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Knappe GA, Wamhoff EC, Bathe M. Functionalizing DNA origami to investigate and interact with biological systems. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2023; 8:123-138. [PMID: 37206669 PMCID: PMC10191391 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-022-00517-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
DNA origami has emerged as a powerful method to generate DNA nanostructures with dynamic properties and nanoscale control. These nanostructures enable complex biophysical studies and the fabrication of next-generation therapeutic devices. For these applications, DNA origami typically needs to be functionalized with bioactive ligands and biomacromolecular cargos. Here, we review methods developed to functionalize, purify, and characterize DNA origami nanostructures. We identify remaining challenges, such as limitations in functionalization efficiency and characterization. We then discuss where researchers can contribute to further advance the fabrication of functionalized DNA origami.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant A. Knappe
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
- Address correspondence to or
| | - Eike-Christian Wamhoff
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Mark Bathe
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
- Address correspondence to or
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2
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Arrabito G, Ferrara V, Bonasera A, Pignataro B. Artificial Biosystems by Printing Biology. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1907691. [PMID: 32511894 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201907691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The continuous progress of printing technologies over the past 20 years has fueled the development of a plethora of applications in materials sciences, flexible electronics, and biotechnologies. More recently, printing methodologies have started up to explore the world of Artificial Biology, offering new paradigms in the direct assembly of Artificial Biosystems (small condensates, compartments, networks, tissues, and organs) by mimicking the result of the evolution of living systems and also by redesigning natural biological systems, taking inspiration from them. This recent progress is reported in terms of a new field here defined as Printing Biology, resulting from the intersection between the field of printing and the bottom up Synthetic Biology. Printing Biology explores new approaches for the reconfigurable assembly of designed life-like or life-inspired structures. This work presents this emerging field, highlighting its main features, i.e., printing methodologies (from 2D to 3D), molecular ink properties, deposition mechanisms, and finally the applications and future challenges. Printing Biology is expected to show a growing impact on the development of biotechnology and life-inspired fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Arrabito
- Department of Physics and Chemistry - Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building 17, Palermo, 90128, Italy
| | - Vittorio Ferrara
- Department of Physics and Chemistry - Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building 17, Palermo, 90128, Italy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria, 6, Catania, 95125, Italy
| | - Aurelio Bonasera
- Department of Physics and Chemistry - Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building 17, Palermo, 90128, Italy
| | - Bruno Pignataro
- Department of Physics and Chemistry - Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building 17, Palermo, 90128, Italy
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3
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Liu HY, Kumar R, Takai M, Hirtz M. Enhanced Stability of Lipid Structures by Dip-Pen Nanolithography on Block-Type MPC Copolymer. Molecules 2020; 25:E2768. [PMID: 32549371 PMCID: PMC7356513 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomimetic lipid membranes on solid supports have been used in a plethora of applications, including as biosensors, in research on membrane proteins or as interfaces in cell experiments. For many of these applications, structured lipid membranes, e.g., in the form of arrays with features of different functionality, are highly desired. The stability of these features on a given substrate during storage and in incubation steps is key, while at the same time the substrate ideally should also exhibit antifouling properties. Here, we describe the highly beneficial properties of a 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) copolymer for the stability of supported lipid membrane structures generated by dip-pen nanolithography with phospholipids (L-DPN). The MPC copolymer substrates allow for more stable and higher membrane stack structures in comparison to other hydrophilic substrates, like glass or silicon oxide surfaces. The structures remain highly stable under immersion in liquid and subsequent incubation and washing steps. This allows multiplexed functionalization of lipid arrays with antibodies via microchannel cantilever spotting (µCS), without the need of orthogonal binding tags for each antibody type. The combined properties of the MPC copolymer substrate demonstrate a great potential for lipid-based biomedical sensing and diagnostic platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yu Liu
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) & Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (H.-Y.L.); (R.K.)
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) & Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (H.-Y.L.); (R.K.)
| | - Madoka Takai
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan;
| | - Michael Hirtz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) & Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (H.-Y.L.); (R.K.)
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4
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Dong Y, Mao Y. DNA Origami as Scaffolds for Self‐Assembly of Lipids and Proteins. Chembiochem 2019; 20:2422-2431. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchen Dong
- Department of Cancer Immunology and VirologyDana-Farber Cancer InstituteDepartment of MicrobiologyHarvard Medical School 450 Brookline Avenue Boston MA 02215 USA
- Intel Parallel Computing Center for Structural BiologyDana-Farber Cancer Institute 450 Brookline Avenue Boston MA 02215 USA
- Present address: CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid Interfaces and Chemical ThermodynamicsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences No. 2 Zhongguancun Beiyijie Beijing 100190 P.R. China
| | - Youdong Mao
- Department of Cancer Immunology and VirologyDana-Farber Cancer InstituteDepartment of MicrobiologyHarvard Medical School 450 Brookline Avenue Boston MA 02215 USA
- Intel Parallel Computing Center for Structural BiologyDana-Farber Cancer Institute 450 Brookline Avenue Boston MA 02215 USA
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic PhysicsSchool of PhysicsCenter for Quantitative BiologyPeking University Beijing 100871 P.R. China
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5
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Abstract
The predictable nature of DNA interactions enables the programmable assembly of highly advanced 2D and 3D DNA structures of nanoscale dimensions. The access to ever larger and more complex structures has been achieved through decades of work on developing structural design principles. Concurrently, an increased focus has emerged on the applications of DNA nanostructures. In its nature, DNA is chemically inert and nanostructures based on unmodified DNA mostly lack function. However, functionality can be obtained through chemical modification of DNA nanostructures and the opportunities are endless. In this review, we discuss methodology for chemical functionalization of DNA nanostructures and provide examples of how this is being used to create functional nanodevices and make DNA nanostructures more applicable. We aim to encourage researchers to adopt chemical modifications as part of their work in DNA nanotechnology and inspire chemists to address current challenges and opportunities within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Madsen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , Gustav Wieds Vej 14 , DK - 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kurt V Gothelf
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , Gustav Wieds Vej 14 , DK - 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Khmelinskaia A, Mücksch J, Petrov EP, Franquelim HG, Schwille P. Control of Membrane Binding and Diffusion of Cholesteryl-Modified DNA Origami Nanostructures by DNA Spacers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:14921-14931. [PMID: 30253101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
DNA origami nanotechnology is being increasingly used to mimic membrane-associated biophysical phenomena. Although a variety of DNA origami nanostructures has already been produced to target lipid membranes, the requirements for membrane binding have so far not been systematically assessed. Here, we used a set of elongated DNA origami structures with varying placement and number of cholesteryl-based membrane anchors to compare different strategies for their incorporation. Single and multiple cholesteryl anchors were attached to DNA nanostructures using single- and double-stranded DNA spacers of varying length. The produced DNA nanostructures were studied in terms of their membrane binding and diffusion. Our results show that the location and number of anchoring moieties play a crucial role for membrane binding of DNA nanostructures mainly if the cholesteryl anchors are in close proximity to the bulky DNA nanostructures. Moreover, the use of DNA spacers largely overcomes local steric hindrances and thus enhances membrane binding. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy measurements demonstrate that the distinct physical properties of single- and double-stranded DNA spacers control the interaction of the amphipathic DNA nanostructures with lipid membranes. Thus, we provide a rational basis for the design of amphipathic DNA origami nanostructures to efficiently bind lipid membranes in various environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Khmelinskaia
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry , Am Klopferspitz 18 , 82152 Martinsried , Germany
| | - Jonas Mücksch
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry , Am Klopferspitz 18 , 82152 Martinsried , Germany
| | - Eugene P Petrov
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry , Am Klopferspitz 18 , 82152 Martinsried , Germany
- Faculty of Physics , Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich , Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1 , 80539 Munich , Germany
| | - Henri G Franquelim
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry , Am Klopferspitz 18 , 82152 Martinsried , Germany
| | - Petra Schwille
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry , Am Klopferspitz 18 , 82152 Martinsried , Germany
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Franquelim HG, Khmelinskaia A, Sobczak JP, Dietz H, Schwille P. Membrane sculpting by curved DNA origami scaffolds. Nat Commun 2018; 9:811. [PMID: 29476101 PMCID: PMC5824810 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03198-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane sculpting and transformation is essential for many cellular functions, thus being largely regulated by self-assembling and self-organizing protein coats. Their functionality is often encoded by particular spatial structures. Prominent examples are BAR domain proteins, the ‘banana-like’ shapes of which are thought to aid scaffolding and membrane tubulation. To elucidate whether 3D structure can be uncoupled from other functional features of complex scaffolding proteins, we hereby develop curved DNA origami in various shapes and stacking features, following the presumable design features of BAR proteins, and characterize their ability for membrane binding and transformation. We show that dependent on curvature, membrane affinity and surface density, DNA origami coats can indeed reproduce the activity of membrane-sculpting proteins such as BAR, suggesting exciting perspectives for using them in bottom-up approaches towards minimal biomimetic cellular machineries. BAR domain proteins feature a “banana-like” shape which is thought to aid membrane scaffolding and membrane tubulation. Here authors use DNA origami mimicking BAR domains, giant unilamellar vesicles and fluorescence imaging to study how different BAR domain shapes bind and deform membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri G Franquelim
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, D-82152, Martinsried near Munich, Planegg, Germany
| | - Alena Khmelinskaia
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, D-82152, Martinsried near Munich, Planegg, Germany.,Graduate School of Quantitative Biosciences, Ludwig-Maximilans-University, D-81337, Munich, Germany
| | - Jean-Philippe Sobczak
- Physics Department and Institute of Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, D-85748, Garching near Munich, Germany
| | - Hendrik Dietz
- Physics Department and Institute of Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, D-85748, Garching near Munich, Germany
| | - Petra Schwille
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, D-82152, Martinsried near Munich, Planegg, Germany.
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Kumar R, Urtizberea A, Ghosh S, Bog U, Rainer Q, Lenhert S, Fuchs H, Hirtz M. Polymer Pen Lithography with Lipids for Large-Area Gradient Patterns. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017. [PMID: 28650173 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Gradient patterns comprising bioactive compounds over comparably (in regard to a cell size) large areas are key for many applications in the biomedical sector, in particular, for cell screening assays, guidance, and migration experiments. Polymer pen lithography (PPL) as an inherent highly parallel and large area technique has a great potential to serve in the fabrication of such patterns. We present strategies for the printing of functional phospholipid patterns via PPL that provide tunable feature size and feature density gradients over surface areas of several square millimeters. By controlling the printing parameters, two transfer modes can be achieved. Each of these modes leads to different feature morphologies. By increasing the force applied to the elastomeric pens, which increases the tip-surface contact area and boosts the ink delivery rate, a switch between a dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) and a microcontact printing (μCP) transfer mode can be induced. A careful inking procedure ensuring a homogeneous and not-too-high ink-load on the PPL stamp ensures a membrane-spreading dominated transfer mode, which, used in combination with smooth and hydrophilic substrates, generates features with constant height, independently of the applied force of the pens. Ultimately, this allows us to obtain a gradient of feature sizes over a mm2 substrate, all having the same height on the order of that of a biological cellular membrane. These strategies allow the construction of membrane structures by direct transfer of the lipid mixture to the substrate, without requiring previous substrate functionalization, in contrast to other molecular inks, where structure is directly determined by the printing process itself. The patterns are demonstrated to be viable for subsequent protein binding, therefore adding to a flexible feature library when gradients of protein presentation are desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Physical Institute and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), University of Münster , 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ainhoa Urtizberea
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Souvik Ghosh
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology (SVNIT) , Surat, Gujarat 395007, India
| | - Uwe Bog
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Quinn Rainer
- Florida State Univ , Dept Biol Sci and Integrat NanoSci Inst, Tallahassee, Florida 32306 United States
| | - Steven Lenhert
- Florida State Univ , Dept Biol Sci and Integrat NanoSci Inst, Tallahassee, Florida 32306 United States
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Physical Institute and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), University of Münster , 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Hirtz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Khan MS, Dosoky NS, Patel D, Weimer J, Williams JD. Lipid Bilayer Membrane in a Silicon Based Micron Sized Cavity Accessed by Atomic Force Microscopy and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. BIOSENSORS 2017; 7:E26. [PMID: 28678160 PMCID: PMC5618032 DOI: 10.3390/bios7030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) are widely used in biophysical research to probe the functionality of biological membranes and to provide diagnoses in high throughput drug screening. Formation of SLBs at below phase transition temperature (Tm) has applications in nano-medicine research where low temperature profiles are required. Herein, we report the successful production of SLBs at above-as well as below-the Tm of the lipids in an anisotropically etched, silicon-based micro-cavity. The Si-based cavity walls exhibit controlled temperature which assist in the quick and stable formation of lipid bilayer membranes. Fusion of large unilamellar vesicles was monitored in real time in an aqueous environment inside the Si cavity using atomic force microscopy (AFM), and the lateral organization of the lipid molecules was characterized until the formation of the SLBs. The stability of SLBs produced was also characterized by recording the electrical resistance and the capacitance using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Analysis was done in the frequency regime of 10-2-10⁵ Hz at a signal voltage of 100 mV and giga-ohm sealed impedance was obtained continuously over four days. Finally, the cantilever tip in AFM was utilized to estimate the bilayer thickness and to calculate the rupture force at the interface of the tip and the SLB. We anticipate that a silicon-based, micron-sized cavity has the potential to produce highly-stable SLBs below their Tm. The membranes inside the Si cavity could last for several days and allow robust characterization using AFM or EIS. This could be an excellent platform for nanomedicine experiments that require low operating temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shuja Khan
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA.
| | - Noura Sayed Dosoky
- Biotechnology Science and Engineering Program, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA.
| | - Darayas Patel
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Oakwood University, Huntsville, AL 35896, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Weimer
- Chemistry/Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA.
| | - John Dalton Williams
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA.
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Czogalla A, Franquelim HG, Schwille P. DNA Nanostructures on Membranes as Tools for Synthetic Biology. Biophys J 2017; 110:1698-1707. [PMID: 27119630 PMCID: PMC4850321 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, functionally designed DNA nanostructures applied to lipid membranes prompted important achievements in the fields of biophysics and synthetic biology. Taking advantage of the universal rules for self-assembly of complementary oligonucleotides, DNA has proven to be an extremely versatile biocompatible building material on the nanoscale. The possibility to chemically integrate functional groups into oligonucleotides, most notably with lipophilic anchors, enabled a widespread usage of DNA as a viable alternative to proteins with respect to functional activity on membranes. As described throughout this review, hybrid DNA-lipid nanostructures can mediate events such as vesicle docking and fusion, or selective partitioning of molecules into phase-separated membranes. Moreover, the major benefit of DNA structural constructs, such as DNA tiles and DNA origami, is the reproducibility and simplicity of their design. DNA nanotechnology can produce functional structures with subnanometer precision and allow for a tight control over their biochemical functionality, e.g., interaction partners. DNA-based membrane nanopores and origami structures able to assemble into two-dimensional networks on top of lipid bilayers are recent examples of the manifold of complex devices that can be achieved. In this review, we will shortly present some of the potentially most relevant avenues and accomplishments of membrane-anchored DNA nanostructures for investigating, engineering, and mimicking lipid membrane-related biophysical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Czogalla
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Henri G Franquelim
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Petra Schwille
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.
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Hong F, Zhang F, Liu Y, Yan H. DNA Origami: Scaffolds for Creating Higher Order Structures. Chem Rev 2017; 117:12584-12640. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 645] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Hong
- The Biodesign Institute and
School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Fei Zhang
- The Biodesign Institute and
School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Yan Liu
- The Biodesign Institute and
School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Hao Yan
- The Biodesign Institute and
School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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Martin FA, Marconi D, Neamtu S, Radu T, Florescu M, Turcu R, Lar C, Hădade ND, Grosu I, Turcu I. “Click” access to multilayer functionalized Au surface: A terpyridine patterning example. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 75:1343-1350. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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