymer brushes in the form of stripes: Dissipative particle dynamics study. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:204903. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3592562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
|
17
|
Wu CC, Reinhoudt DN, Otto C, Subramaniam V, Velders AH. Strategies for patterning biomolecules with dip-pen nanolithography. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:989-1002. [PMID: 21400657 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201001749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) is an atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based lithography technique, which has the ability to fabricate patterns with a feature size down to approximately 15 nm using both top-down and bottom-up approaches. DPN utilizes the water meniscus formed between an AFM tip and a substrate to transfer ink molecules onto surfaces. A major application of this technique is the fabrication of micro- and nano-arrays of patterned biomolecules. To achieve this goal, a variety of chemical approaches has been used. This review concisely describes the development of DPN in the past decade and presents the related chemical strategies that have been reported to fabricate biomolecular patterns with DPN at micrometer and nanometer scale, classified into direct- and indirect DPN methodologies, discussing tip-functionalization strategies as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Ching Wu
- Laboratory for Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li H, He Q, Wang X, Lu G, Liusman C, Li B, Boey F, Venkatraman SS, Zhang H. Nanoscale-controlled enzymatic degradation of poly(L-lactic acid) films using dip-pen nanolithography. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:226-229. [PMID: 21213386 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201001977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Li H, Cao X, Li B, Zhou X, Lu G, Liusman C, He Q, Boey F, Venkatraman SS, Zhang H. Single-layer graphene oxide sheet: a novel substrate for dip-pen nanolithography. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:10070-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc12648b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
20
|
Zhang H, Wong CL, Hao Y, Wang R, Liu X, Stellacci F, Thong JTL. Self-aligned nanolithography by selective polymer dissolution. NANOSCALE 2010; 2:2302-6. [PMID: 20835445 DOI: 10.1039/c0nr00398k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel approach to the fabrication of self-aligned nanoscale trench structures in a thin polymer layer covering on conductive materials. By passing AC current through a polymer-coated nanowire in the presence of an appropriate solvent, a self-aligned nanotrench is formed in the polymer overlayer as a result of accelerated dissolution while the rest of the device remains covered. Similar results have been achieved for polymer-coated graphene ribbons. Such polymer-protected devices in which only the active component is exposed should find important applications as electrical sensors in aqueous solutions, particularly in cases where parasitic ionic currents often obscure sensing signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Zhang
- Advanced Materials for Micro- and Nano-Systems Program, Singapore-MIT Alliance, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Soliman W, Bhattacharjee S, Kaur K. Adsorption of an Antimicrobial Peptide on Self-Assembled Monolayers by Molecular Dynamics Simulation. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:11292-302. [DOI: 10.1021/jp104024d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wael Soliman
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2N8, Canada, and Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G8 Canada
| | - Subir Bhattacharjee
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2N8, Canada, and Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G8 Canada
| | - Kamaljit Kaur
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2N8, Canada, and Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G8 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cho H, Yoo H, Park S. Fabrication of disposable topographic silicon oxide from sawtoothed patterns: control of arrays of gold nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:7451-7457. [PMID: 20000759 DOI: 10.1021/la904160y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Disposable topographic silicon oxide patterns were fabricated from polymeric replicas of sawtoothed glass surfaces, spin-coating of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) thin films, and thermal annealing at certain temperature and followed by oxygen plasma treatment of the thin PDMS layer. A simple imprinting process was used to fabricate the replicated PDMS and PS patterns from sawtoothed glass surfaces. Next, thin layers of PDMS films having different thicknesses were spin-coated onto the sawtoothed PS surfaces and annealed at 60 degrees C to be drawn the PDMS into the valley of the sawtoothed PS surfaces, followed by oxygen plasma treatment to fabricate topographic silicon oxide patterns. By control of the thickness of PDMS layers, silicon oxide patterns having various line widths were fabricated. The silicon oxide topographic patterns were used to direct the self-assembly of polystyrene-block-poly(2-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P2VP) block copolymer thin films via solvent annealing process. A highly ordered PS-b-P2VP micellar structure was used to let gold precursor complex with P2VP chains, and followed by oxygen plasma treatment. When the PS-b-P2VP thin films containing gold salts were exposed to oxygen plasma environments, gold salts were reduced to pure gold nanoparticles without changing high degree of lateral order, while polymers were completely degraded. As the width of trough and crest in topographic patterns increases, the number of gold arrays and size of gold nanoparticles are tuned. In the final step, the silicon oxide topographic patterns were selectively removed by wet etching process without changing the arrays of gold nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heesook Cho
- School of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 689-798, Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lu G, Zhou X, Li H, Yin Z, Li B, Huang L, Boey F, Zhang H. Nanolithography of single-layer graphene oxide films by atomic force microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:6164-6166. [PMID: 20369895 DOI: 10.1021/la101077t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy-based nanolithography is used to generate the single-layer graphene oxide (GO) patterns on Si/SiO(2) substrates. In this process, a Si tip is used to scratch GO films, resulting in GO-free trenches. Using this method, various single-layer GO patterns such as gaps, ribbons, squares, triangles, and zigzags can be easily fabricated. By using the GO patterns as templates, the hybrid GO-Ag nanoparticle patterns were obtained. Our study provides a flexible, simple, convenient method for generating GO patterns on solid substrates, which could be useful for graphene material-based device applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Xia Y, Ramgopal Y, Li H, Shang L, Srinivas P, Kickhoefer VA, Rome LH, Preiser PR, Boey F, Zhang H, Venkatraman SS. Immobilization of recombinant vault nanoparticles on solid substrates. ACS NANO 2010; 4:1417-24. [PMID: 20146454 DOI: 10.1021/nn901167s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Native vaults are nanoscale particles found abundantly in the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells. They have a capsule-like structure with a thin shell surrounding a "hollow" interior compartment. Recombinant vault particles were found to self-assemble following expression of the major vault protein (MVP) in a baculovirus expression system, and these particles are virtually identical to native vaults. Such particles have been recently studied as potential delivery vehicles. In this study, we focus on immobilization of vault particles on a solid substrate, such as glass, as a first step to study their interactions with cells. To this end, we first engineered the recombinant vaults by fusing two different tags to the C-terminus of MVP, a 3 amino acid RGD peptide and a 12 amino acid RGD-strep-tag peptide. We have demonstrated two strategies for immobilizing vaults on solid substrates. The barrel-and-cap structure of vault particles was observed for the first time, by atomic force microscopy (AFM), in a dry condition. This work proved the feasibility of immobilizing vault nanoparticles on a material surface, and the possibility of using vault nanoparticles as localized and sustainable drug carriers as well as a biocompatible surface moiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bellido E, de Miguel R, Ruiz-Molina D, Lostao A, Maspoch D. Controlling the number of proteins with dip-pen nanolithography. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:352-355. [PMID: 20217717 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200902372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bellido
- Centre d'Investigació en Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN-CSIC), Esfera UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Soo JC, Zhang J, He Q, Agarwal S, Li H, Zhang H, Chen P. Surface immobilized cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) facilitates vesicle docking, trafficking and exocytosis. Integr Biol (Camb) 2010; 2:250-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ib00006j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
27
|
Wang WM, LeMieux MC, Selvarasah S, Dokmeci MR, Bao Z. Dip-pen nanolithography of electrical contacts to single-walled carbon nanotubes. ACS NANO 2009; 3:3543-3551. [PMID: 19852486 DOI: 10.1021/nn900984w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper discusses a method for the direct patterning of Au electrodes at nanoscale resolution using dip-pen nanolithography, with proof-of-concept demonstrated by creating single-walled carbon nanotube devices. This technique enables insight into three key concepts at the nanoscale: using dip-pen nanolithography as an alternative to electron-beam lithography for writing contacts to carbon nanotubes, understanding the integrity of contacts and devices patterned with this technique, and on a more fundamental level, providing a facile method to compare and understand electrical and Raman spectroscopy data from the same isolated carbon nanotube. Electrical contacts to individual and small bundle single-walled carbon nanotubes were masked by an alkylthiol that was deposited via dip-pen nanolithography on a thin film of Au evaporated onto spin-cast, nonpercolating, and highly isolated single-walled carbon nanotubes. A wet Au etching step was used to form the individual devices. The electrical characteristics for three different single-walled carbon nanotube devices are reported: semimetallic, semiconducting, and metallic. Raman analysis on representative devices corroborates the results from AFM imaging and electrical testing. This work demonstrates a technique for making electrical contact to nanostructures of interest and provides a platform for directly corroborating electrical and optical measurements. The merits of using dip-pen nanolithography include flexible device configuration (such as varying the channel length and the number, size, and orientation of contacts), targeted patterning of individual devices with imaging and writing conducted in the same instrument under ambient conditions, and negligible damage to single-walled carbon nanotubes during the fabrication process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wechung Maria Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Shen G, Lu Y, Shen L, Zhang Y, Guo S. Nondestructively Creating Nanojunctions by Combined-Dynamic-Mode Dip-Pen Nanolithography. Chemphyschem 2009; 10:2226-9. [PMID: 19603447 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200900302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guanxia Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Fabrication Technology, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of the Ministry of Education, Research Institute of Micro/Nano Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Cao X, Li B, Huang Y, Boey F, Yu T, Shen Z, Zhang H. Facile "scratching" method with common metal objects to generate large-scale catalyst patterns used for growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2009; 1:1873-1877. [PMID: 20355809 DOI: 10.1021/am900478y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A facile "scratching" method to pattern a catalyst with commonly used metal objects, such as blade, pen cover, tweezers, watchband, knife, key, clamp, and coin, was developed. The single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) networks and well-aligned SWCNT arrays successfully grew by chemical vapor deposition on the scratched catalyst patterns on Si/SiO(x) and quartz, respectively. This method provides an extremely simple and nearly zero-cost way to fabricate large-scale catalyst patterns used for controlled growth of SWCNT arrays, which could have potential applications in the fabrication of CNT-based devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiehong Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Li B, Cao X, Huang X, Lu G, Huang Y, Goh CF, Boey FYC, Zhang H. Facile "needle-scratching" method for fast catalyst patterns used for large-scale growth of densely aligned single-walled carbon-nanotube arrays. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2009; 5:2061-2065. [PMID: 19517484 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200900654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Jang JW, Sanedrin RG, Senesi AJ, Zheng Z, Chen X, Hwang S, Huang L, Mirkin CA. Generation of metal photomasks by dip-pen nanolithography. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2009; 5:1850-3. [PMID: 19384884 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200801837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Won Jang
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wei JH, Kacar T, Tamerler C, Sarikaya M, Ginger DS. Nanopatterning peptides as bifunctional inks for templated assembly. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2009; 5:689-693. [PMID: 19267336 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200801911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Wei
- Department of Chemistry University of Washington Box 351700, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|