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Kojima T, Xie C, Sakaguchi H. On-Surface Fabrication toward Polar 2D Macromolecular Crystals. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300775. [PMID: 38439510 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Polar 2D macromolecular structures have attracted significant attention because of their ferroelectricity and ferro-magnetism. However, it is challenging to synthesize them experimentally because dipoles or spins of these macromolecules tend to cancel each other. So far, there has been no successful strategy for assembling macromolecules in a unidirectional manner, achieving stereoregular polymerization on metal surfaces, and creating polar 2D polymer crystals. Recent progress in molecular assembly, on-surface polymer synthesis, and direct control of molecules using electric field applications provides an opportunity to develop such strategies. In this regard, we first review past studies on chiral and achiral molecular assembly, on-surface polymer synthesis, and orientation control of polar molecules. Then, we discuss our newly developed approach called "vectorial on-surface synthesis", which is based on "dynamic chirality" of compass precursors, stereoselective polymerization, and favorable interchain interactions originating from CH-π interactions. Finally, we conclude with a prospective outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kojima
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Gokasyo, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Cong Xie
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Gokasyo, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakaguchi
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Gokasyo, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
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2
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Peng X, Zhang Y, Liu X, Qian Y, Ouyang Z, Kong H. From Short- to Long-Range Chiral Recognition on Surfaces: Chiral Assembly and Synthesis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307171. [PMID: 38054810 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Research on chiral behaviors of small organic molecules at solid surfaces, including chiral assembly and synthesis, can not only help unravel the origin of the chiral phenomenon in biological/chemical systems but also provide promising strategies to build up unprecedented chiral surfaces or nanoarchitectures with advanced applications in novel nanomaterials/nanodevices. Understanding how molecular chirality is recognized is considered to be a mandatory basis for such studies. In this review, a series of recent studies in chiral assembly and synthesis at well-defined metal surfaces under ultra-high vacuum conditions are outlined. More importantly, the intrinsic mechanisms of chiral recognition are highlighted, including short/long-range chiral recognition in chiral assembly and two main strategies to steer the reaction pathways and modulate selective synthesis of specific chiral products on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchen Peng
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Yinhui Zhang
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Xinbang Liu
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Yinyue Qian
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Zuoling Ouyang
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Huihui Kong
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
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3
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Wang D, Yang M, Wu J, Wee ATS. Thermally Induced Chiral Aggregation of Dihydrobenzopyrenone on Au(111). ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:35547-35554. [PMID: 32692546 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c05856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The realization of chiral supramolecular architectures on solid surfaces has triggered much interest due to its potential enantiospecific applications. An in-depth study of chiral aggregation on surfaces is significant for developing functional chiral surfaces. Herein, we report thermally induced chiral aggregation of dihydrobenzopyrenone on Au(111). By high-resolution low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy, a racemate monolayer consisting of levorotatory and dextrorotatory dihydrobenzopyrenones was found to aggregate into conglomerate domains after moderate annealing treatment. Combined with first-principles calculations, we suggest that the intermolecular dipole-dipole interaction plays an important role in chiral aggregation, which takes place via molecular in-plane diffusion rather than molecular out-of-plane flipping. This work unveils one underlying mechanism of thermally induced chiral aggregation, thus enabling potential applications such as fabricating supramolecular architectures for functional chiral surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingguan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117551
| | - Ming Yang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
| | - Andrew T S Wee
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117551
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117546
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4
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Dutta S, Gellman AJ. Enantiomer surface chemistry: conglomerate versus racemate formation on surfaces. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:7787-7839. [PMID: 29165467 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00555e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Research on surface chirality is motivated by the need to develop functional chiral surfaces for enantiospecific applications. While molecular chirality in 3D has been the subject of study for almost two centuries, many aspects of 2D chiral surface chemistry have yet to be addressed. In 3D, racemic mixtures of chiral molecules tend to aggregate into racemate (molecularly heterochiral) crystals much more frequently than conglomerate (molecularly homochiral) crystals. Whether chiral adsorbates on surfaces preferentially aggregate into heterochiral rather than homochiral domains (2D crystals or clusters) is not known. In this review, we have made the first attempt to answer the following question based on available data: in 2D racemic mixtures adsorbed on surfaces, is there a clear preference for homochiral or heterochiral aggregation? The current hypothesis is that homochiral packing is preferred on surfaces; in contrast to 3D where heterochiral packing is more common. In this review, we present a simple hierarchical scheme to categorize the chirality of adsorbate-surface systems. We then review the body of work using scanning tunneling microscopy predominantly to study aggregation of racemic adsorbates. Our analysis of the existing literature suggests that there is no clear evidence of any preference for either homochiral or heterochiral aggregation at the molecular level by chiral and prochiral adsorbates on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soham Dutta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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5
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Cai L, Sun Q, Bao M, Ma H, Yuan C, Xu W. Competition between Hydrogen Bonds and Coordination Bonds Steered by the Surface Molecular Coverage. ACS NANO 2017; 11:3727-3732. [PMID: 28383885 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b08374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the choices of metal atoms/molecular linkers and surfaces, several crucial parameters, including surface temperature, molecular stoichiometric ratio, electrical stimulation, concentration, and solvent effect for liquid/solid interfaces, have been demonstrated to play key roles in the formation of on-surface self-assembled supramolecular architectures. Moreover, self-assembled structural transformations frequently occur in response to a delicate control over those parameters, which, in most cases, involve either conversions from relatively weak interactions to stronger ones (e.g., hydrogen bonds to coordination bonds) or transformations between the comparable interactions (e.g., different coordination binding modes or hydrogen bonding configurations). However, intermolecular bond conversions from relatively strong coordination bonds to weak hydrogen bonds were rarely reported. Moreover, to our knowledge, a reversible conversion between hydrogen bonds and coordination bonds has not been demonstrated before. Herein, we have demonstrated a facile strategy for the regulation of stepwise intermolecular bond conversions from the metal-organic coordination bond (Cu-N) to the weak hydrogen bond (CH···N) by increasing the surface molecular coverage. From the DFT calculations we quantify that the loss in intermolecular interaction energy is compensated by the increased molecular adsorption energy at higher molecular coverage. Moreover, we achieved a reversible conversion from the weak hydrogen bond to the coordination bond by decreasing the surface molecular coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Cai
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
| | - Meiling Bao
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
| | - Honghong Ma
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
| | - Chunxue Yuan
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
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Pham TA, Tran BV, Nguyen MT, Stöhr M. Chiral-Selective Formation of 1D Polymers Based on Ullmann-Type Coupling: The Role of the Metallic Substrate. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1603675. [PMID: 28121375 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201603675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The chiral-selective formation of 1D polymers from a prochiral molecule, namely, 6,12-dibromochrysene in dependence of the type of metal surface is demonstrated by a combined scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory study. Deposition of the chosen molecule on Au(111) held at room temperature leads to the formation of a 2D porous molecular network. Upon annealing at 200 °C, an achiral covalently linked polymer is formed on Au(111). On the other hand, a chiral Cu-coordinated polymer is spontaneously formed upon deposition of the molecules on Cu(111) held at room temperature. Importantly, it is found that the chiral-selectivity determines the possibility of obtaining graphene nanoribbons (GNRs). On Au(111), upon annealing at 350 °C or higher cyclo-dehydrogenation occurs transforming the achiral polymer into a GNR. In contrast, the chiral coordination polymer on Cu(111) cannot be converted into a GNR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Anh Pham
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bay V Tran
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Manh-Thuong Nguyen
- Center for Computational Physics, Institute of Physics, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 10 Dao Tan St., Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Meike Stöhr
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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7
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From helical to planar chirality by on-surface chemistry. Nat Chem 2016; 9:213-218. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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8
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Dou R, Yang Y, Zhang P, Zhong D, Fuchs H, Wang Y, Chi L. Building chessboard-like supramolecular structures on Au(111) surfaces. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:385601. [PMID: 26314756 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/38/385601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigate an anthracene derivative, 3(5)-(9-anthryl) pyrazole (ANP), self-assembled on the Au(111) surface by means of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. A chessboard-like network structure composed of ANP molecules is found, covering the whole Au(111) substrate. Our STM results and DFT calculations reveal that the formation of chessboard-like networks originates from a basic unit cell, a tetramer structure, which is formed by four ANP molecules connected through C-H…N hydrogen bonds. The hydrogen bonds inside each tetramer and the molecule-substrate interaction are fundamentally important in providing a driving force for formation of the supramolecular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifen Dou
- Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
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9
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Sun K, Lan M, Wang JZ. Absolute configuration and chiral self-assembly of rubrene on Bi(111). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:26220-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04608d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the chiral self-assembly of rubrene molecules on a semi-metallic Bi(111) surface using low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology & MOE Key Lab Luminescence & Real Time Anal
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- China
| | - Meng Lan
- School of Physical Science and Technology & MOE Key Lab Luminescence & Real Time Anal
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- China
| | - Jun-Zhong Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & MOE Key Lab Luminescence & Real Time Anal
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- China
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10
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Smerdon JA, Rankin RB, Greeley JP, Guisinger NP, Guest JR. Chiral "pinwheel" heterojunctions self-assembled from C60 and pentacene. ACS NANO 2013; 7:3086-3094. [PMID: 23488794 DOI: 10.1021/nn304992c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the self-assembly of C60 and pentacene (Pn) molecules into acceptor-donor heterostructures which are well-ordered and--despite the high degree of symmetry of the constituent molecules--chiral. Pn was deposited on Cu(111) to monolayer coverage, producing the random-tiling (R) phase as previously described. Atop R-phase Pn, postdeposited C60 molecules cause rearrangement of the Pn molecules into domains based on chiral supramolecular "pinwheels". These two molecules are the highest-symmetry achiral molecules so far observed to coalesce into chiral heterostructures. Also, the chiral pinwheels (composed of 1 C60 and 6 Pn each) may share Pn molecules in different ways to produce structures with different lattice parameters and degree of chirality. High-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy results and knowledge of adsorption sites allow the determination of these structures to a high degree of confidence. The measurement of chiral angles identical to those predicted is a further demonstration of the accuracy of the models. van der Waals density functional theory calculations reveal that the Pn molecules around each C60 are torsionally flexed around their long molecular axes and that there is charge transfer from C60 to Pn in each pinwheel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Smerdon
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
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Hu FY, Zhang XM, Wang XC, Wang S, Wang HQ, Duan WB, Zeng QD, Wang C. In situ STM investigation of two-dimensional chiral assemblies through Schiff-base condensation at a liquid/solid interface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:1583-1587. [PMID: 23373722 DOI: 10.1021/am303236w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscaled two-dimensional (2D) chiral architectures are increasingly receiving scientific interest, because of their potential applications in many domains. In this paper, we present a new method for constructing 2D chiral architectures on surface. Based on in situ Schiff-base reaction of achiral dialdehyde with two types of achiral amines at the solid/liquid interface, two chiral species have been directly formed and confirmed by means of a scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) technique. This work introduces a novel strategy to construct 2D surface chirality, which might be applied in fabricating functional films and nanoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Yun Hu
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
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