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Tirado J, Do CD, Moisson de Vaux J, Jørgensen J, Rafsanjani A. Earthworm-Inspired Soft Skin Crawling Robot. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2400012. [PMID: 38622890 PMCID: PMC11187925 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Earthworms are fascinating animals capable of crawling and burrowing through various terrains using peristaltic motion and the directional friction response of their epidermis. Anisotropic anchoring governed by tiny appendages on their skin called setae is known to enhance the earthworm's locomotion. A multi-material fabrication technique is employed to produce soft skins with bristles inspired by the earthworm epidermis and their setae. The effect of bristles arranged in triangular and square grids at two spatial densities on the locomotion capability of a simple soft crawling robot comprised of an extending soft actuator covered by the soft skin is investigated experimentally. The results suggest that the presence of bristles results in a rostral to caudal friction ratio of µR/µC > 1 with some variations across bristle arrangements and applied elongations. Doubling the number of bristles increases the robot's speed by a factor of 1.78 for the triangular grid while it is less pronounced for the rectangular grid with a small factor of 1.06. Additionally, it is observed that increasing the actuation stroke for the skin with the high-density triangular grid, from 15% to 30%, elevates the speed from 0.5 to 0.9 mm s-1, but further increases in stroke to 45% may compromise the durability of the actuators with less gains in speed (1 mm s-1). Finally, it is demonstrated that a crawling robot equipped with soft skin can traverse both a linear and a curved channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Tirado
- SDU Soft Robotics, Biorobotics SectionThe Maersk McKinney Moller InstituteUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdense5230Denmark
| | - Cao Danh Do
- SDU Soft Robotics, Biorobotics SectionThe Maersk McKinney Moller InstituteUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdense5230Denmark
| | - Joséphine Moisson de Vaux
- SDU Soft Robotics, Biorobotics SectionThe Maersk McKinney Moller InstituteUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdense5230Denmark
- Department of MechanicsÉcole Centrale de MarseilleMarseille13013France
| | - Jonas Jørgensen
- SDU Soft Robotics, Biorobotics SectionThe Maersk McKinney Moller InstituteUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdense5230Denmark
| | - Ahmad Rafsanjani
- SDU Soft Robotics, Biorobotics SectionThe Maersk McKinney Moller InstituteUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdense5230Denmark
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Kumar R, Rezapourian M, Rahmani R, Maurya HS, Kamboj N, Hussainova I. Bioinspired and Multifunctional Tribological Materials for Sliding, Erosive, Machining, and Energy-Absorbing Conditions: A Review. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:209. [PMID: 38667221 PMCID: PMC11048303 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9040209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Friction, wear, and the consequent energy dissipation pose significant challenges in systems with moving components, spanning various domains, including nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS/MEMS) and bio-MEMS (microrobots), hip prostheses (biomaterials), offshore wind and hydro turbines, space vehicles, solar mirrors for photovoltaics, triboelectric generators, etc. Nature-inspired bionic surfaces offer valuable examples of effective texturing strategies, encompassing various geometric and topological approaches tailored to mitigate frictional effects and related functionalities in various scenarios. By employing biomimetic surface modifications, for example, roughness tailoring, multifunctionality of the system can be generated to efficiently reduce friction and wear, enhance load-bearing capacity, improve self-adaptiveness in different environments, improve chemical interactions, facilitate biological interactions, etc. However, the full potential of bioinspired texturing remains untapped due to the limited mechanistic understanding of functional aspects in tribological/biotribological settings. The current review extends to surface engineering and provides a comprehensive and critical assessment of bioinspired texturing that exhibits sustainable synergy between tribology and biology. The successful evolving examples from nature for surface/tribological solutions that can efficiently solve complex tribological problems in both dry and lubricated contact situations are comprehensively discussed. The review encompasses four major wear conditions: sliding, solid-particle erosion, machining or cutting, and impact (energy absorbing). Furthermore, it explores how topographies and their design parameters can provide tailored responses (multifunctionality) under specified tribological conditions. Additionally, an interdisciplinary perspective on the future potential of bioinspired materials and structures with enhanced wear resistance is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate Tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia; (M.R.); (H.S.M.); (N.K.); (I.H.)
| | - Mansoureh Rezapourian
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate Tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia; (M.R.); (H.S.M.); (N.K.); (I.H.)
| | - Ramin Rahmani
- CiTin–Centro de Interface Tecnológico Industrial, 4970-786 Arcos de Valdevez, Portugal;
- proMetheus–Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo (IPVC), 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Himanshu S. Maurya
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate Tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia; (M.R.); (H.S.M.); (N.K.); (I.H.)
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Nikhil Kamboj
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate Tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia; (M.R.); (H.S.M.); (N.K.); (I.H.)
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland
- TCBC–Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre, Department of Biomaterials Science, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Irina Hussainova
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate Tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia; (M.R.); (H.S.M.); (N.K.); (I.H.)
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Kim H, Kang Y, Lim B, Kim K, Yoon J, Ali A, Torati SR, Kim C. Tailoring matter orbitals mediated using a nanoscale topographic interface for versatile colloidal current devices. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:2353-2363. [PMID: 35792087 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00523a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Conventional micro-particle manipulation technologies have been used for various biomedical applications using dynamics on a plane without vertical movement. In this case, irregular topographic structures on surfaces could be a factor that causes the failure of the intended control. Here, we demonstrated a novel colloidal particle manipulation mediated by the topographic effect generated by the "micro hill" and "surface gradient" around a micro-magnet. The magnetic landscape, matter orbital, created by periodically arranged circular micro-magnets, induces a symmetric orbit of magnetic particle flow under a rotating magnetic field. The topographic effect can break this symmetry of the energy distribution by controlling the distance between the source of the driving force and target particles by several nanometers on the surface morphology. The origin symmetric orbit of colloidal flow can be distorted by modifying the symmetry in the energy landscape at the switching point without changing the driving force. The enhancement of the magnetic effect of the micro-magnet array can lead to the recovery of the symmetry of the orbit. Also, this effect on the surfaces of on-chip-based devices configured by symmetry control was demonstrated for selective manipulation, trapping, recovery, and altering the direction using a time-dependent magnetic field. Hence, the developed technique could be used in various precise lab-on-a-chip applications, including where the topographic effect is required as an additional variable without affecting the existing control method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonseol Kim
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yumin Kang
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byeonghwa Lim
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Keonmok Kim
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jonghwan Yoon
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Abbas Ali
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sri Ramulu Torati
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - CheolGi Kim
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
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Yang Y, Zhu H, Liu J, Lu H, Ren Y, Wang MY. A Proprioceptive Soft Robot Module Based on Supercoiled Polymer Artificial Muscle Strings. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112265. [PMID: 35683937 PMCID: PMC9182732 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, a multi-functional soft robot module that can be used to constitute a variety of soft robots is proposed. The body of the soft robot module made of rubber is in the shape of a long strip, with cylindrical chambers at both the top end and bottom end of the module for the function of actuators and sensors. The soft robot module is driven by supercoiled polymer artificial muscle (SCPAM) strings, which are made from conductive nylon sewing threads. Artificial muscle strings are embedded in the chambers of the module to control its deformation. In addition, SCPAM strings are also used for the robot module’s sensing based on the linear relationship between the string’s length and their resistance. The bending deformation of the robot is measured by the continuous change of the sensor’s resistance during the deformation of the module. Prototypes of an inchworm-like crawling robot and a soft robotic gripper are made, whose crawling ability and grasping ability are tested, respectively. We envision that the proposed proprioceptive soft robot module could potentially be used in other robotic applications, such as continuum robotic arm or underwater robot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China;
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (J.L.)
| | - Honghui Zhu
- School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China;
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China;
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (J.L.)
| | - Haojian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control and Technology, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China;
| | - Yi Ren
- Robotics X Lab, Tencent, Shenzhen 518000, China;
| | - Michael Yu Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China;
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
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Li C, Liu M, Yao Y, Zhang B, Peng Z, Chen S. Locust-Inspired Direction-Dependent Transport Based on a Magnetic-Responsive Asymmetric-Microplate-Arrayed Surface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:23817-23825. [PMID: 35548931 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the highly efficient jumping mechanism of locusts, a magnetic-responsive asymmetric-microplate-arrayed surface is designed. Elastic energy can be stored in the microplate and rapidly released by loading and removing a magnetic field. Similar to the bouncing behavior of the locust, objects deposited on the surface of the microplate-arrayed surface will bounce suddenly. It is found that the continuous transport behavior can be induced in the moving magnetic field and the direction-dependent transport is well achieved by preparing the secondary microstructure. The results show that both the weight and transport velocity of the transported object in the forward transport direction are much greater than those in the reverse transport direction. Furthermore, the anisotropic transport property can be strengthened with the increase of the height of the secondary structure. Such surfaces can transport objects with either soft or hard stiffness, as well as objects with different geometric configurations, and the transport path can be arbitrarily programmed. Based on the transport mechanism, a flexible microconvey belt is further designed, which can transport objects in any controlled direction. Such a simple technique can provide new design ideas for directional microtransport requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghao Li
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yin Yao
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhilong Peng
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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Shao Y, Dou H, Tao P, Jiang R, Fan Y, Jiang Y, Zhao J, Zhang Z, Yue T, Gorb SN, Ren L. Precise Controlling of Friction and Adhesion on Reprogrammable Shape Memory Micropillars. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:17995-18003. [PMID: 35389609 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microstructured surfaces with stimuli-responsive performances have aroused great attention in recent years, but it still remains a significant challenge to endow surfaces with precisely controlled morphological changes in microstructures, so as to get the precise control of regional properties (e.g., friction, adhesion). Herein, a kind of carbonyl iron particle-doped shape memory polyurethane micropillar with precisely controllable morphological changes is realized, upon remote near-infrared light (NIR) irradiation. Owing to the reversible transition of micropillars between bent and upright states, the micro-structured surface exhibits precisely controllable low-to-high friction transitions, together with the changes of friction coefficient ranging from ∼0.8 to ∼1.2. Hence, the changes of the surface friction even within an extremely small area can be precisely targeted, under local NIR laser irradiation. Moreover, the water droplet adhesion force of the surface can be reversibly switched between ∼160 and ∼760 μN, demonstrating the application potential in precisely controllable wettability. These features indicate that the smart stimuli-responsive micropillar arrays would be amenable to a variety of applications that require remote, selective, and on-demand responses, such as a refreshable Braille display system, micro-particle motion control, lab-on-a-chip, and microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlong Shao
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Haixu Dou
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Peng Tao
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Rujian Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yong Fan
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Tailin Yue
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Kiel University, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Luquan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
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Zhao Y, Mei H, Chang P, Chen C, Cheng L, Dassios KG. Infinite Approaching Superlubricity by Three-Dimensional Printed Structures. ACS NANO 2021; 15:240-257. [PMID: 33356150 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c08713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology opens great opportunities for the design of various multiscale lubrication structures. 3D printing allows high customization of arbitrary complex structures and rapid prototyping of objects, which provides an avenue to achieve effective lubrication. Current experimental observations on superlubricity are limited to atomically smooth clean surfaces, extreme operating conditions, and nano- or microscales. With the in-depth exploration of 3D printed lubrication, construction of multifunctional 3D structures with refined dimensions spanning from micronanoscale to macroscale is increasingly regarded as an important means to approach superlubricity and has aroused great scientific interest. To document recent advances in 3D printing for structural lubrication, a detailed literature review is provided. Emphasis is given on the design and lubrication performance of geometric and bioinspired lubrication structures with characteristic dimensions. The material requirements, merits, drawbacks, and representative applications of various 3D printing techniques are summarized. Potential future research trends aiming at the design strategy and manufacturing process of 3D printed lubrication structures are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Science and Technology on Thermostructural Composite Materials Laboratory, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710072, P.R. China
| | - Hui Mei
- Science and Technology on Thermostructural Composite Materials Laboratory, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710072, P.R. China
| | - Peng Chang
- Science and Technology on Thermostructural Composite Materials Laboratory, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710072, P.R. China
| | - Chao Chen
- Science and Technology on Thermostructural Composite Materials Laboratory, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710072, P.R. China
| | - Laifei Cheng
- Science and Technology on Thermostructural Composite Materials Laboratory, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710072, P.R. China
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Vagts S, Schlattmann J, Kovalev A, Gorb SN. Structure and Frictional Properties of the Leg Joint of the Beetle Pachnoda marginata (Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae) as an Inspiration for Technical Joints. Biomimetics (Basel) 2020; 5:biomimetics5020014. [PMID: 32326108 PMCID: PMC7345048 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics5020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficient locomotion of insects is not only inspiring for control algorithms but also promises innovations for the reduction of friction in joints. After previous analysis of the leg kinematics and the topological characterization of the contacting joint surfaces in the beetle Pachnoda marginata, in the present paper, we report on the measurement of the coefficient of friction within the leg joints exhibiting an anisotropic frictional behavior in different sliding directions. In addition, the simulation of the mechanical behavior of a single microstructural element helped us to understand the interactions between the contact parts of this tribological system. These findings were partly transferred to a technical contact pair which is typical for such an application as joint connectors in the automotive field. This innovation helped to reduce the coefficient of friction under dry sliding conditions up to 17%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Vagts
- Department of System Technologies and Engineering Design Methodology, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestr. 22, D-21079 Hamburg, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+49-40-428-784-422
| | - Josef Schlattmann
- Department of System Technologies and Engineering Design Methodology, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestr. 22, D-21079 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Alexander Kovalev
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany; (A.K.); (S.N.G.)
| | - Stanislav N. Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany; (A.K.); (S.N.G.)
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Zhang Y, Song X, Zhang P, Gao H, Ou C, Kong X. Production of activated carbons from four wastes via one-step activation and their applications in Pb 2+ adsorption: Insight of ash content. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 245:125587. [PMID: 31864062 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Natural biomass is a renewable source for precursors of porous carbon. Four agriculture wastes of corn cob (CC), wheat bran (WB), rice husk (RH), and soybean shell (SS) were applied to produce activated carbons (ACs) via one-step activation by sodium hydroxide. The effects of ash contents and NaOH dosage ratio (1-5) on surface area for ACs were investigated. Owing to ash etching, the high ash precursor (like RH) exhibited less alkali consumption and larger surface area than low ash one (like CC). All four ACs expressed developed pore structure and outstanding surface area of ∼2500 m2g-1. During adsorption of lead ions in simulated wastewater, RH-based AC revealed superior capture capacity of 492 ± 15 mgg-1. One-step activation had the potential to deliver savings around 1/3 of energy consumption, enabling the cost performance of high ash RH-based AC reaching 194 ± 12 g Pb2+$-1, 76% larger than low ash CC-based AC. High ash biomass is a promising candidate to obtain eco-friendly carbon products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Mineral Materials and Application of Hunan Province, School of Mineral Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Xiaolan Song
- Key Laboratory for Mineral Materials and Application of Hunan Province, School of Mineral Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Pu Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States
| | - Hongpeng Gao
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, United States
| | - Cuiyun Ou
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
| | - Xiaodong Kong
- Key Laboratory for Mineral Materials and Application of Hunan Province, School of Mineral Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
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