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Xie Z, Gan T, Fang L, Zhou X. Recent progress in creating complex and multiplexed surface-grafted macromolecular architectures. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:8736-8759. [PMID: 32969442 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01043j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Surface-grafted macromolecules, including polymers, DNA, peptides, etc., are versatile modifications to tailor the interfacial functions in a wide range of fields. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the most recent progress in engineering surface-grafted chains for the creation of complex and multiplexed surface architectures over micro- to macro-scopic areas. A brief introduction to surface grafting is given first. Then the fabrication of complex surface architectures is summarized with a focus on controlled chain conformations, grafting densities and three-dimensional structures. Furthermore, recent advances are highlighted for the generation of multiplexed arrays with designed chemical composition in both horizontal and vertical dimensions. The applications of such complicated macromolecular architectures are then briefly discussed. Finally, some perspective outlooks for future studies and challenges are suggested. We hope that this review will be helpful to those just entering this field and those in the field requiring quick access to useful reference information about the progress in the properties, processing, performance, and applications of functional surface-grafted architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Xie
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Xingangxi Road No. 135, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Tiansheng Gan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Lvye Fang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Xingangxi Road No. 135, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Xuechang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, P. R. China.
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Liu G, Petrosko SH, Zheng Z, Mirkin CA. Evolution of Dip-Pen Nanolithography (DPN): From Molecular Patterning to Materials Discovery. Chem Rev 2020; 120:6009-6047. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Liu
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textile and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Sarah Hurst Petrosko
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textile and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Chad A. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Liu G, Hirtz M, Fuchs H, Zheng Z. Development of Dip-Pen Nanolithography (DPN) and Its Derivatives. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1900564. [PMID: 30977978 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201900564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) is a unique nanofabrication tool that can directly write a variety of molecular patterns on a surface with high resolution and excellent registration. Over the past 20 years, DPN has experienced a tremendous evolution in terms of applicable inks, a remarkable improvement in fabrication throughput, and the development of various derivative technologies. Among these developments, polymer pen lithography (PPL) is the most prominent one that provides a large-scale, high-throughput, low-cost tool for nanofabrication, which significantly extends DPN and beyond. These developments not only expand the scope of the wide field of scanning probe lithography, but also enable DPN and PPL as general approaches for the fabrication or study of nanostructures and nanomaterials. In this review, a focused summary and historical perspective of the technological development of DPN and its derivatives, with a focus on PPL, in one timeline, are provided and future opportunities for technological exploration in this field are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Liu
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michael Hirtz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe, Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe, Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Physical Institute and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), University of Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Wang Z, Luan Y, Gan T, Gong X, Chen H, Ngai T. Long-range interactions between protein-coated particles and POEGMA brush layers in a serum environment. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 150:279-287. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Gan T, Wu B, Zhou X, Zhang G. Ultrahigh resolution, serial fabrication of three dimensionally-patterned protein nanostructures by liquid-mediated non-contact scanning probe lithography. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra07715c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sub-100 nm and 3D-patterned structures of protein are fabricated on Au surface in solution by liquid-mediated non-contact scanning probe lithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiansheng Gan
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Bo Wu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Xuechang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen 518060
- P. R. China
| | - Guangzhao Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
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Chen C, Xie Z, Wei X, Zheng Z. Arbitrary and Parallel Nanofabrication of 3D Metal Structures with Polymer Brush Resists. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:6013-6017. [PMID: 26439441 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201500796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
3D polymer brushes are reported for the first time as ideal resists for the alignment-free nanofabrication of complex 3D metal structures with sub-100 nm lateral resolution and sub-10 nm vertical resolution. Since 3D polymer brushes can be serially fabricated in parallel, this method is effective to generate arbitrary 3D metal structures over a large area at a high throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojian Chen
- Advanced Research Centre for Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China
- Nanotechnology Center Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhuang Xie
- Advanced Research Centre for Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China
- Nanotechnology Center Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoling Wei
- Advanced Research Centre for Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China
- Nanotechnology Center Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Advanced Research Centre for Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China
- Nanotechnology Center Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Chen C, Zhou X, Xie Z, Gao T, Zheng Z. Construction of 3D polymer brushes by dip-pen nanodisplacement lithography: understanding the molecular displacement for ultrafine and high-speed patterning. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:613-21. [PMID: 25256006 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201400642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Dip-pen nanodisplacement lithography (DNL) is a versatile scanning probe-based technique that can be employed for fabricating ultrafine 3D polymer brushes under ambient conditions. Many fundamental studies and applications require the large-area fabrication of 3D structures. However, the fabrication throughput and uniformity are still far from satisfactory. In this work, the molecular displacement mechanism of DNL is elucidated by systematically investigating the synergistic effect of z extension and contact time. The in-depth understanding of molecular displacement results in the successful achievement of ultrafine control of 3D structures and high-speed patterning at the same time. Remarkably, one can prepare arbitrary 3D polymer brushes on a large area (1.3 mm × 1.3 mm), with <5% vertical and lateral size variations, and a patterning speed as much as 200-fold faster than the current state-of-the-art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojian Chen
- Advanced Research Centre for Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic, University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China; Nanotechnology Center, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Xie Z, Chen C, Zhou X, Gao T, Liu D, Miao Q, Zheng Z. Massively parallel patterning of complex 2D and 3D functional polymer brushes by polymer pen lithography. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:11955-11964. [PMID: 24417672 DOI: 10.1021/am405555e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report the first demonstration of centimeter-area serial patterning of complex 2D and 3D functional polymer brushes by high-throughput polymer pen lithography. Arbitrary 2D and 3D structures of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) brushes are fabricated over areas as large as 2 cm × 1 cm, with a remarkable throughput being 3 orders of magnitudes higher than the state-of-the-arts. Patterned PGMA brushes are further employed as resist for fabricating Au micro/nanostructures and hard molds for the subsequent replica molding of soft stamps. On the other hand, these 2D and 3D PGMA brushes are also utilized as robust and versatile platforms for the immobilization of bioactive molecules to form 2D and 3D patterned DNA oligonucleotide and protein chips. Therefore, this low-cost, yet high-throughput "bench-top" serial fabrication method can be readily applied to a wide range of fields including micro/nanofabrication, optics and electronics, smart surfaces, and biorelated studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Xie
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen, China
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