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Zhang W, Xiang S, Han Y, Wang H, Deng Y, Bian P, Bando Y, Golberg D, Weng Q. Phospholipid-inspired alkoxylation induces crystallization and cellular uptake of luminescent COF nanocarriers. Biomaterials 2024; 306:122503. [PMID: 38359508 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The porous nature and structural variability of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) make them preferred for drug loading and delivery applications. However, most COF materials suffer from poor luminescent properties and inefficiency for cell uptake. Herein, we experimentally demonstrate the crucial role of long alkoxy chains in the synthesis of crystalline COF nanostructures with high cellular uptake efficiency. After luminescence integration through band engineering, the semiconducting COF exhibits an optical bandgap of 2.05 eV, an emission wavelength of 632 nm, a high quantum yield of 37 %, and excellent fluorescence stability (100 % at 3 h). Such excellent optical properties of the designed COF nanocarriers enable quantitative evaluations of cellular uptake and visual tracking of drug delivery. It was demonstrated that the cellular uptake efficiency was enhanced by orders of magnitude for the COF after the introduction of long n-octyloxy chains, which firstly delivered the anticancer camptothecin (CPT) to cell lysosomes, and then underwent "endo/lysosomal escape" to induce cell apoptosis. In vivo assay evidenced a significant enhancement in the therapeutic effect with a 96 % inhibition of tumor growth after 14 days of treatment. This progress sheds light on designing cutting-edge drug delivery nanosystems based on COF materials with integrated diagnostic and therapeutic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, 2 Lushan S Rd, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Shuo Xiang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, 2 Lushan S Rd, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Yuxin Han
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, 2 Lushan S Rd, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, 2 Lushan S Rd, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Yuxian Deng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, 2 Lushan S Rd, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Panpan Bian
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No. 82 Cuiyingmen, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China.
| | - Yoshio Bando
- Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Squires Way, North Wollongong, New South Wales, 2500, Australia; Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dmitri Golberg
- Centre for Materials Science and School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, 4000, QLD, Australia; Research Centre for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305, Japan
| | - Qunhong Weng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, 2 Lushan S Rd, Changsha, 410082, PR China.
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Aspect Ratio of PEGylated Upconversion Nanocrystals Affects the Cellular Uptake In Vitro and In Vivo. Acta Biomater 2022; 147:403-413. [PMID: 35605956 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is protected by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which acts as a physical barrier to regulate and prevent the uptake of endogenous metabolites and xenobiotics. However, the BBB prevents most non-lipophilic drugs from reaching the CNS following systematic administration. Therefore, there is considerable interest in identifying drug carriers that can maintain the biostability of therapeutic molecules and target their transport across the BBB. In this regard, upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have become popular as a nanoparticle-based solution to this problem, with the additional benefit that they display unique properties for in vivo visualization. The majority of studies to date have explored basic spherical UCNPs for drug delivery applications. However, the biophysical properties of UCNPs, cell uptake and BBB transport have not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we described a one-pot seed-mediated approach to precisely control longitudinal growth to produce bright UCNPs with various aspect ratios. We have systematically evaluated the effects of the physical aspect ratios and PEGylation of UCNPs on cellular uptake in different cell lines and an in vivo zebrafish model. We found that PEGylated the original UCNPs can enhance their biostability and cell uptake capacity. We identify an optimal aspect ratio for UCNP uptake into several different types of cultured cells, finding that this is generally in the ratio of 2 (length/width). This data provides a crucial clue for further optimizing UCNPs as a drug carrier to deliver therapeutic agents into the CNS. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The central nervous system (CNS) is protected by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which acts as a highly selective semipermeable barrier of endothelial cells to regulate and prevent the uptake of toxins and pathogens. However, the BBB prevents most non-lipophilic drugs from reaching the CNS following systematic administration. The proposed research is significant because identifying the aspect ratio of drug carriers that maintains the biostability of therapeutic molecules and targets their transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is crucial for designing an efficient drug delivery system. Therefore, this research provides a vital clue for further optimizing UCNPs as drug carriers to deliver therapeutic molecules into the brain.
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3
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Liu Y, Yang H, Liu Q, Pan M, Wang D, Pan S, Zhang W, Wei J, Zhao X, Ji J. Selenocystine-Derived Label-Free Fluorescent Schiff Base Nanocomplex for siRNA Delivery Synergistically Kills Cancer Cells. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27041302. [PMID: 35209090 PMCID: PMC8878402 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemo and siRNA synergic treatments for tumors is a promising new therapeutic trend. Selenocystine, a selenium analog of cysteine, has been considered a potential antitumor agent due to its redox perturbing role. In this study, we developed a nanocarrier for siRNA based on a selenocystine analog engineered polyetherimide and achieved traceable siRNA delivery and the synergic killing of tumor cells. Notably, we applied the label-free Schiff base fluorescence mechanism, which enabled us to trace the siRNA delivery and to monitor the selenocystine analogs’ local performance. A novel selenocystine-derived fluorescent Schiff base linker was used to crosslink the polyetherimide, thereby generating a traceable siRNA delivery vehicle with green fluorescence. Moreover, we found that this compound induced tumor cells to undergo senescence. Together with the delivery of a siRNA targeting the anti-apoptotic BCL-xl/w genes in senescent cells, it achieved a synergistic inhibition function by inducing both senescence and apoptosis of tumor cells. Therefore, this study provides insights into the development of label-free probes, prodrugs, and materials towards the synergic strategies for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Haoying Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-Nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (H.Y.); (Q.L.); (M.P.); (S.P.); (W.Z.)
| | - Qian Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-Nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (H.Y.); (Q.L.); (M.P.); (S.P.); (W.Z.)
| | - Mingming Pan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-Nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (H.Y.); (Q.L.); (M.P.); (S.P.); (W.Z.)
| | - Danli Wang
- Zhoushan Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan 316004, China;
| | - Shiyuan Pan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-Nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (H.Y.); (Q.L.); (M.P.); (S.P.); (W.Z.)
| | - Weiran Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-Nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (H.Y.); (Q.L.); (M.P.); (S.P.); (W.Z.)
| | - Jinfeng Wei
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-Nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (H.Y.); (Q.L.); (M.P.); (S.P.); (W.Z.)
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (X.Z.); (J.J.)
| | - Xiaowei Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-Nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (H.Y.); (Q.L.); (M.P.); (S.P.); (W.Z.)
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (X.Z.); (J.J.)
| | - Junfeng Ji
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (X.Z.); (J.J.)
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Fakhri S, Abdian S, Zarneshan SN, Moradi SZ, Farzaei MH, Abdollahi M. Nanoparticles in Combating Neuronal Dysregulated Signaling Pathways: Recent Approaches to the Nanoformulations of Phytochemicals and Synthetic Drugs Against Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:299-331. [PMID: 35095273 PMCID: PMC8791303 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s347187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As the worldwide average life expectancy has grown, the prevalence of age-related neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) has risen dramatically. A progressive loss of neuronal function characterizes NDDs, usually followed by neuronal death. Inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and protein misfolding are critical dysregulated signaling pathways that mainly orchestrate neuronal damage from a mechanistic point. Furthermore, in afflicted families with genetic anomalies, mutations and multiplications of α-synuclein and amyloid-related genes produce some kinds of NDDs. Overproduction of such proteins, and their excessive aggregation, have been proven in various models of neuronal malfunction and death. In this line, providing multi-target therapies carried by novel delivery systems would pave the road to control NDDs through simultaneous modulation of such dysregulated pathways. Phytochemicals are multi-target therapeutic agents, which employ several mechanisms towards neuroprotection. Besides, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a critical issue in managing NDDs since it inhibits the accessibility of drugs to the brain in sufficient concentration. Besides, discovering novel delivery systems is vital to improving the efficacy, bioavailability, and pharmacokinetic of therapeutic agents. Such novel formulations are also employed to improve the drug's biodistribution, allow for the co-delivery of several medicines, and offer targeted intracellular delivery against NDDs. The present review proposes nanoformulations of phytochemicals and synthetic agents to combat NDDs by modulating neuroinflammation, neuroapoptosis, neuronal oxidative stress pathways and protein misfolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Sadaf Abdian
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Zachariah Moradi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Photo- and pH-responsive drug delivery nanocomposite based on o-nitrobenzyl functionalized upconversion nanoparticles. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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6
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Lin Y, Li C, Liu A, Zhen X, Gao J, Wu W, Cai W, Jiang X. Responsive hyaluronic acid-gold cluster hybrid nanogel theranostic systems. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:1363-1373. [PMID: 33367388 PMCID: PMC7934158 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01815e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment responsive and self-monitored multimodal synergistic theranostic strategies can significantly improve therapeutic efficacy by overcoming biological barriers. Herein, we report a type of smart fluorescent hyaluronic acid nanogel that can respond to the reducing microenvironment and activate tumor targeting with light-traceable monitoring in cancer therapy. First, the derivative of hyaluronic acid (HA) with a vinyl group and cystamine bisacrylamide were used to synthesize bioreducible HA based nanogels via copolymerization in aqueous medium. Then, multifunctional mHA-gold cluster (mHA-GC) hybrid nanogels were successfully prepared by the in situ reduction of gold salt in the HA nanogels. The HA matrix turns the nanogels into a capsule for effective drug loading with excellent colloidal stability. Interestingly, the reducing tumor microenvironment dramatically enhanced the fluorescence signal of gold clusters in the hybrid nanogels. The highly selective cancer cell uptake and efficient intratumoral accumulation of the hybrid nanogels were demonstrated by fluorescence tracking of these nanogels. Responsive disassembly of the hybrid nanogels and drug release were triggered by excess glutathione presence in cancer cells. Moreover, in vivo and in vitro tumor suppression assays revealed that the doxorubicin-loaded hybrid nanogels exhibited significantly superior tumor cell inhibition abilities compared to free DOX. Overall, the mHA-GC hybrid nanogels emerge as a promising theranostic nanoplatform for the targeted delivery and controlled release of antitumor drugs with light-traceable monitoring in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lin
- Anhui Laboratory of Functional Coordinated Complexes for Materials Chemistry and Application, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, P. R. China.
| | - Chen Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, and Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China.
| | - An Liu
- Anhui Laboratory of Functional Coordinated Complexes for Materials Chemistry and Application, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, P. R. China.
| | - Xu Zhen
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, and Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China.
| | - Jiangang Gao
- Anhui Laboratory of Functional Coordinated Complexes for Materials Chemistry and Application, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, and Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China.
| | - Weibo Cai
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Xiqun Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, and Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China.
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7
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Poly(vinyldiaminotriazine) nanoparticle adsorption of small drug molecules in aqueous phase and the role of synergistic interaction between hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic affinity. Colloid Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-020-04765-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Wang G, Zhao X, Wu H, Lovejoy DB, Zheng M, Lee A, Fu L, Miao K, An Y, Sayyadi N, Ding K, Chung RS, Lu Y, Li J, Morsch M, Shi B. A Robust Intrinsically Green Fluorescent Poly(Amidoamine) Dendrimer for Imaging and Traceable Central Nervous System Delivery in Zebrafish. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2003654. [PMID: 32875740 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202003654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsically fluorescent poly(amidoamine) dendrimers (IF-PAMAM) are an emerging class of versatile nanoplatforms for in vitro tracking and bio-imaging. However, limited tissue penetration of their fluorescence and interference due to auto-fluorescence arising from biological tissues limit its application in vivo. Herein, a green IF-PAMAM (FGP) dendrimer is reported and its biocompatibility, circulation, biodistribution and potential role for traceable central nervous system (CNS)-targeted delivery in zebrafish is evaluated, exploring various routes of administration. Key features of FGP include visible light excitation (488 nm), high fluorescence signal intensity, superior photostability and low interference from tissue auto-fluorescence. After intravenous injection, FGP shows excellent imaging and tracking performance in zebrafish. Further conjugating FGP with transferrin (FGP-Tf) significantly increases its penetration through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and prolongs its circulation in the blood stream. When administering through local intratissue microinjection, including intracranial and intrathecal injection in zebrafish, both FGP and FGP-Tf exhibit excellent tissue diffusion and effective cellular uptake in the brain and spinal cord, respectively. This makes FGP/FGP-Tf attractive for in vivo tracing when transporting to the CNS is desired. The work addresses some of the major shortcomings in IF-PAMAM and provides a promising application of these probes in the development of drug delivery in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoying Wang
- Huaihe Hosiptal, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Xiaowei Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Haigang Wu
- Henan-Macquarie Uni Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - David B Lovejoy
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Meng Zheng
- Henan-Macquarie Uni Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Albert Lee
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Libing Fu
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
- Henan-Macquarie Uni Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Kaiting Miao
- Henan-Macquarie Uni Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Yi An
- Henan-Macquarie Uni Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Nima Sayyadi
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics (CNBP), Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Kunjie Ding
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics (CNBP), Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Roger S Chung
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
- Henan-Macquarie Uni Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Yiqing Lu
- Henan-Macquarie Uni Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Jia Li
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Marco Morsch
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Bingyang Shi
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
- Henan-Macquarie Uni Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
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9
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Fonseca LC, de Sousa M, Maia DLS, Visani de Luna L, Alves OL. Understanding the driving forces of camptothecin interactions on the surface of nanocomposites based on graphene oxide decorated with silica nanoparticles. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:1290-1300. [PMID: 36133053 PMCID: PMC9417694 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00752k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Camptothecin (CPT) is a potent antitumor drug frequently used in studies of drug delivery systems. The poor water solubility and unfavourable pharmacokinetic conditions of CPT and the development of nanomaterials such as mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), graphene oxide (GO) and a new family of GO decorated with MSNs (GO-MSNs) motivated the present work, which sought to solve these challenges. In this context, release assays showed rapid and prolonged release, respectively, by silica and GO/GO-MSN nanomaterials; release was faster at pH 7.4 and slower at pH 5.0 in all situations. In particular, GO-MSNs presented an important advantage compared to GO due to their slower drug release at pH 7.4 (physiological conditions in blood; slowest release is expected under these conditions) and faster drug delivery at pH 5.0 (acidic conditions in endosomes of cancer cells; fastest release is expected under these conditions). The results, therefore, present the GO-MSN nanomaterial as a potential candidate for antitumor applications. The main drug-nanocarrier chemical interactions (London forces, hydrogen bonds, and electrostatic and dipole-dipole interactions) are also exhaustively described in order to understand the observed differences in drug delivery properties among these nanomaterials and to comprehend the influence of pH on concomitant and dynamic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro C Fonseca
- Laboratory of Solid State Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas 13083-970 Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Marcelo de Sousa
- Laboratory of Solid State Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas 13083-970 Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Djalma L S Maia
- Laboratory of Solid State Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas 13083-970 Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Luis Visani de Luna
- Laboratory of Solid State Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas 13083-970 Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Oswaldo L Alves
- Laboratory of Solid State Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas 13083-970 Campinas São Paulo Brazil
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10
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Wang G, Rayner S, Chung R, Shi B, Liang X. Advances in nanotechnology-based strategies for the treatments of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Mater Today Bio 2020; 6:100055. [PMID: 32529183 PMCID: PMC7280770 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2020.100055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neuron disease (MND), is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects both upper and lower motor neurons, which results in loss of muscle control and eventual paralysis [1]. Currently, there are as yet unresolved challenges regarding efficient drug delivery into the central nervous system (CNS). These challenges can be attributed to multiple factors including the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB), as well as the inherent characteristics of the drugs themselves (e.g. low solubility, insufficient bioavailability/bio-stability, 'off-target' effects) etc. As a result, conventional drug delivery systems may not facilitate adequate dosage of the required drugs for functional recovery in ALS patients. Nanotechnology-based strategies, however, employ engineered nanostructures that show great potential in delivering single or combined therapeutic agents to overcome the biological barriers, enhance interaction with targeted sites, improve drug bioavailability/bio-stability and achieve real-time tracking while minimizing the systemic side-effects. This review provides a concise discussion of recent advances in nanotechnology-based strategies in relation to combating specific pathophysiology relevant to ALS disease progression and investigates the future scope of using nanotechnology to develop innovative treatments for ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- G.Y. Wang
- Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - S.L. Rayner
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - R. Chung
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - B.Y. Shi
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - X.J. Liang
- Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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11
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Sheykhzadeh S, Luo M, Peng B, White J, Abdalla Y, Tang T, Mäkilä E, Voelcker NH, Tong WY. Transferrin-targeted porous silicon nanoparticles reduce glioblastoma cell migration across tight extracellular space. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2320. [PMID: 32047170 PMCID: PMC7012928 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59146-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mortality of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) has not improved over the last two decades despite medical breakthroughs in the treatment of other types of cancers. Nanoparticles hold tremendous promise to overcome the pharmacokinetic challenges and off-target adverse effects. However, an inhibitory effect of nanoparticles by themselves on metastasis has not been explored. In this study, we developed transferrin-conjugated porous silicon nanoparticles (Tf@pSiNP) and studied their effect on inhibiting GBM migration by means of a microfluidic-based migration chip. This platform, designed to mimic the tight extracellular migration tracts in brain parenchyma, allowed high-content time-resolved imaging of cell migration. Tf@pSiNP were colloidally stable, biocompatible, and their uptake into GBM cells was enhanced by receptor-mediated internalisation. The migration of Tf@pSiNP-exposed cells across the confined microchannels was suppressed, but unconfined migration was unaffected. The pSiNP-induced destabilisation of focal adhesions at the leading front may partially explain the migration inhibition. More corroborating evidence suggests that pSiNP uptake reduced the plasticity of GBM cells in reducing cell volume, an effect that proved crucial in facilitating migration across the tight confined tracts. We believe that the inhibitory effect of Tf@pSiNP on cell migration, together with the drug-delivery capability of pSiNP, could potentially offer a disruptive strategy to treat GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Sheykhzadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, Brunswick Square, London, United Kingdom
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutics Science, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Meihua Luo
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutics Science, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Bo Peng
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutics Science, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jacinta White
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Youssef Abdalla
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, Brunswick Square, London, United Kingdom
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutics Science, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tweety Tang
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutics Science, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Ermei Mäkilä
- Industrial Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutics Science, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Wing Yin Tong
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutics Science, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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12
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Soft mesoporous organosilica nanorods with gold plasmonic core for significantly enhanced cellular uptake. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 550:81-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Drude N, Winz OH, Mottaghy FM, Roller M, Königs H, Möller M, Singh S, Morgenroth A. Impact of Glutathione Modulation on Stability and Pharmacokinetic Profile of Redox-Sensitive Nanogels. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1704093. [PMID: 29457349 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201704093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles degradable upon external stimuli combine pharmacokinetic features of both small molecules as well as large nanoparticles. However, despite promising preclinical results, several redox responsive disulphide-linked nanoparticles failed in clinical translation, mainly due to their unexpected in vivo behavior. Glutathione (GSH) is one of the most evaluated antioxidants responsible for disulfide degradation. Herein, the impact of GSH on the in vivo behavior of redox-sensitive nanogels under physiological and modulated conditions is investigated. Labelling of nanogels with a DNA-intercalating dye and a radioisotope allows visualization of the redox responsiveness at the cellular and the systemic levels, respectively. In vitro, efficient cleavage of disulphide bonds of nanogels is achieved by manipulation of intracellular GSH concentration. While in vivo, the redox-sensitive nanogels undergo, to a certain extent, premature degradation in circulation leading to rapid renal elimination. This instability is modulated by transient inhibition of GSH synthesis with buthioninsulfoximin. Altered GSH concentration significantly changes the in vivo pharmacokinetics. Lower GSH results in higher elimination half-life and altered biodistribution of the nanogels with a different metabolite profile. These data provide strong evidence that decreased nanogel degradation in blood circulation can limit the risk of premature drug release and enhance circulation half-life of the nanogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Drude
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52074, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Oliver H Winz
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Felix M Mottaghy
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52074, Germany
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, 6229, HX, The Netherlands
| | - Marion Roller
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Hiltrud Königs
- Pathology-Electron Microscopy Facility, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Martin Möller
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Smriti Singh
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52074, Germany
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14
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Wang K, Qi M, Guo C, Yu Y, Wang B, Fang L, Liu M, Wang Z, Fan X, Chen D. Novel Dual Mitochondrial and CD44 Receptor Targeting Nanoparticles for Redox Stimuli-Triggered Release. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2018; 13:32. [PMID: 29396830 PMCID: PMC5796929 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-018-2445-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, novel mitochondrial and CD44 receptor dual-targeting redox-sensitive multifunctional nanoparticles (micelles) based on oligomeric hyaluronic acid (oHA) were proposed. The amphiphilic nanocarrier was prepared by (5-carboxypentyl)triphenylphosphonium bromide (TPP), oligomeric hyaluronic acid (oHA), disulfide bond, and curcumin (Cur), named as TPP-oHA-S-S-Cur. The TPP targeted the mitochondria, the antitumor drug Cur served as a hydrophobic core, the CD44 receptor targeting oHA worked as a hydrophilic shell, and the disulfide bond acted as a connecting arm. The chemical structure of TPP-oHA-S-S-Cur was characterized by 1HNMR technology. Cur was loaded into the TPP-oHA-S-S-Cur micelles by self-assembly. Some properties, including the preparation of micelles, morphology, redox sensitivity, and mitochondrial targeting, were studied. The results showed that TPP-oHA-S-S-Cur micelles had a mean diameter of 122.4 ± 23.4 nm, zeta potential - 26.55 ± 4.99 mV. In vitro release study and cellular uptake test showed that TPP-oHA-S-S-Cur micelles had redox sensibility, dual targeting to mitochondrial and CD44 receptor. This work provided a promising smart multifunctional nanocarrier platform to enhance the solubility, decrease the side effects, and improve the therapeutic efficacy of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaili Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Mengjiao Qi
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Chunjing Guo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Yueming Yu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Bingjie Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Lei Fang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Mengna Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Xinxin Fan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Daquan Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China.
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15
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Ding HM, Ma YQ. Computational approaches to cell-nanomaterial interactions: keeping balance between therapeutic efficiency and cytotoxicity. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2018; 3:6-27. [PMID: 32254106 DOI: 10.1039/c7nh00138j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their unique properties, nanomaterials have been widely used in biomedicine since they have obvious inherent advantages over traditional ones. However, nanomaterials may also cause dysfunction in proteins, genes and cells, resulting in cytotoxic and genotoxic responses. Recently, more and more attention has been paid to these potential toxicities of nanomaterials, especially to the risks of nanomaterials to human health and safety. Therefore, when using nanomaterials for biomedical applications, it is of great importance to keep the balance between therapeutic efficiency and cytotoxicity (i.e., increase the therapeutic efficiency as well as decrease the potential toxicity). This requires a deeper understanding of the interactions between various types of nanomaterials and biological systems at the nano/bio interface. In this review, from the point of view of theoretical researchers, we will present the current status regarding the physical mechanism of cytotoxicity caused by nanomaterials, mainly based on recent simulation results. In addition, the strategies for minimizing the nanotoxicity naturally and artificially will also be discussed in detail. Furthermore, we should notice that toxicity is not always bad for clinical use since causing the death of specific cells is the main way of treating disease. Enhancing the targeting ability of nanomaterials to diseased cells and minimizing their side effects on normal cells will always be hugely challenging issues in nanomedicine. By combining the latest computational studies with some experimental verifications, we will provide special insights into recent advances regarding these problems, especially for the design of novel environment-responsive nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ming Ding
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
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16
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Gong P, Zhao Q, Dai D, Zhang S, Tian Z, Sun L, Ren J, Liu Z. Functionalized Ultrasmall Fluorinated Graphene with High NIR Absorbance for Controlled Delivery of Mixed Anticancer Drugs. Chemistry 2017; 23:17531-17541. [PMID: 28898464 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peiwei Gong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis, and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediate, and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Qufu Normal University, 57 Jingxuan West Road, Qufu, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Qiao Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis, and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediate, and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Qufu Normal University, 57 Jingxuan West Road, Qufu, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Dujuan Dai
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis, and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediate, and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Qufu Normal University, 57 Jingxuan West Road, Qufu, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Shumiao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis, and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediate, and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Qufu Normal University, 57 Jingxuan West Road, Qufu, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Tian
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis, and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediate, and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Qufu Normal University, 57 Jingxuan West Road, Qufu, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Lu Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis, and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediate, and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Qufu Normal University, 57 Jingxuan West Road, Qufu, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Jiashuo Ren
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis, and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediate, and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Qufu Normal University, 57 Jingxuan West Road, Qufu, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis, and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediate, and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Qufu Normal University, 57 Jingxuan West Road, Qufu, Shandong, P.R. China
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17
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Fu L, Morsch M, Shi B, Wang G, Lee A, Radford R, Lu Y, Jin D, Chung R. A versatile upconversion surface evaluation platform for bio-nano surface selection for the nervous system. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:13683-13692. [PMID: 28876356 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr03557h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There is considerable interest in developing diagnostic nanotools for early detection and delivery of various therapeutic agents for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. However, a key challenge remains in the selection of suitable surfaces to overcome the nano-bio interface issue, namely that many nanoparticle surfaces demonstrate instability when administered into biological environments and show substantial cytotoxicity to the central nervous system. In this study, we fabricated an evaluation platform for bio-nano surface selection based on the combination of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), cultured neural cells and zebra fish, and systemically demonstrated how it can evaluate the suitability of nanoparticle surfaces for applications in the central nervous system. Firstly, we fabricated highly lanthanide-doped UCNPs, which generate the strongest tissue penetrable emission at 800 nm. We then functionalized these UCNPs with four popular surfaces for evaluation. Next, we systematically evaluated the spectral emission properties, biophysical stability, cytotoxicity and cell uptake capability of these surface-functionalized UCNPs in biological solutions or with cultured NSC-34 cells. Through these studies, PEG-COOH proved to be the superior surface modification. Accordingly, we further confirmed the bioavailability of unmodified and surface modified UCNPs in the spinal cord of living zebrafish. As predicted, PEG-UCNPs displayed excellent dispersal and uptake into spinal motor neurons in living zebrafish. Collectively, this study developed a versatile upconversion platform for systematic evaluation of nanoparticle surfaces, which can provide valuable information via systemic surface evaluation in vitro and in vivo for future construction of multifunctional nanosystems for theranostic applications in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libing Fu
- International Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovations, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jin Ming Avenue, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
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