1
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Yang P, Bi Z, Shang G. Operando Imaging of Over-Discharge-Induced Surface Morphology Evolutions of LiMn 2O 4 Submicron-Sized Particles by Electrochemical High-Speed Atomic Force Microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:13801-13806. [PMID: 37463271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Spinel LiMn2O4 is a promising cathode material but suffers from severe capacity fading during battery operation. One of capacity fade mechanisms results from changes in its morphology and structure due to over-discharge. In this work, for the first time, we successfully tracked the morphologic evolution of LiMn2O4 submicron-sized particles during over-discharging by our home-made electrochemical high-speed atomic force microscopy (EC-HS-AFM). Seven hundred and sixty successive EC-HS-AFM images were stably captured at an imaging speed of ∼0.85 fps at corresponding potentials during over-discharging in ∼15 min, from which evolutions of nanoscale wrinkle-like and step-like structures on the particle surface were clearly observed. The phenomena could be resulted from the complex stresses due to structural distortion during the phase transformation from cubic (LiMn2O4) to tetragonal (Li2Mn2O4), and the formation of the Li2Mn2O4 phase was confirmed by ex situ XRD. Moreover, the particle surface area as a function of the potential was quantitatively extracted from the EC-HS-AFM images, revealing the irreversible expansion/contraction of the particles, and this finding obtained at the nanoscale was consistent with the macroscopic results tested by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge methods. These results demonstrate that the EC-HS-AFM is a powerful tool to establish the correlation between the over-discharge-induced surface morphology changes and irreversibility of the Li-ion insertion/extraction as well as capacity fading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peifa Yang
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuanfang Bi
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyi Shang
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
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2
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Huang W, Qiu J, Ji Y, Zhao W, Dong Z, Yang K, Yang M, Chen Q, Zhang M, Lin C, Xu K, Yang L, Pan F. Exploiting Cation Intercalating Chemistry to Catalyze Conversion-Type Reactions in Batteries. ACS NANO 2023; 17:5570-5578. [PMID: 36895079 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c11029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Effective harvest of electrochemical energy from insulating compounds serves as the key to unlocking the potential capacity from many materials that otherwise could not be exploited for energy storage. Herein, an effective strategy is proposed by employing LiCoO2, a widely commercialized positive electrode material in Li-ion batteries, as an efficient redox mediator to catalyze the decomposition of Na2CO3 via an intercalating mechanism. Differing from traditional redox mediation processes where reactions occur on the limited surface sites of catalysts, the electrochemically delithiated Li1-xCoO2 forms NayLi1-xCoO2 crystals, which act as a cation intercalating catalyzer that directs Na+ insertion-extraction and activates the reaction of Na2CO3 with carbon. Through altering the route of the mass transport process, such redox centers are delocalized throughout the bulk of LiCoO2, which ensures maximum active reaction sites. The decomposition of Na2CO3 thus accelerated significantly reduces the charging overpotential in Na-CO2 batteries; meanwhile, Na compensation can also be achieved for various Na-deficient cathode materials. Such a surface-induced catalyzing mechanism for conversion-type reactions, realized via cation intercalation chemistry, expands the boundary for material discovery and makes those conventionally unfeasible a rich source to explore for efficient utilization of chemical energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyuan Huang
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jimin Qiu
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuchen Ji
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wenguang Zhao
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zihang Dong
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Kai Yang
- Advanced Technology Institute, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Ming Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Qindong Chen
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Mingjian Zhang
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Cong Lin
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Kang Xu
- Battery Science Branch, Sensor and Electron Devices Directorate, Power and Energy Division, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, United States
| | - Luyi Yang
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Feng Pan
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
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3
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Wang K, Hua W, Huang X, Stenzel D, Wang J, Ding Z, Cui Y, Wang Q, Ehrenberg H, Breitung B, Kübel C, Mu X. Synergy of cations in high entropy oxide lithium ion battery anode. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1487. [PMID: 36932071 PMCID: PMC10023782 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37034-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
High entropy oxides (HEOs) with chemically disordered multi-cation structure attract intensive interest as negative electrode materials for battery applications. The outstanding electrochemical performance has been attributed to the high-entropy stabilization and the so-called 'cocktail effect'. However, the configurational entropy of the HEO, which is thermodynamically only metastable at room-temperature, is insufficient to drive the structural reversibility during conversion-type battery reaction, and the 'cocktail effect' has not been explained thus far. This work unveils the multi-cations synergy of the HEO Mg0.2Co0.2Ni0.2Cu0.2Zn0.2O at atomic and nanoscale during electrochemical reaction and explains the 'cocktail effect'. The more electronegative elements form an electrochemically inert 3-dimensional metallic nano-network enabling electron transport. The electrochemical inactive cation stabilizes an oxide nanophase, which is semi-coherent with the metallic phase and accommodates Li+ ions. This self-assembled nanostructure enables stable cycling of micron-sized particles, which bypasses the need for nanoscale pre-modification required for conventional metal oxides in battery applications. This demonstrates elemental diversity is the key for optimizing multi-cation electrode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Weibo Hua
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Xiaohui Huang
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - David Stenzel
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Junbo Wang
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ziming Ding
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Yanyan Cui
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Qingsong Wang
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Helmut Ehrenberg
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ben Breitung
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian Kübel
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany. .,Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany. .,Helmholtz-Institute Ulm for Electrochemical Energy Storage (HIU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Helmholtzstraße 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany. .,Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Xiaoke Mu
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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4
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Wang L, Yang Z, Samarakoon WS, Zhou Y, Bowden ME, Zhou H, Tao J, Zhu Z, Lahiri N, Droubay TC, Lebens-Higgins Z, Yin X, Tang CS, Feng Z, Piper LFJ, Wee ATS, Chambers SA, Du Y. Spontaneous Lithiation of Binary Oxides during Epitaxial Growth on LiCoO 2. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:5530-5537. [PMID: 35771509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Epitaxial growth is a powerful tool for synthesizing heterostructures and integrating multiple functionalities. However, interfacial mixing can readily occur and significantly modify the properties of layered structures, particularly for those containing energy storage materials with smaller cations. Here, we show a two-step sequence involving the growth of an epitaxial LiCoO2 cathode layer followed by the deposition of a binary transition metal oxide. Orientation-controlled epitaxial synthesis of the model solid-state-electrolyte Li2WO4 and anode material Li4Ti5O12 occurs as WO3 and TiO2 nucleate and react with Li ions from the underlying cathode. We demonstrate that this lithiation-assisted epitaxy approach can be used for energy materials discovery and exploring different combinations of epitaxial interfaces that can serve as well-defined model systems for mechanistic studies of energy storage and conversion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Wang
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Zhenzhong Yang
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices (MOE) and Department of Electronics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Widitha S Samarakoon
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Yadong Zhou
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Mark E Bowden
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Hua Zhou
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jinhui Tao
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Zihua Zhu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Nabajit Lahiri
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Timothy C Droubay
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Zachary Lebens-Higgins
- Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Xinmao Yin
- Physics Department, Shanghai Key Laboratory of High Temperature Superconductors, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Chi Sin Tang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634 Singapore
- Singapore Synchrotron Light Source (SSLS), National University of Singapore, 5 Research Link, Singapore, 117603 Singapore
| | - Zhenxing Feng
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Louis F J Piper
- Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
- WMG, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew T S Wee
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117551, Singapore
| | - Scott A Chambers
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Yingge Du
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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5
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Li S, Sun Y, Li N, Tong W, Sun X, Black CT, Hwang S. Porosity Development at Li-Rich Layered Cathodes in All-Solid-State Battery during In Situ Delithiation. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:4905-4911. [PMID: 35687074 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Structural evolutions are crucial for determining the performance of high-voltage lithium, manganese-rich layered cathodes. Moreover, interface between electrode and electrolyte plays a critical role in governing ionic transfer in all-solid-state batteries. Here, we unveil two different types of porous structure in Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 cathode with LiPON solid-state electrolyte. Nanopores are found near the cathode/electrolyte interface at pristine state, where cation mixing, phase transformation, oxygen loss, and Mn reduction are also found. In situ Li+ extraction induces the evolution of nanovoids, initially formed near the interface then propagated into the bulk. Despite the development of nanovoids, layered structure is conserved, suggesting the nature of nanopores and nanovoids are different and their impact would be divergent. This work demonstrates the intrinsic interfacial layer, as well as the dynamic scenario of nanovoid formation inside high-capacity layered cathode, which helps to understand the performance fading in cathodes and offers insight into the all-solid-state battery design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Yipeng Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 6B9, Canada
| | - Ning Li
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Wei Tong
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Xueliang Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 6B9, Canada
| | - Charles T Black
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Sooyeon Hwang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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6
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Zachman MJ, Yang Z, Du Y, Chi M. Robust Atomic-Resolution Imaging of Lithium in Battery Materials by Center-of-Mass Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy. ACS NANO 2022; 16:1358-1367. [PMID: 35000379 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The performance of energy storage materials is often governed by their structure at the atomic scale. Conventional electron microscopy can provide detailed information about materials at these length scales, but direct imaging of light elements such as lithium presents a challenge. While several recent techniques allow lithium columns to be distinguished, these typically either involve complex contrast mechanisms that make image interpretation difficult or require significant expertise to perform. Here, we demonstrate how center-of-mass scanning transmission electron microscopy (CoM-STEM) provides an enhanced ability for simultaneous imaging of lithium and heavier element columns in lithium ion conductors. Through a combination of experiments and multislice electron scattering calculations, we show that CoM-STEM is straightforward to perform and produces directly interpretable contrast for thin samples, while being more robust to variations in experimental parameters than previously demonstrated techniques. As a result, CoM-STEM is positioned to become a reliable and facile method for directly probing all elements within energy storage materials at the atomic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Zachman
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Zhenzhong Yang
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Yingge Du
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Miaofang Chi
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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7
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Zhang H, Liu H, Piper LFJ, Whittingham MS, Zhou G. Oxygen Loss in Layered Oxide Cathodes for Li-Ion Batteries: Mechanisms, Effects, and Mitigation. Chem Rev 2022; 122:5641-5681. [PMID: 35025511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Layered lithium transition metal oxides derived from LiMO2 (M = Co, Ni, Mn, etc.) have been widely adopted as the cathodes of Li-ion batteries for portable electronics, electric vehicles, and energy storage. Oxygen loss in the layered oxides is one of the major factors leading to cycling-induced structural degradation and its associated fade in electrochemical performance. Herein, we review recent progress in understanding the phenomena of oxygen loss and the resulting structural degradation in layered oxide cathodes. We first present the major driving forces leading to the oxygen loss and then describe the associated structural degradation resulting from the oxygen loss. We follow this analysis with a discussion of the kinetic pathways that enable oxygen loss, and then we address the resulting electrochemical fade. Finally, we review the possible approaches toward mitigating oxygen loss and the associated electrochemical fade as well as detail novel analytical methods for probing the oxygen loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlei Zhang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Department of Mechanical Engineering, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States.,NorthEast Center for Chemical Energy Storage, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Hao Liu
- NorthEast Center for Chemical Energy Storage, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Louis F J Piper
- NorthEast Center for Chemical Energy Storage, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States.,WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - M Stanley Whittingham
- NorthEast Center for Chemical Energy Storage, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Guangwen Zhou
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Department of Mechanical Engineering, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States.,NorthEast Center for Chemical Energy Storage, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
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8
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Tian J, Guo H, Wan J, Liu G, Yan H, Wen R, Wan L. In Situ/ Operando Advances of Electrode Processes in Solid-state Lithium Batteries. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/a21060255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Ding Z, Yang C, Zou J, Chen S, Qu K, Ma X, Zhang J, Lu J, Wei W, Gao P, Wang L. Reaction Mechanism and Structural Evolution of Fluorographite Cathodes in Solid-State K/Na/Li Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2006118. [PMID: 33296116 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202006118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fluorographites (CFx ) are ultrahigh-energy-density cathode materials for alkaline-metal primary batteries. However, they are generally not rechargeable. To elucidate the reaction mechanism of CFx cathodes, in situ transmission electron microscopy characterizations and ab initio calculations are employed. It is found that it is a two-phase mechanism upon K/Na/Li ion insertion; crystalline KF (crystalline NaF nanoparticles and amorphous LiF) is generated uniformly within the amorphous carbon matrix, retaining an unchanged volume during the discharge process. The diffusivity for K/Na/Li ion migration within the CFx is ≈2.2-2.5 × 10-12 , 3.4-5.3 × 10-12 , and 1.8-2.5 × 10-11 cm2 s-1 , respectively, which is comparable to the diffusivity of K/Na/Li ions in liquid-state cells. Encouraged by the in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results, a new rechargeable all-solid-state Li/CFx battery is further designed that shows a part of the reversible specific discharge capacity at the 2nd cycle. These findings demonstrate that a solid-state electrolyte provides a different reaction process compared with a conventional liquid electrolyte, and enables CFx to be partly rechargeable in solid-state Li batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengping Ding
- International Center for Quantum Materials & Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Chen Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zou
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Shulin Chen
- International Center for Quantum Materials & Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Ke Qu
- International Center for Quantum Materials & Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xiumei Ma
- International Center for Quantum Materials & Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jingmin Zhang
- International Center for Quantum Materials & Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jing Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Weifeng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Peng Gao
- International Center for Quantum Materials & Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Liping Wang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, P. R. China
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10
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Li S, Yao Z, Zheng J, Fu M, Cen J, Hwang S, Jin H, Orlov A, Gu L, Wang S, Chen Z, Su D. Direct Observation of Defect-Aided Structural Evolution in a Nickel-Rich Layered Cathode. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:22092-22099. [PMID: 32743947 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ni-rich LiNi1-x-y Mnx Coy O2 (NMC) layered compounds are the dominant cathode for lithium ion batteries. The role of crystallographic defects on structure evolution and performance degradation during electrochemical cycling is not yet fully understood. Here, we investigated the structural evolution of a Ni-rich NMC cathode in a solid-state cell by in situ transmission electron microscopy. Antiphase boundary (APB) and twin boundary (TB) separating layered phases played an important role on phase change. Upon Li depletion, the APB extended across the layered structure, while Li/transition metal (TM) ion mixing in the layered phases was detected to induce the rock-salt phase formation along the coherent TB. According to DFT calculations, Li/TM mixing and phase transition were aided by the low diffusion barriers of TM ions at planar defects. This work reveals the dynamical scenario of secondary phase evolution, helping unveil the origin of performance fading in Ni-rich NMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, Institute of New Materials and Industrial Technologies, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada.,Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Zhenpeng Yao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jianming Zheng
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA, 99352, USA.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Maosen Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, 710072, China
| | - Jiajie Cen
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Sooyeon Hwang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Huile Jin
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, Institute of New Materials and Industrial Technologies, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Alexander Orlov
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Lin Gu
- National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Shun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, Institute of New Materials and Industrial Technologies, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Zhongwei Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Dong Su
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA.,National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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11
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Li S, Yao Z, Zheng J, Fu M, Cen J, Hwang S, Jin H, Orlov A, Gu L, Wang S, Chen Z, Su D. Direct Observation of Defect‐Aided Structural Evolution in a Nickel‐Rich Layered Cathode. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province Institute of New Materials and Industrial Technologies Wenzhou University Wenzhou Zhejiang 325027 China
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY 11973 USA
| | - Zhenpeng Yao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Computer Science University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Jianming Zheng
- Energy and Environment Directorate Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 902 Battelle Boulevard Richland WA 99352 USA
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Maosen Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing School of Materials Science and Engineering Northwestern Polytechnical University Xian 710072 China
| | - Jiajie Cen
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY 11794 USA
| | - Sooyeon Hwang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY 11973 USA
| | - Huile Jin
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province Institute of New Materials and Industrial Technologies Wenzhou University Wenzhou Zhejiang 325027 China
| | - Alexander Orlov
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY 11794 USA
| | - Lin Gu
- National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Shun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province Institute of New Materials and Industrial Technologies Wenzhou University Wenzhou Zhejiang 325027 China
| | - Zhongwei Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Dong Su
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY 11973 USA
- National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
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12
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Zhang C, Feng Y, Han Z, Gao S, Wang M, Wang P. Electrochemical and Structural Analysis in All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries by Analytical Electron Microscopy: Progress and Perspectives. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1903747. [PMID: 31660670 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201903747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Advanced scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and its associated instruments have made significant contributions to the characterization of all-solid-state (ASS) Li batteries, as these tools provide localized information on the structure, morphology, chemistry, and electronic state of electrodes, electrolytes, and their interfaces at the nano- and atomic scale. Furthermore, the rapid development of in situ techniques has enabled a deep understanding of interfacial dynamic behavior and heterogeneous characteristics during the cycling process. However, due to the beam-sensitive nature of light elements in the interphases, e.g., Li and O, thorough and reliable studies of the interfacial structure and chemistry at an ultrahigh spatial resolution without beam damage is still a formidable challenge. Herein, the following points are discussed: (1) the recent contributions of advanced STEM to the study of ASS Li batteries; (2) current challenges associated with using this method; and (3) potential opportunities for combining cryo-electron microscopy and the STEM phase contrast imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunchen Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yuzhang Feng
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zhen Han
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Si Gao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Meiyu Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Peng Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
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13
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Liu X, Tan Y, Wang W, Li C, Seh ZW, Wang L, Sun Y. Conformal Prelithiation Nanoshell on LiCoO 2 Enabling High-Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:4558-4565. [PMID: 32374615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The initial lithium loss in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) reduces their energy density (e.g., 15% or higher for LIBs using a Si-based anode). Herein, we report in situ chemical formation of a conformal Li2O/Co nanoshell (∼20 nm) on LiCoO2 particles as a high-capacity built-in prelithiation reagent to compensate this initial lithium loss. We show a 15 mAh g-1 increase in overall charge capacity for the LiCoO2 with 1.5 wt % Li2O/Co in comparison to the pristine LiCoO2 in virtue of the irreversible lithium extraction from the nanoshell (4Li2O + 3Co → 8Li+ + 8e- + Co3O4, 2Li2O → 4Li+ + 4e- + O2↑). Paired with a graphite-SiO anode, a full cell using such a LiCoO2 cathode demonstrates 11% higher discharge capacity (2.60 mAh cm-2) than that using pristine LiCoO2 (2.34 mAh cm-2) at 0.1 C, as well as stable battery cycling. Moreover, the prelithiated LiCoO2 is compatible with the current battery fabrication process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yuchen Tan
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wenyu Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chunhao Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhi Wei Seh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Nuclear & New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yongming Sun
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
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14
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Zhang C, Firestein KL, Fernando JFS, Siriwardena D, von Treifeldt JE, Golberg D. Recent Progress of In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy for Energy Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1904094. [PMID: 31566272 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is one of the most powerful approaches for revealing physical and chemical process dynamics at atomic resolutions. The most recent developments for in situ TEM techniques are summarized; in particular, how they enable visualization of various events, measure properties, and solve problems in the field of energy by revealing detailed mechanisms at the nanoscale. Related applications include rechargeable batteries such as Li-ion, Na-ion, Li-O2 , Na-O2 , Li-S, etc., fuel cells, thermoelectrics, photovoltaics, and photocatalysis. To promote various applications, the methods of introducing the in situ stimuli of heating, cooling, electrical biasing, light illumination, and liquid and gas environments are discussed. The progress of recent in situ TEM in energy applications should inspire future research on new energy materials in diverse energy-related areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Science and Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - Konstantin L Firestein
- Science and Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - Joseph F S Fernando
- Science and Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - Dumindu Siriwardena
- Science and Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - Joel E von Treifeldt
- Science and Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - Dmitri Golberg
- Science and Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
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15
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Chen Y, Yu Q, Xu G, Zhao G, Li J, Hong Z, Lin Y, Dong CL, Huang Z. In Situ Observation of the Insulator-To-Metal Transition and Nonequilibrium Phase Transition for Li 1-xCoO 2 Films with Preferred (003) Orientation Nanorods. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:33043-33053. [PMID: 31419106 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b11140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It is notoriously difficult to distinguish the stoichiometric LiCoO2 (LCO) with a O3-I structure from its lithium defective O3-II phase because of their similar crystal symmetry. Interestingly, moreover, the O3-II phase shows metallic conductivity, whereas the O3-I phase is an electronic insulator. How to effectively reveal the intrinsic mechanism of the conductivity difference and nonequilibrium phase transition induced by the lithium deintercalation is of vital importance for its practical application and development. Based on the developed technology of in situ peak force tunneling atomic force microscopy (PF-TUNA) in liquids, the phase transition from O3-I to O3-II and consequent insulator-to-metal transition of LCO thin-film electrodes with preferred (003) orientation nanorods designed and prepared via magnetron sputtering were observed under an organic electrolyte for the first time in this work. Then, studying the post-mortem LCO thin-film electrode by using ex situ time-dependent XRD and conductive atomic force microscopy, we find the phase relaxation of LCO electrodes after the nonequilibrium deintercalation, further proving the differences of the electronic conductivity and work function between the O3-I and O3-II phases. Moreover, X-ray absorption spectroscopy results indicate that the oxidation of Co ions and the increasing of O 2p-Co 3d hybridization in the O3-II phase lead to electrical conductivity improvement in Li1-xCoO2. Simultaneously, it is found that the nonequilibrium deintercalation at a high charging rate can result in phase-transition hysteresis and the O3-I/O3-II coexistence at the charging end, which is explained well by an ionic blockade model with an antiphase boundary. At last, this work strongly suggests that PF-TUNA can be used to reveal the unconventional phenomena on the solid/liquid interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- College of Physics and Energy , Fujian Normal University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Manipulation and New Energy Materials , Fuzhou 350117 , China
- Fujian Provincial Engineering Technical Research Centre of Solar-Energy Conversion and Stored Energy , Fuzhou 350117 , China
| | - Qing Yu
- College of Physics and Energy , Fujian Normal University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Manipulation and New Energy Materials , Fuzhou 350117 , China
- Fujian Provincial Engineering Technical Research Centre of Solar-Energy Conversion and Stored Energy , Fuzhou 350117 , China
| | - Guigui Xu
- College of Physics and Energy , Fujian Normal University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Manipulation and New Energy Materials , Fuzhou 350117 , China
- Fujian Provincial Engineering Technical Research Centre of Solar-Energy Conversion and Stored Energy , Fuzhou 350117 , China
| | - Guiying Zhao
- College of Physics and Energy , Fujian Normal University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Manipulation and New Energy Materials , Fuzhou 350117 , China
- Fujian Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Semiconductors and Efficient Devices , Xiamen 361005 , China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- College of Physics and Energy , Fujian Normal University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Manipulation and New Energy Materials , Fuzhou 350117 , China
- Fujian Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Semiconductors and Efficient Devices , Xiamen 361005 , China
| | - Zhensheng Hong
- College of Physics and Energy , Fujian Normal University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Manipulation and New Energy Materials , Fuzhou 350117 , China
- Fujian Provincial Engineering Technical Research Centre of Solar-Energy Conversion and Stored Energy , Fuzhou 350117 , China
| | - Yingbin Lin
- College of Physics and Energy , Fujian Normal University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Manipulation and New Energy Materials , Fuzhou 350117 , China
- Fujian Provincial Engineering Technical Research Centre of Solar-Energy Conversion and Stored Energy , Fuzhou 350117 , China
| | - Chung-Li Dong
- Department of Physics , Tamkang University , 151 Yingzhuan Road , Tamsui 25137 , Taiwan
| | - Zhigao Huang
- College of Physics and Energy , Fujian Normal University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Manipulation and New Energy Materials , Fuzhou 350117 , China
- Fujian Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Semiconductors and Efficient Devices , Xiamen 361005 , China
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16
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Do V, Kim MS, Kim MS, Lee KR, Cho WI. Carbon Nitride Phosphorus as an Effective Lithium Polysulfide Adsorbent for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:11431-11441. [PMID: 30874419 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b22249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are attracting substantial attention because of their high-energy densities and potential applications in portable electronics. However, an intrinsic property of Li-S systems, that is, the solubility of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs), hinders the commercialization of Li-S batteries. Herein, a new material, that is, carbon nitride phosphorus (CNP), is designed and synthesized as a superior LiPS adsorbent to overcome the issues of Li-S batteries. Both the experimental results and the density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirm that CNP possesses the highest binding energy with LiPS at a P concentration of ∼22% (CNP22). The DFT calculations explain the simultaneous existence of Li-N bonding and P-S coordination in the sulfur cathode when CNP22 interacts with LiPS. By introducing CNP22 into the Li-S systems, a sufficient charging capacity at a low cutoff voltage, that is, 2.45 V, is effectively implemented, to minimize the side reactions, and therefore, to prolong the cycling life of Li-S systems. After 700 cycles, a Li-S cell with CNP22 gives a high discharge capacity of 850 mA h g-1 and a cycling stability with a decay rate of 0.041% cycle-1. The incorporation of CNP22 can achieve high performance in Li-S batteries without concerns regarding the LiPS shuttling phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandung Do
- Division of Energy and Environmental Technology , Korea University of Science and Technology (UST) , Daejeon 34113 , Republic of Korea
| | | | - Min Seop Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Korea University , Seoul 02841 , Republic of Korea
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