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Liu N, Xie Y, Liu G, Sohn S, Raj A, Han G, Wu B, Cha JJ, Liu Z, Schroers J. General Nanomolding of Ordered Phases. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:036102. [PMID: 32031828 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.036102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale, controlled fabrication of ordered phases is challenging at the nanoscale, yet highly demanded as their well-ordered structure and chemistry is the key for advanced functionality. Here, we demonstrate a general nanomolding process of ordered phases based on atomic diffusion. Resulting nanowires are single crystals and maintain their composition and structure throughout their length, which we explain by a self-ordering process originating from their narrow Gibbs free energy. The versatility, control, and precision of this thermomechanical nanomolding method of ordered phases provides new insights into single crystal growth and suggest itself as a technology to enable wide spread usage for nanoscale and quantum devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naijia Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Yujun Xie
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale West Campus, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
| | - Guannan Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Sungwoo Sohn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Arindam Raj
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Guoxing Han
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Bozhao Wu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Judy J Cha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale West Campus, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
| | - Ze Liu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Jan Schroers
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
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Liu Z, Han G, Sohn S, Liu N, Schroers J. Nanomolding of Crystalline Metals: The Smaller the Easier. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:036101. [PMID: 30735412 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.036101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report on a thermomechanical nanomolding method for crystalline metals. Quantified by the aspect ratio, this process becomes easier with decreasing mold diameter. As the responsible underlying diffusion mechanism is present in all metals and alloys, the discovered nanomolding process provides a toolbox to shape essentially any metal and alloy into a nanofeature. Technologically, this highly versatile and practical thermomechanical nanomolding technique offers a method to fabricate high-surface-area metallic nanostructures which are impactful in diverse fields of applications including catalysts, sensors, photovoltaics, microelectronics, and plasmonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Liu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Guoxing Han
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Sungwoo Sohn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Naijia Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Jan Schroers
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
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Yesildag C, Tyushina A, Lensen M. Nano-Contact Transfer with Gold Nanoparticles on PEG Hydrogels and Using Wrinkled PDMS-Stamps. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E199. [PMID: 30970878 PMCID: PMC6432311 DOI: 10.3390/polym9060199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, a soft lithographic process is used to create nanometer-sized line patterns of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) on PEG-based hydrogels. Hereby nanometer-sized wrinkles on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) are first fabricated, then functionalized with amino-silane and subsequently coated with Au NPs. The Au NPs are electrostatically bound to the surface of the wrinkled PDMS. In the next step, these relatively loosely bound Au NPs are transferred to PEG based hydrogels by simple contacting, which we denote "nano-contact transfer". Nano-patterned Au NPs lines on PEG hydrogels are thus achieved, which are of interesting potential in nano-photonics, biosensor applications (using SERS) and to control nanoscopic cell adhesion events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cigdem Yesildag
- Technische Universität Berlin, Nanopatterned Biomaterials, Sekr. TC 1, Strasse des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Arina Tyushina
- Technische Universität Berlin, Nanopatterned Biomaterials, Sekr. TC 1, Strasse des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Marga Lensen
- Technische Universität Berlin, Nanopatterned Biomaterials, Sekr. TC 1, Strasse des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
Nanoimprint lithography (NIL), a molding process, can replicate features <10 nm over large areas with long-range order. We describe the early development and fundamental principles underlying the two most commonly used types of NIL, thermal and UV, and contrast them with conventional photolithography methods used in the semiconductor industry. We then describe current advances toward full commercial industrialization of UV-curable NIL (UV-NIL) technology for integrated circuit production. We conclude with brief overviews of some emerging areas of research, from photonics to biotechnology, in which the ability of NIL to fabricate structures of arbitrary geometry is providing new paths for development. As with previous innovations, the increasing availability of tools and techniques from the semiconductor industry is poised to provide a path to bring these innovations from the lab to everyday life.
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Wang L, Ding Y. Creating micro-structured hydrogel-forming polymer films by photopolymerization in an evaporating solvent: Compositional and morphological evolutions. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Interfacial Properties of Polyethylene Glycol/Vinyltriethoxysilane (PEG/VTES) Copolymers and their Application to Stain Resistance. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2012; 15:299-305. [PMID: 22593640 PMCID: PMC3338328 DOI: 10.1007/s11743-011-1311-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES) were used in different proportions to produce a series of PEG–VTES copolymers. The copolymer molecular structures were confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. In addition, their surface activities were evaluated by evaluating the surface tension, contact angle, and foaming properties. The results showed that these surfactants exhibited excellent surface activities and wetting power, as well as low foaming. Consequently, the application of a series of PEG/VTES copolymers can make cotton fabrics stain resistant.
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Lamponi S, Leone G, Consumi M, Greco G, Magnani A. In Vitro Biocompatibility of New PVA-Based Hydrogels as Vitreous Body Substitutes. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 23:555-75. [DOI: 10.1163/092050611x554499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Lamponi
- a Department of Pure and Applied Medicinal Chemistry, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53110 Siena, Italy
| | - Gemma Leone
- b Department of Pure and Applied Medicinal Chemistry, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53110 Siena, Italy
| | - Marco Consumi
- c Department of Pure and Applied Medicinal Chemistry, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53110 Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Greco
- d Casa di Cura Rugani, loc. Montarioso, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Agnese Magnani
- e Department of Pure and Applied Medicinal Chemistry, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53110 Siena, Italy
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Schlapak R, Danzberger J, Armitage D, Morgan D, Ebner A, Hinterdorfer P, Pollheimer P, Gruber HJ, Schäffler F, Howorka S. Nanoscale DNA tetrahedra improve biomolecular recognition on patterned surfaces. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:89-97. [PMID: 22083943 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201101576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The bottom-up approach of DNA nano-biotechnology can create biomaterials with defined properties relevant for a wide range of applications. This report describes nanoscale DNA tetrahedra that are beneficial to the field of biosensing and the targeted immobilization of biochemical receptors on substrate surfaces. The DNA nanostructures act as immobilization agents that are able to present individual molecules at a defined nanoscale distance to the solvent thereby improving biomolecular recognition of analytes. The tetrahedral display devices are self-assembled from four oligonucleotides. Three of the four tetrahedron vertices are equipped with disulfide groups to enable oriented binding to gold surfaces. The fourth vertex at the top of the bound tetrahedron presents the biomolecular receptor to the solvent. In assays testing the molecular accessibility via DNA hybridization and protein capturing, tetrahedron-tethered receptors outperformed conventional immobilization approaches with regard to specificity and amount of captured polypeptide by a factor of up to seven. The bottom-up strategy of creating DNA tetrahedrons is also compatible with the top-down route of nanopatterning of inorganic substrates, as demonstrated by the specific coating of micro- to nanoscale gold squares amid surrounding blank or poly(ethylene glycol)-passivated glass surfaces. DNA tetrahedra can create biofunctionalized surfaces of rationally designed properties that are of relevance in analytical chemistry, cell biology, and single-molecule biophysics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schlapak
- Center for Advanced Bioanalysis, Upper Austrian Research, 4020 Linz, Austria
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Jensen BEB, Smith AAA, Fejerskov B, Postma A, Senn P, Reimhult E, Pla-Roca M, Isa L, Sutherland DS, Städler B, Zelikin AN. Poly(vinyl alcohol) physical hydrogels: noncryogenic stabilization allows nano- and microscale materials design. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:10216-10223. [PMID: 21728365 DOI: 10.1021/la201595e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Physical hydrogels based on poly(vinyl alcohol), PVA, have an excellent safety profile and a successful history of biomedical applications. However, highly inhomogeneous and macroporous internal organization of these hydrogels as well as scant opportunities in bioconjugation with PVA have largely ruled out micro- and nanoscale control and precision in materials design and their use in (nano)biomedicine. To address these shortcomings, herein we report on the assembly of PVA physical hydrogels via "salting-out", a noncryogenic method. To facilitate sample visualization and analysis, we employ surface-adhered structured hydrogels created via microtransfer molding. The developed approach allows us to assemble physical hydrogels with dimensions across the length scales, from ∼100 nm to hundreds of micrometers and centimeter sized structures. We determine the effect of the PVA molecular weight, concentration, and "salting out" times on the hydrogel properties, i.e., stability in PBS, swelling, and Young's modulus using exemplary microstructures. We further report on RAFT-synthesized PVA and the functionalization of polymer terminal groups with RITC, a model fluorescent low molecular weight cargo. This conjugated PVA-RITC was then loaded into the PVA hydrogels and the cargo concentration was successfully varied across at least 3 orders of magnitude. The reported design of PVA physical hydrogels delivers methods of production of functionalized hydrogel materials toward diverse applications, specifically surface mediated drug delivery.
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Rakickas T, Ericsson EM, Ruželė Z, Liedberg B, Valiokas R. Functional hydrogel density patterns fabricated by dip-pen nanolithography and photografting. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:2153-2157. [PMID: 21626682 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201002278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Rakickas
- Department of Nanoengineering, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanorių 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania
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Bartneck M, Schulte VA, Paul NE, Diez M, Lensen MC, Zwadlo-Klarwasser G. Induction of specific macrophage subtypes by defined micro-patterned structures. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:3864-72. [PMID: 20438871 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the influence of different perfluoropolyether (PFPE) microstructures on the inflammatory response of human macrophages. We generated four different microstructured PFPE surfaces by replica molding from silicon masters. The function-associated surface markers 27E10 and CD163 were monitored using flow cytometry to measure the pro- and anti-inflammatory reactions. Inflammatory mediator expression was measured at the protein and mRNA level. Lipopolysaccharide treatment served as positive control for pro-inflammatory activation. We observed that each micropattern induced a specific morphology, phenotype and mediator profile. A microstructure of regular grooves induced a pro-inflammatory phenotype (M1) which was not accompanied by release of pro-inflammatory mediators. However, the larger cylindrical posts induced an anti-inflammatory phenotype (M2) with a remarkable down-regulation of CXCL10. Smaller posts with a shorter distance exhibited a stronger pro-inflammatory response than those with a longer distance, on the levels of both phenotype and mediator release. Regression analysis suggests that the geometrical parameters of the microstructures, specifically the period of structures, may play an important role in macrophage response. Optimization of such microstructures may provide a method to invoke a predictable response of macrophages to implants and control the mediator release.
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Gilles S, Diez M, Offenhäusser A, Lensen MC, Mayer D. Deformation of nanostructures on polymer molds during soft UV nanoimprint lithography. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:245307. [PMID: 20498521 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/24/245307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Soft nanoimprint lithography (soft NIL) relies on a mechanical deformation of a resist by a patterned polymer used as a mold. Here, we report on the investigation of the nanopattern fidelity of the high pressure imprint process based on a perfluorinated polyether (PFPE) soft mold material. The perfluorinated polyether material was found to be well suited to transfer the mold pattern into the resist by a direct imprinting process at low cost. Moderate deformations of the polymer mold structures occurring during the high pressure imprint are systematically studied. Features of decreased size are found to be more sensitive to pattern distortions. An optimized pattern design with increased structure density and constant pattern ratio is developed to minimize deformation effects. Imprints performed on the basis of these design rules result in reduced deformations and repeal their size dependence. The improved pattern transfer, especially for small structural elements, turns the direct and cost-effective soft UV-NIL into an interesting technique also for patterning tasks in the lower nanometer range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Gilles
- Institute of Bio and Nanosystems, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52428 Jülich, Germany
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Kim T, Huh YM, Haam S, Lee K. Activatable nanomaterials at the forefront of biomedical sciences. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm01073a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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