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Moffa S, Carradori S, Melfi F, Fontana A, Ciulla M, Di Profio P, Aschi M, Wolicki RD, Pilato S, Siani G. Fine-tuning of membrane permeability by reversible photoisomerization of aryl-azo derivatives of thymol embedded in lipid nanoparticles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 241:114043. [PMID: 38901266 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.114043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Responsiveness of liposomes to external stimuli, such as light, should allow a precise spatial and temporal control of release of therapeutic agents or ion transmembrane transport. Here, some aryl-azo derivatives of thymol are synthesized and embedded into liposomes from 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine to obtain light-sensitive membranes whose photo-responsiveness, release behaviour, and permeability towards Cl- ions are investigated. The hybrid systems are in-depth characterized by dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. In liposomal bilayer the selected guests undergo reversible photoinduced isomerization upon irradiation with UV and visible light, alternately. Non-irradiated hybrid liposomes retain entrapped 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (CF), slowing its spontaneous leakage, whereas UV-irradiation promotes CF release, due to guest trans-to-cis isomerization. Photoisomerization also influences membrane permeability towards Cl- ions. Data processing, according to first-order kinetics, demonstrates that Cl- transmembrane transport is enhanced by switching the guest from trans to cis but restored by back-switching the guest from cis to trans upon illumination with blue light. Finally, the passage of Cl- ions across the bilayer can be fine-tuned by irradiation with light of longer λ and different light-exposure times. Fine-tuning the photo-induced structural response of the liposomal membrane upon isomerization is a promising step towards effective photo-dynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta Moffa
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi Gabriele d'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Simone Carradori
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi Gabriele d'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Francesco Melfi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi Gabriele d'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Antonella Fontana
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi Gabriele d'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy; UdA-TechLab, Research Center, Università degli Studi Gabriele d'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Michele Ciulla
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi Gabriele d'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy; UdA-TechLab, Research Center, Università degli Studi Gabriele d'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Pietro Di Profio
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi Gabriele d'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Aschi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, via Vetoio, Coppito, L'Aquila 67100, Italy
| | - Rafal Damian Wolicki
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi Gabriele d'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Serena Pilato
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi Gabriele d'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy; UdA-TechLab, Research Center, Università degli Studi Gabriele d'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Siani
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi Gabriele d'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy; UdA-TechLab, Research Center, Università degli Studi Gabriele d'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy.
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Boron encapsulated in a liposome can be used for combinational neutron capture therapy. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2143. [PMID: 35440126 PMCID: PMC9018847 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29780-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is an attractive approach to treat invasive malignant tumours due to binary heavy-particle irradiation, but its clinical applications have been hindered by boron delivery agents with low in vivo stability, poor biocompatibility, and limited application of combinational modalities. Here, we report boronsome, a carboranyl-phosphatidylcholine based liposome for combinational BNCT and chemotherapy. Theoretical simulations and experimental approaches illustrate high stability of boronsome. Then positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with Cu-64 labelled boronsome reveals high-specific tumour accumulation and long retention with a clear irradiation background. In particular, we show the suppression of tumour growth treated with boronsome with neutron irradiation and therapeutic outcomes are further improved by encapsulation of chemotherapy drugs, especially with PARP1 inhibitors. In sum, boronsome may be an efficient agent for concurrent chemoradiotherapy with theranostic properties against malignancies. Boron neutron capture therapy is a type of cancer therapy but is associated with insufficient boron delivery and with poor biocompatibility. Here, the authors constructed boronated lipids to generate - boronsome - and show the system can reduce tumour growth.
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Shcherbakov SV, Nadein ON, Shcherbakova VY, Ovcharov SN, Aksenov AV. Synthesis of Nonsymmetrically 2,7-disubstituted 1,3-diazapyrenes, Novel Promising Supramolecular Chemistry Objects. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-021-03016-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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Calixarene-based artificial ionophores for chloride transport across natural liposomal bilayer: Synthesis, structure-function relationships, and computational study. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2021; 1863:183667. [PMID: 34111414 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An amphiphilic calix[6]arene, alone or complexed with an axle to form a pseudo-rotaxane, has been embedded into liposomes prepared from 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) and the permeability of the membrane-doped liposomes towards Cl- ions has been evaluated by using lucigenin as the fluorescent probe. The pseudo-rotaxane promotes transmembrane transport of Cl- ions more than calix[6]arene does. Surprisingly, the quenching of lucigenin was very fast for liposomes doped with the positively charged axle alone. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and quantum-chemical calculations were also carried out for providing a semi-quantitative support to the experimental results.
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Zhirov AM, Kovalev DA, Ulshina DV, Pisarenko SV, Demidov OP, Borovlev IV. Diazapyrenes: interaction with nucleic acids and biological activity. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2020; 56:674-693. [PMID: 32836316 PMCID: PMC7366485 DOI: 10.1007/s10593-020-02717-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The review summarizes data on the practical aspects of the interaction of nucleic acids with diazapyrene derivatives. The information on biological activity is given and the probable mechanisms underlying the action of diazapyrenes are analyzed. It contains 119 references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey M. Zhirov
- Stavropol Research Anti-Plague Institute, 13-15 Sovetskaya St, Stavropol, 355035 Russia
| | - Dmitry A. Kovalev
- Stavropol Research Anti-Plague Institute, 13-15 Sovetskaya St, Stavropol, 355035 Russia
| | - Diana V. Ulshina
- Stavropol Research Anti-Plague Institute, 13-15 Sovetskaya St, Stavropol, 355035 Russia
| | - Sergey V. Pisarenko
- Stavropol Research Anti-Plague Institute, 13-15 Sovetskaya St, Stavropol, 355035 Russia
| | - Oleg P. Demidov
- North Caucasus Federal University, 1a Pushkina St, Stavropol, 355017 Russia
| | - Ivan V. Borovlev
- North Caucasus Federal University, 1a Pushkina St, Stavropol, 355017 Russia
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6
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Mammana S, Gugliandolo A, Cavalli E, Diomede F, Iori R, Zappacosta R, Bramanti P, Conti P, Fontana A, Pizzicannella J, Mazzon E. Human gingival mesenchymal stem cells pretreated with vesicular moringin nanostructures as a new therapeutic approach in a mouse model of spinal cord injury. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:1109-1121. [PMID: 30942960 PMCID: PMC6771565 DOI: 10.1002/term.2857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a neurological disorder that arises from a primary acute mechanical lesion, followed by a pathophysiological cascade of events that leads to further spinal cord tissue damage. Several preclinical and clinical studies have highlighted the ability of stem cell therapy to improve long-term functional recovery in SCI. Previously, we demonstrated that moringin (MOR) treatment accelerates the differentiation process in mesenchymal stem cells inducing an early up-regulation of neural development associated genes. In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and regenerative effects of gingival mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) pretreated with nanostructured liposomes enriched with MOR in an animal model of SCI. SCI was produced by extradural compression of the spinal cord at levels T6-T7 in ICR (CD-1) mice. Animals were randomly assigned to the following groups: Sham, SCI, SCI + GMSCs (1 × 106 cell/i.v.), SCI + MOR-GMSCs (1 × 106 cell/i.v.). Our data show that MOR-treated GMSCs exert anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities. In particular, MOR-treated GMSCs are able to reduce the spinal cord levels of COX-2, GFAP, and inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 and to restore spinal cord normal morphology. Also, MOR-treated GMSCs influenced the apoptotic pathway, by reducing Bax, caspase 3, and caspase 9 expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santa Mammana
- Department of Experimental NeurologyIRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino‐PulejoMessinaItaly
| | - Agnese Gugliandolo
- Department of Experimental NeurologyIRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino‐PulejoMessinaItaly
| | - Eugenio Cavalli
- Department of Experimental NeurologyIRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino‐PulejoMessinaItaly
| | - Francesca Diomede
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Medical, Oral, and Biotechnological SciencesUniversity “G. d'Annunzio”ChietiItaly
| | - Renato Iori
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia AgrariaCentro di Ricerca Agricoltura e Ambiente (CREA‐AA)BolognaItaly
| | | | - Placido Bramanti
- Department of Experimental NeurologyIRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino‐PulejoMessinaItaly
| | - Pio Conti
- Immunology Division, Postgraduate Medical SchoolUniversity “G. d'Annunzio”ChietiItaly
| | | | - Jacopo Pizzicannella
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological SciencesUniversity “G. d'Annunzio”ChietiItaly
| | - Emanuela Mazzon
- Department of Experimental NeurologyIRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino‐PulejoMessinaItaly
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Zappacosta R, Aschi M, Ammazzalorso A, Di Profio P, Fontana A, Siani G. Embedding calix[4]resorcinarenes in liposomes: Experimental and computational investigation of the effect of resorcinarene inclusion on liposome properties and stability. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:1252-1259. [PMID: 31028721 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Two calix[4]resorcinarenes, which differ in the length of the alkyl chain on the methylene bridge between the aromatic rings, have been embedded in unilamellar liposomes prepared from 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine in three host/guest ratios, following two different procedures. The effect of the insertion of the guests has been evaluated through the measurements of the viscosity and the kinetic stability of the liposomal systems by means of the fluorescent probes pyrene and 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein. The presence of the guests reduces the viscosity of the liposomes, suggesting a modification of the bilayer structure. However, this does not affect liposome stability. A calix[4]resorcinarene cavitand with a more rigid conformation compared to the parent resorcinarene, has been also synthetized and embedded in liposomes. The free energy of the insertion of the substrates in the lipid bilayer has been evaluated through Molecular Dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Massimiliano Aschi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università degli Studi de L'Aquila, Coppito, Italy
| | | | - Pietro Di Profio
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Gabriella Siani
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy.
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Zappacosta R, Cornelio B, Pilato S, Siani G, Estour F, Aschi M, Fontana A. Effect of the Incorporation of Functionalized Cyclodextrins in the Liposomal Bilayer. Molecules 2019; 24:E1387. [PMID: 30970572 PMCID: PMC6479378 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Liposomes loaded with drug–cyclodextrin complexes are widely used as drug delivery systems, especially for species with low aqueous solubility and stability. Investigation of the intimate interactions of macrocycles with liposomes are essential for formulation of efficient and stable drug-in-cyclodextrin-in-liposome carriers. In this work, we reported the preparation of unilamellar vesicles of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) embedded with native β-cyclodextrin and two synthetic derivatives: heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin (TMCD) and heptakis(2,3-di-O-acetyl)-β-cyclodextrin (DACD). We then studied the effect of these macrocycles on the liposomal size, membrane viscosity, and liposomal stability at different temperatures and concentrations. We observed that TMCD and DACD affected vesicle size and the change of size was related to CD concentration. Irrespective of its nature, the macrocycle established interactions with the phospholipidic head groups, preventing cyclodextrins to diffuse into the lipid bilayer, as confirmed by molecular dynamics simulations. Such supramolecular structuring improves liposome stability making these colloid systems promising carriers for biologically active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Zappacosta
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini snc, I-66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Benedetta Cornelio
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014 & FR3038), 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Serena Pilato
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini snc, I-66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Siani
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini snc, I-66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - François Estour
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014 & FR3038), 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Massimiliano Aschi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università di L'Aquila, Via Vetoio snc, I-67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Antonella Fontana
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini snc, I-66100 Chieti, Italy.
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9
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Viale M, Fontana A, Maric I, Monticone M, Angelini G, Gasbarri C. Preparation and Antiproliferative Activity of Liposomes Containing a Combination of Cisplatin and Procainamide Hydrochloride. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1393-5. [PMID: 27501273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported the enhancement of the antiproliferative and apoptotic activities of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (DDP) when it is coadministered with a class I antiarrhythmic drug procainamide hydrochloride (PA). Here, we determined the antiproliferative activity of DDP, either in solution or loaded in liposomes, in the presence of PA, in the bulk solution, or directly embedded in liposomes together with DDP. Our results show that PA potentiates the activity of DDP-liposomes and that this effect is maintained at least in some of the investigated cell types when both drugs were mixed and loaded together into liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Viale
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, U.O.C. Bioterapie, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Antonella Fontana
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università 'G. d'Annunzio'di Chieti-Pescara , 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Irena Maric
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, U.O.C. Bioterapie, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Monticone
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, U.O.C. Bioterapie, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Guido Angelini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università 'G. d'Annunzio'di Chieti-Pescara , 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Carla Gasbarri
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università 'G. d'Annunzio'di Chieti-Pescara , 66100 Chieti, Italy
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Zappacosta R, Fontana A, Credi A, Arduini A, Secchi A. Incorporation of Calix[6]Arene Macrocycles and (Pseudo)Rotaxanes in Bilayer Membranes: Towards Controllable Artificial Liposomal Channels. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201402244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Zappacosta R, Siani G, Silvi S, Credi A, Fontana A. Light-driven directed proton transport across the liposomal membrane. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:13667-13672. [PMID: 25343334 DOI: 10.1021/la503604e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a simple artificial photoresponsive ion-gating device by inserting molecular switches in the membrane of liposomes. A controlled and directed proton transport across the bilayer membrane can lower the internal pH of the liposomes from neutral to around 4 under combined light and chemical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Zappacosta
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi "Gabriele d'Annunzio" , Via dei Vestini, I-66100 Chieti, Italy
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Sozio P, Cerasa LS, Laserra S, Cacciatore I, Cornacchia C, Di Filippo ES, Fulle S, Fontana A, Di Crescenzo A, Grilli M, Marchi M, Di Stefano A. Memantine-sulfur containing antioxidant conjugates as potential prodrugs to improve the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 49:187-98. [PMID: 23454012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The approved treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) exploit mainly a symptomatic approach based on the use of cholinesterase inhibitors or N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists. Natural antioxidant compounds, able to pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), have been extensively studied as useful neuroprotective agents. A novel approach towards excitotoxicity protection and oxidative stress associated with excess β amyloid (Aβ) preservation in AD is represented by selective glutamatergic antagonists that possess as well antioxidant capabilities. In the present work, GSH (1) or (R)-α-lipoic acid (LA) (2) have been covalently linked with the NMDA receptor antagonists memantine (MEM). The new conjugates, proposed as potential antialzheimer drugs, should act both as glutamate receptor antagonists and radical scavenging agents. The physico-chemical properties and "in vitro" membrane permeability, the enzymatic and chemical stability, the demonstrated "in vitro" antioxidant activity associated to the capacity to inhibit Aβ(1-42) aggregation makes at least compound 2 a promising candidate for treatment of AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piera Sozio
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università G. D'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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13
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Bussolati R, Carrieri P, Secchi A, Arduini A, Credi A, Semeraro M, Venturi M, Silvi S, Velluto D, Zappacosta R, Fontana A. Hierarchical self-assembly of amphiphilic calix[6]arene wheels and viologen axles in water. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:5944-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob40739j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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