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Saygin V, Xu B, Andersson SB, Brown KA. Closed-Loop Nanopatterning of Liquids with Dip-Pen Nanolithography. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:14710-14717. [PMID: 33725437 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The ability to reliably manipulate small quantities of liquids is the backbone of high-throughput chemistry, but the continual drive for miniaturization necessitates creativity in how nanoscale samples of liquids are handled. Here, we describe a closed-loop method for patterning liquid samples on pL to sub-fL scales using scanning probe lithography. Specifically, we employ tipless scanning probes and identify liquid properties that enable probe-sample transport that is readily tuned using probe withdrawal speed. Subsequently, we introduce a novel two-harmonic inertial sensing scheme for tracking the mass of liquid on the probe. Finally, this is combined with a fluid mechanics-based iterative control scheme that selects printing conditions to meet a target feature mass to enable closed-loop patterning with better than 1% accuracy and ∼4% precision in terms of mass. Taken together, these advances address a pervasive issue in scanning probe lithography, namely, real-time closed-loop control over patterning, and position scanning probe lithography of liquids as a candidate for the robust nanoscale manipulation of liquids for advanced high-throughput chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verda Saygin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Bowen Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Sean B Andersson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Division of Systems Engineering, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Keith A Brown
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Physics Department and Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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Xu XY, Xu Z, Wang XD, Qin SC, Qian YW, Wang LD, Liu JS. Loading a High-Viscous Droplet via the Cone-Shaped Liquid Bridge Induced by an Electrostatic Force. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:2334-2340. [PMID: 33529533 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In transfer printing, the loaded droplet on the probe has a significant influence on the dispensing resolution. A suitable loading approach for a high-viscous liquid is highly required. Herein, a novel electrostatic loading method is presented, in which the main aim is to control precisely the formation and breaking of a cone-shaped liquid bridge. An experimental device is developed. The influence of electrical and geometric parameters on the feature size of the liquid bridge is investigated in detail. In the formation of the liquid bridge, the increase of voltage or the decrease of the air gap can enhance the electric field intensity, thus reducing the formation period and increasing the initial cone tip diameter of the liquid cone. After the liquid bridge is formed, both the circuit current implying the liquid wetted area on the probe surface and the lifting velocity of the probe are utilized to further regulate the volume of the loaded droplet. Loaded droplets ranging from 60 to 600 pL are obtained via the method with a standard deviation of 4 to 30 pL. Moreover, a dot array is transferred with different loaded droplets. The minimum diameter of the printed dots is about 140 μm with a variation less than 5%. The advantages include the reduced risk of contamination, the droplet-size independent of the size of the probe, and the low cost of the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Xu
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zheng Xu
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Shao-Chun Qin
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yan-Wen Qian
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Li-Ding Wang
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jun-Shan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Liu G, Petrosko SH, Zheng Z, Mirkin CA. Evolution of Dip-Pen Nanolithography (DPN): From Molecular Patterning to Materials Discovery. Chem Rev 2020; 120:6009-6047. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Liu
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textile and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Sarah Hurst Petrosko
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textile and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Chad A. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Navikas V, Gavutis M, Rakickas T, Valiokas RN. Scanning Probe-Directed Assembly and Rapid Chemical Writing Using Nanoscopic Flow of Phospholipids. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:28449-28460. [PMID: 31287949 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b07547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanofluidic systems offer a huge potential for discovery of new molecular transport and chemical phenomena that can be employed for future technologies. Herein, we report on the transport behavior of surface-reactive compounds in a nanometer-scale flow of phospholipids from a scanning probe. We have investigated microscopic deposit formation on polycrystalline gold by lithographic printing and writing of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and eicosanethiol mixtures, with the latter compound being a model case for self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). By analyzing the ink transport rates, we found that the transfer of thiols was fully controlled by the fluid lipid matrix allowing to achieve a certain jetting regime, i.e., transport rates previously not reported in dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) studies on surface-reactive, SAM-forming molecules. Such a transport behavior deviated significantly from the so-called molecular diffusion models, and it was most obvious at the high writing speeds, close to 100 μm s-1. Moreover, the combined data from imaging ellipsometry, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and spectroscopy revealed a rapid and efficient ink phase separation occurring in the AFM tip-gold contact zone. The force curve analysis indicated formation of a mixed ink meniscus behaving as a self-organizing liquid. Based on our data, it has to be considered as one of the co-acting mechanisms driving the surface reactions and self-assembly under such highly nonequilibrium, crowded environment conditions. The results of the present study significantly extend the capabilities of DPN using standard AFM instrumentation: in the writing regime, the patterning speed was already comparable to that achievable by using electron beam systems. We demonstrate that lipid flow-controlled chemical patterning process is directly applicable for rapid prototyping of solid-state devices having mesoscopic features as well as for biomolecular architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vytautas Navikas
- Department of Nanoengineering , Center for Physical Sciences and Technology , Savanorių 231 , Vilnius LT-02300 , Lithuania
| | - Martynas Gavutis
- Department of Nanoengineering , Center for Physical Sciences and Technology , Savanorių 231 , Vilnius LT-02300 , Lithuania
| | - Tomas Rakickas
- Department of Nanoengineering , Center for Physical Sciences and Technology , Savanorių 231 , Vilnius LT-02300 , Lithuania
| | - Ramu Nas Valiokas
- Department of Nanoengineering , Center for Physical Sciences and Technology , Savanorių 231 , Vilnius LT-02300 , Lithuania
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Liu G, Hirtz M, Fuchs H, Zheng Z. Development of Dip-Pen Nanolithography (DPN) and Its Derivatives. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1900564. [PMID: 30977978 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201900564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) is a unique nanofabrication tool that can directly write a variety of molecular patterns on a surface with high resolution and excellent registration. Over the past 20 years, DPN has experienced a tremendous evolution in terms of applicable inks, a remarkable improvement in fabrication throughput, and the development of various derivative technologies. Among these developments, polymer pen lithography (PPL) is the most prominent one that provides a large-scale, high-throughput, low-cost tool for nanofabrication, which significantly extends DPN and beyond. These developments not only expand the scope of the wide field of scanning probe lithography, but also enable DPN and PPL as general approaches for the fabrication or study of nanostructures and nanomaterials. In this review, a focused summary and historical perspective of the technological development of DPN and its derivatives, with a focus on PPL, in one timeline, are provided and future opportunities for technological exploration in this field are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Liu
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michael Hirtz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe, Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe, Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Physical Institute and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), University of Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Dawood F, Wang J, Schulze PA, Sheehan CJ, Buck MR, Dennis AM, Majumder S, Krishnamurthy S, Ticknor M, Staude I, Brener I, Goodwin PM, Amro NA, Hollingsworth JA. The Role of Liquid Ink Transport in the Direct Placement of Quantum Dot Emitters onto Sub-Micrometer Antennas by Dip-Pen Nanolithography. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1801503. [PMID: 29952107 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201801503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) is used to precisely position core/thick-shell ("giant") quantum dots (gQDs; ≥10 nm in diameter) exclusively on top of silicon nanodisk antennas (≈500 nm diameter pillars with a height of ≈200 nm), resulting in periodic arrays of hybrid nanostructures and demonstrating a facile integration strategy toward next-generation quantum light sources. A three-step reading-inking-writing approach is employed, where atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of the pre-patterned substrate topography are used as maps to direct accurate placement of nanocrystals. The DPN "ink" comprises gQDs suspended in a non-aqueous carrier solvent, o-dichlorobenzene. Systematic analyses of factors influencing deposition rate for this non-conventional DPN ink are described for flat substrates and used to establish the conditions required to achieve small (sub-500 nm) feature sizes, namely: dwell time, ink-substrate contact angle and ink volume. Finally, it is shown that the rate of solvent transport controls the feature size in which gQDs are found on the substrate, but also that the number and consistency of nanocrystals deposited depends on the stability of the gQD suspension. Overall, the results lay the groundwork for expanded use of nanocrystal liquid inks and DPN for fabrication of multi-component nanostructures that are challenging to create using traditional lithographic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Dawood
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Peter A Schulze
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Chris J Sheehan
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Matthew R Buck
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Allison M Dennis
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Somak Majumder
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Sachi Krishnamurthy
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Matthew Ticknor
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Isabelle Staude
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 0200, Australia
| | - Igal Brener
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87185, USA
| | - Peter M Goodwin
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Nabil A Amro
- Advanced Creative Solutions Technology, Carlsbad, CA, 92008, USA
| | - Jennifer A Hollingsworth
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
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Farmakidis N, Brown KA. Quantifying Liquid Transport and Patterning Using Atomic Force Microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:5173-5178. [PMID: 28489945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) provides unique insight into the nanoscale properties of materials. It has been challenging, however, to use AFM to study soft materials such as liquids or gels because of their tendency to flow in response to stress. We propose an AFM-based technique for quantitatively analyzing the transport of soft materials from an AFM probe to a surface. Specifically, we present a method for loading an AFM probe with a single 0.3 to 30 pL droplet of liquid and subsequently measuring the mass of this liquid by observing the change in the vibrational resonance frequency of the cantilever. Using this approach, the mass of this liquid was detected with picogram-scale precision by a commercial AFM system. Additionally, sub-femtoliter droplets of liquid were transferred from the probe to a surface with agreement found between the real-time change in mass of the liquid-loaded probe and the volume of the feature written on the surface. To demonstrate the utility of this approach in studying nanoscale capillary and transport phenomena, we experimentally determine that the quantity of liquid transported from the tip to a surface in a given patterning operation scales as the mass of liquid on the probe to the 1.35 power. In addition to providing new avenues for studying the dynamics of soft materials on the nanoscale, this method can improve nanopatterning of soft materials by providing in situ feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Farmakidis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Keith A Brown
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Division of Materials Science & Engineering and Physics Department, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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8
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Guardingo M, Busqué F, Ruiz-Molina D. Reactions in ultra-small droplets by tip-assisted chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:11617-26. [PMID: 27468750 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc03504c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The confinement of chemical reactions within small droplets has received much attention in the last few years. This approach has been proved successful for the in-depth study of naturally occurring chemical processes as well as for the synthesis of different sets of nanomaterials with control over their size, shape and properties. Different approaches such as the use of self-contained structures or microfluidic generated droplets have been followed over the years with success. However, novel approaches have emerged during the last years based on the deposition of femtolitre-sized droplets on surfaces using tip-assisted lithographic methods. In this feature article, we review the advances made towards the use of these ultra-small droplets patterned on surfaces as confined nano-reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guardingo
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
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9
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Kandemir AC, Erdem D, Ma H, Reiser A, Spolenak R. Polymer nanocomposite patterning by dip-pen nanolithography. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:135303. [PMID: 26909592 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/13/135303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The ultimate aim of this study is to construct polymer nanocomposite patterns by dip-pen nanolithography (DPN). Recent investigations have revealed the effect of the amount of ink (Laplace pressure) on the mechanism of liquid ink writing. In this study it is shown that not only the amount of ink, but also physisorption and surface diffusion are relevant. After a few writing steps, physisorption and surface diffusion outweigh the influence of the amount of ink, allowing consistent patterning governed by dwell times and writing speeds. Polymer matrices can be utilized as a delivery medium to deposit functional particles. DPN patterning of polymer nanocomposites allows for local tuning of the functionality and mechanical strength of the written patterns in high resolution, with the benefit of pattern flexibility. Typically polymer matrices with volatile components are used as a delivery medium for nanoparticle deposition, with subsequent removal of loosely bound matrix material by heating or oxygen plasma. In our study, nanocomposite patterns were constructed, and the differences between polymer and nanocomposite patterning were investigated. Cross-sectional SEM and TEM analysis confirmed that nanoparticles can be deposited with the liquid-polymer ink and are evenly distributed in the polymer matrix.
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Urtizberea A, Hirtz M, Fuchs H. Ink transport modelling in Dip-Pen Nanolithography and Polymer Pen Lithography. NANOFABRICATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/nanofab-2015-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractDip-pen nanolithography (DPN) and Polymer pen lithography (PPL) are powerful lithography techniques being able to pattern a wide range of inks. Transport and surface spreading depend on the ink physicochemical properties, defining its diffusive and fluid character. Structure assembly on surface arises from a balance between the entanglement of the ink itself and the interaction with the substrate. According to the transport characteristics, different models have been proposed. In this article we review the common types of inks employed for patterning, the particular physicochemical characteristics that make them flow following different dynamics as well as the corresponding transport mechanisms and models that describe them.
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Xie Z, Zhou Y, Hedrick JL, Chen PC, He S, Shahjamali MM, Wang S, Zheng Z, Mirkin CA. On-Tip Photo-Modulated Molecular Printing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201505150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Urtizberea A, Hirtz M. A diffusive ink transport model for lipid dip-pen nanolithography. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:15618-34. [PMID: 26267408 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr04352b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite diverse applications, phospholipid membrane stacks generated by dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) still lack a thorough and systematic characterization that elucidates the whole ink transport process from writing to surface spreading, with the aim of better controlling the resulting feature size and resolution. We report a quantitative analysis and modeling of the dependence of lipid DPN features (area, height and volume) on dwell time and relative humidity. The ink flow rate increases with humidity in agreement with meniscus size growth, determining the overall feature size. The observed time dependence indicates the existence of a balance between surface spreading and the ink flow rate that promotes differences in concentration at the meniscus/substrate interface. Feature shape is controlled by the substrate surface energy. The results are analyzed within a modified model for the ink transport of diffusive inks. At any humidity the dependence of the area spread on the dwell time shows two diffusion regimes: at short dwell times growth is controlled by meniscus diffusion while at long dwell times surface diffusion governs the process. The critical point for the switch of regime depends on the humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Urtizberea
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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Xie Z, Zhou Y, Hedrick JL, Chen P, He S, Shahjamali MM, Wang S, Zheng Z, Mirkin CA. On‐Tip Photo‐Modulated Molecular Printing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:12894-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201505150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Xie
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
- Nanotechnology Center, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR (China)
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
| | - James L. Hedrick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
| | - Peng‐Cheng Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
| | - Shu He
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
| | - Mohammad M. Shahjamali
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
| | - Shunzhi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Nanotechnology Center, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR (China)
| | - Chad A. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
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O'Connell CD, Higgins MJ, Marusic D, Moulton SE, Wallace GG. Liquid ink deposition from an atomic force microscope tip: deposition monitoring and control of feature size. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:2712-2721. [PMID: 24548246 DOI: 10.1021/la402936z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The controlled deposition of attoliter volumes of liquid inks may engender novel applications such as targeted drug delivery to single cells and localized delivery of chemical reagents at nanoscale dimensions. Although the deposition of small organic molecules from an atomic force microscope tip, known as dip-pen nanolithography (DPN), has been extensively studied, the deposition of liquid inks is little understood. In this work, we have used a set of model ink-substrate systems to develop an understanding of the deposition of viscous liquids using an unmodified AFM tip. First, the growth of dot size with increasing dwell time is characterized. The dynamics of deposition are found to vary for different ink-substrate systems, and the change in deposition rate over the course of an experiment limits our ability to quantify the ink-transfer dynamics in terms of liquid properties and substrate wettability. We find that the most critical parameter affecting the deposition rate is the volume of ink on the cantilever, an effect resulting in a 10-fold decrease in deposition rate (aL/s) over 2 h of printing time. We suggest that a driving force for deposition arises from the gradient in Laplace pressure set up when the tip touches the substrate. Second, the forces acting upon the AFM cantilever during ink deposition were measured in order to gain insight into the underlying ink-transfer mechanism. The force curve data and simple geometrical arguments were used to elucidate the shape of the ink meniscus at the instant of deposition, a methodology that may be used as an accurate and real-time means of monitoring the volume of deposited dots. Taken together, our results illustrate that liquid deposition involves a very different transfer mechanism than traditionally ascribed to DPN molecular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathal D O'Connell
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong , Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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